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Leveau LM, Bocelli ML, Quesada-Acuña SG, González-Lagos C, Gutiérrez Tapia P, Franzoi Dri G, Delgado-V. CA, Garitano-Zavala Á, Campos J, Benedetti Y, Ortega-Álvarez R, Contreras Rodríguez AI, Souza López D, Suertegaray Fontana C, da Silva TW, Zalewski Vargas SS, Barbosa Toledo MC, Sarquis JA, Giraudo A, Echevarria AL, Fanjul ME, Martínez MV, Haedo J, Cano Sanz LG, Peña Y, Fernandez V, Marinero V, Abilhoa V, Amorin R, Escobar Ibáñez JF, Juri MD, Camín S, Marone L, Piratelli AJ, Franchin AG, Crispim L, Morelli F. Bird diversity-environment relationships in urban parks and cemeteries of the Neotropics during breeding and non-breeding seasons. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Urbanization will increase in the next decades, causing the loss of green areas and bird diversity within cities. There is a lack of studies at a continental scale analyzing the relationship between urban green areas, such as parks and cemeteries, and bird species richness in the Neotropical region. Bird diversity-environment relationships in urban parks and cemeteries may be influenced by latitudinal gradients or species-area relationships. However, the seasonal variation of species diversity- environment has not been analyzed at a continental scale in the Neotropics.
Methods
Bird surveys were conducted in 36 cemeteries and 37 parks within 18 Neotropical cities during non-breeding and breeding seasons. Bird diversity was assessed through Hill numbers, focusing on species richness, the effective number of species derived from Shannon index and the Simpson index. Environmental variables included latitude, altitude, and local scale variables such as area size, habitat diversity and pedestrian traffic.
Results
Species richness and Shannon diversity were higher during the breeding season, whereas Simpson diversity did not vary between seasons. During both seasons, species richness increased with area size, was negatively related to altitude, and was the highest at 20° latitude. Species richness was also positively related to habitat diversity, pedestrian traffic, and was highest in suburban areas during the non-breeding season. Shannon and Simpson diversity showed significant relationships with habitat diversity and area size during the breeding season. Bird diversity was similar between parks and cemeteries.
Discussion
Our results showed that urban parks and cemeteries have similar roles in conserving urban bird diversity in Neotropical cities. However, species diversity-environment relations at the continental scale varied between seasons, highlighting the importance of conducting annual studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - César González-Lagos
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rubén Ortega-Álvarez
- Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del CONACYT, Dirección Regional Occidente, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josefina Haedo
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luis Gonzalo Cano Sanz
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Yuri Peña
- Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Amorin
- Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, Brazil
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