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Bude SA, Lu Z, Zhao Z, Zhang Q. Pseudorabies Virus Glycoproteins E and B Application in Vaccine and Diagnosis Kit Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1078. [PMID: 39340108 PMCID: PMC11435482 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious pathogen that affects a wide range of mammals and imposes a significant economic burden on the global pig industry. The viral envelope of PRV contains several glycoproteins, including glycoprotein E (gE) and glycoprotein B (gB), which play critical roles in immune recognition, vaccine development, and diagnostic procedures. Mutations in these glycoproteins may enhance virulence, highlighting the need for updated vaccines. Method: This review examines the functions of PRV gE and gB in vaccine development and diagnostics, focusing on their roles in viral replication, immune system interaction, and pathogenicity. Additionally, we explore recent findings on the importance of gE deletion in attenuated vaccines and the potential of gB to induce immunity. Results: Glycoprotein E (gE) is crucial for the virus's axonal transport and nerve invasion, facilitating transmission to the central nervous system. Deletion of gE is a successful strategy in vaccine development, enhancing the immune response. Glycoprotein B (gB) plays a central role in viral replication and membrane fusion, aiding viral spread. Mutations in these glycoproteins may increase PRV virulence, complicating vaccine efficacy. Conclusion: With PRV glycoproteins being essential to both vaccine development and diagnostic approaches, future research should focus on enhancing these components to address emerging PRV variants. Updated vaccines and diagnostic tools are critical for combating new, more virulent strains of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amanuel Bude
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (S.A.B.); (Z.L.)
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2
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Zhang D, Lin L, Yang J, Lv Q, Wang M, Hua L, Zhang K, Chen H, Wu B, Peng Z. Pseudorabies virus infection increases the permeability of the mammalian respiratory barrier to facilitate Pasteurella multocida infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0029724. [PMID: 39041808 PMCID: PMC11351098 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00297-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Interaction between viruses and bacteria during the development of infectious diseases is a complex question that requires continuous study. In this study, we explored the interactions between pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM), which are recognized as the primary and secondary agents of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), respectively. In vivo tests using mouse models demonstrated that intranasal inoculation with PRV at a sublethal dose induced disruption of murine respiratory barrier and promoted the invasion and damages caused by PM through respiratory infection. Inoculation with PRV also disrupted the barrier function of murine and porcine respiratory epithelial cells, and accelerated the adherence and invasion of PM to the cells. In mechanism, PRV infection resulted in decreased expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens junction proteins (β-catenin, E-cadherin) between neighboring respiratory epithelial cells. Additionally, PRV inoculation at an early stage downregulated multiple biological processes contributing to epithelial adhesion and barrier functions while upregulating signals beneficial for respiratory barrier disruption (e.g., the HIF-1α signaling). Furthermore, PRV infection also stimulated the upregulation of cellular receptors (CAM5, ICAM2, ACAN, and DSCAM) that promote bacterial adherence. The data presented in this study provide insights into the understanding of virus-bacteria interactions in PRDC and may also contribute to understanding the mechanisms of secondary infections caused by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine. IMPORTANCE Co-infections caused by viral and bacterial agents are common in both medical and veterinary medicine, but the related mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the interactions between the zoonotic pathogens PRV and PM during the development of respiratory infections in both cell and mouse models, and reported the possible mechanisms which included: (i) the primary infection of PRV may induce the disruption and/or damage of mammal respiratory barrier, thereby contributing to the invasion of PM; (ii) PRV infection at early stage accelerates the transcription and/or expression of several cellular receptors that are beneficial for bacterial adherence. This study may shed a light on understanding the mechanisms on the secondary infection of PM promoted by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingjie Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mixue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Xu L, Tao Q, Xu T, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zhu L, Xu Z. Pathogenicity characteristics of different subgenotype pseudorabies virus in newborn piglets. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1438354. [PMID: 39170631 PMCID: PMC11335603 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1438354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus is a major pathogen in the pig industry, causing substantial economic losses. The emergence of pseudorabies virus variant strains in China has led to extensive spread, raising concerns about their potential impact. However, the differences in pathogenicity between the classical strains and the variant strains of genotype II are not well understood. In this study, we isolated three pseudorabies virus strains to evaluate their replication characteristics and to examine the differences in virulence genes among various subgenotypes strains. Additionally, a piglet infection model was utilized to investigate the clinical features of infection, tissue tropism, and the inflammatory responses induced by these strains. Our results showed that the genotype II variant strains (MS, XJ, LS, and CZ) had significantly larger plaque sizes and higher replication capacities than the genotype II classical strain Fa. The animal experiments revealed significant differences in pathogenicity among the pseudorabies virus subgenotype strains, with the variant strains showing higher mortality rates, more severe clinical symptoms, increased nasal virus shedding, and a more robust inflammatory response compared to the genotype II classical strain. There were also notable differences in tissue tropism among the strains. In terms of tissue viral loads, the genotype II variant strains did not exhibit a significant advantage over the genotype I classical strain. Furthermore, our findings indicate that antibodies against the genotype II classical strains have a reduced neutralizing capacity against the genotype II variant strains. On the other hand, antibodies against the genotype II variant strains displayed similar neutralizing abilities against both classical and variant strains. Overall, these findings offer important insights into the distinctions among pseudorabies virus subgenotypes and their implications for the clinical control of pseudorabies virus infections in pig farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Wu Z, Deng J, Chen M, Lu P, Yan Z, Wu X, Ji Q, Fan H, Luo Y, Ju C. Additional Insertion of gC Gene Triggers Better Immune Efficacy of TK/gI/gE-Deleted Pseudorabies Virus in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:706. [PMID: 38793591 PMCID: PMC11125823 DOI: 10.3390/v16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have resulted in an epidemic in swine herds and huge economic losses in China. Therefore, it is essential to develop an efficacious vaccine against the spread of PRV variants. Here, the triple-gene-deletion virus and the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus were constructed by homologous recombination (HR). And then, their growth capacity, proliferation ability, and immune efficacy were evaluated. The results showed that the growth kinetics of the recombinant viruses were similar to those of the parental strain PRV-AH. Compared with the triple-gene-deletion virus group, the more dominant level of neutralizing antibody (NA) can be induced in the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus group with the same 106.0 TCID50 dose after 4 and 6 weeks post-initial immunization (PII) (p < 0.0001). In addition, the antibody titers in mice immunized with the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus were significantly higher than those immunized with triple-gene deletion virus with the same 105.0 TCID50 dose after 6 weeks PII (p < 0.001). More importantly, in the triple-gene-deletion plus gC virus group with 105.0 TCID50, the level of NA was close to that in the triple-gene deletion virus group with 106.0 TCID50 at 6 weeks PII. Meanwhile, the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-γ in sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in each group. The highest level of IL-4 or IFN-γ was also elicited in the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus group at a dose of 106.0 TCID50. After challenge with PRV-AH, the survival rates of the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus immunized groups were higher than those of other groups. In immunized groups with 105.0 TCID50, the survival rate shows a significant difference between the triple-gene deletion plus gC virus group (75%, 6/8) and the triple-gene deletion virus group (12.5%, 1/8). In general, the immune efficacy of the PRV TK/gI/gE-deleted virus can be increased with additional gC insertion in mice, which has potential for developing an attenuated vaccine candidate for PRV control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongwen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.D.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (H.F.)
| | - Chunmei Ju
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Z.W.); (J.D.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (Z.Y.); (X.W.); (Q.J.); (H.F.)
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5
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Ma Y, Shi K, Chen Z, Shi Y, Zhou Q, Mo S, Wei H, Hu L, Mo M. Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR. Pathogens 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38668296 PMCID: PMC11054806 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Qingan Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Shenglan Mo
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Haina Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Liping Hu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China; (Q.Z.); (S.M.); (H.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.M.); (Y.S.)
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Huang X, Qin S, Wang X, Xu L, Zhao S, Ren T, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Huang W. Molecular epidemiological and genetic characterization of pseudorabies virus in Guangxi, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:285. [PMID: 37938380 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an important pathogen that can cause harm to the pig population. Since 2011, there have been a number of large-scale outbreaks of pseudorabies on Chinese farms where animals had been vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine. In order to understand the epidemiological trend and genetic variations of PRV in Guangxi province, China, 819 tissue samples were collected from swine farms where PRV infection was suspected from 2013 to 2019, and these were tested for infectious wild strains of PRV. The results showed a positive rate of PRV in Guangxi province of 28.21% (231/819). Thirty-six wild-type PRV strains were successfully isolated from PRV-positive tissue samples, and a genetic evolutionary analysis was performed based on the gB, gC, gD, gE, and TK genes. Thirty of the PRV strains were found to be closely related to the Chinese variant strains HeN1-China-2012 and HLJ8-China-2013. In addition, five PRV strains were genetically related to Chinese classical strains, and one isolate was a recombinant of the PRV variant and the vaccine strain Bartha-K61. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that all 36 PRV strains had characteristic variant sites in the amino acid sequences of the gB, gC, gD, and gE proteins. Pathogenicity analysis showed that, compared to classical PRV strains, the PRV variant strains were more pathogenic in mice and had a lower LD50. Taken together, our results show that wild-type PRV infections are common on pig farms in Guangxi province of China and that the dominant prevalent strains were those of the PRV variants. The PRV variant strains also had increased pathogenicity in mice. Our data will provide a useful reference for understanding the prevalence and genetic evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Lishi Xu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tongwei Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning, China.
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7
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Hu X, Feng S, Shi K, Shi Y, Yin Y, Long F, Wei X, Li Z. Development of a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276505. [PMID: 38026635 PMCID: PMC10643766 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) cause similar neurological symptoms in the infected pigs, and their differential diagnosis depends on laboratory testing. Four pairs of specific primers and probes were designed targeting the PHEV N gene, PRV gB gene, CSFV 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), and JEV NS1 gene, respectively, and a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was developed to detect and differentiate PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV. The assay showed high sensitivity, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 × 101 copies/μL for each pathogen. The assay specifically detected only PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV, without cross-reaction with other swine viruses. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay and the inter-assay were less than 1.84%, with great repeatability. A total of 1,977 clinical samples, including tissue samples, and whole blood samples collected from Guangxi province in China, were tested by the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positivity rates of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV were 1.57% (31/1,977), 0.35% (7/1,977), 1.06% (21/1,977), and 0.10% (2/1,977), respectively. These 1,977 samples were also tested by the previously reported qRT-PCR assays, and the coincidence rates of these methods were more than 99.90%. The developed assay is demonstrated to be rapid, sensitive, and accurate for detection and differentiation of PHEV, PRV, CSFV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Xiankai Wei
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Lian Z, Liu P, Zhu Z, Sun Z, Yu X, Deng J, Li R, Li X, Tian K. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Recombinant Classical Pseudorabies Virus in the Context of the Variant Strains Pandemic in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1966. [PMID: 37766372 PMCID: PMC10536572 DOI: 10.3390/v15091966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants were discovered in immunized pigs in Northern China and have become the dominant strains since 2011, which caused huge economic losses. In this study, a classical PRV strain was successfully isolated in a PRV gE positive swine farm. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a high-throughput sequencing method and the virus was named JS-2020. The nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences or gC gene showed that the JS-2020 strain was relatively close to the classical Ea strain in genotype II clade. However, a large number of amino acid variations occurred in the JS-2020 strain compared with the Ea strain, including multiple immunogenic and virulence-related genes. In particular, the gE protein of JS-2020 was similar to earlier Chinese PRV strains without Aspartate insertion. However, the amino acid variations analysis based on major immunogenic and virulence-related genes showed that the JS-2020 strain was not only homologous with earlier PRV strains, but also with strains isolated in recent years. Moreover, the JS-2020 strain was identified as a recombinant between the GXGG-2016 and HLJ-2013 strains. The pathogenicity analysis proved that the PRV JS-2020 strain has typical neurogenic infections and a strong pathogenicity in mice. Together, a novel recombinant classical strain was isolated and characterized in the context of the PRV variant pandemic in China. This study provided some valuable information for the study of the evolution of PRV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Panrao Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
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He H, Qi B, Yang Y, Cui X, Chen T, Cai X, An T, Wang S. Immunogenicity Characterization of the Recombinant gI Protein Fragment from Pseudorabies Virus and an Evaluation of Its Diagnostic Use in Pigs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:506. [PMID: 37624293 PMCID: PMC10458116 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing is an important method for the diagnosis of pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection. We aimed to investigate the envelope glycoprotein I (gI) of PRV, a strong immunogen, and its potential as an efficient and low-cost diagnostic reagent. In this study, the DNA of the PRV SC strain was used as the template, and the recombinant fragment of gI (633 bp) was amplified via PCR using synthetic primers, and was then ligated into the pET-30a expression vector. The constructs were transferred into Escherichia coli (E. coli) for prokaryotic expression, and the antigenicity of the expression products was identified by Western blot analysis with pig positive serum against PRV. The recombinant protein was purified by a Ni column, and BALB/c mice were immunized with purified gI protein to obtain anti-gI-positive serum. After PK-15 cells had been infected by PRV for 48 h, the immunogenicity of purified gI protein was identified with a fluorescence immunoassay using anti-gI mouse serum. The recombinant plasmid (pET-30a-gI) was expressed, and the native gI protein was obtained after denaturation by urea and renaturation by dialysis. A small-scale ELISA test containing 1.0 µg/mL of purified gI protein was designed to evaluate pig serum (80 samples), and the results of the ELISA test were compared to those of competitive ELISA (cELISA) tests using IDEXX Kits, which resulted in 97.5% consistency. The results suggested that the truncated gI protein may be a potential diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan He
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Baojie Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Yongbo Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xiaowen Cui
- Heilongjiang Minzu College, Harbin 150066, China;
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, Harbin 150068, China
| | - Tongqing An
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Shujie Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China; (H.H.); (B.Q.); (Y.Y.); (T.C.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin 150068, China
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10
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Zhang HL, Zhang RH, Liu G, Li GM, Wang FX, Wen YJ, Shan H. Evaluation of immunogenicity of gene-deleted and subunit vaccines constructed against the emerging pseudorabies virus variants. Virol J 2023; 20:98. [PMID: 37221518 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02051-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies (PR) (also called Aujeszky's disease, AD) is a serious infectious disease affecting pigs and other animals worldwide. The emergence of variant strains of pseudorabies virus (PRV) since 2011 has led to PR outbreaks in China and a vaccine that antigenically more closely matches these PRV variants could represent an added value to control these infections. METHODS The objective of this study was to develop new live attenuated and subunit vaccines against PRV variant strains. Genomic alterations of vaccine strains were based on the highly virulent SD-2017 mutant strain and gene-deleted strains SD-2017ΔgE/gI and SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK, which constructed using homologous recombination technology. PRV gB-DCpep (Dendritic cells targeting peptide) and PorB (the outer membrane pore proteins of N. meningitidis) proteins containing gp67 protein secretion signal peptide were expressed using the baculovirus system for the preparation of subunit vaccines. We used experimental animal rabbits to test immunogenicity to evaluate the effect of the newly constructed PR vaccines. RESULTS Compared with the PRV-gB subunit vaccine and SD-2017ΔgE/gI inactivated vaccines, rabbits (n = 10) that were intramuscularly vaccinated with SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine showed significantly higher anti-PRV-specific antibodies as well as neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ levels in serum. In addition, the SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine and PRV-gB + PorB subunit vaccine protected (90-100%) rabbits against homologous infection by the PRV variant strain. No obvious pathological damage was observed in these vaccinated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS The SD-2017ΔgE/gI/TK live attenuated vaccine provided 100% protection against PRV variant challenge. Interestingly, the subunit vaccines with gB protein linked to DCpep and PorB protein as adjuvant may also be a promising and effective PRV variant vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Gui-Mei Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Wen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
| | - Hu Shan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, P.R. China.
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, P.R. China.
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11
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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12
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Characterization of Pseudorabies Virus Associated with Severe Respiratory and Neuronal Signs in Old Pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/8855739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) represents a leading threat to the global pig industry. Generally, pigs exhibit a pronounced age resistance against PRV, and the virus generally does not cause severe clinical signs and even death in old pigs. However, we characterized two PRV strains (HeN21 and HuB20) associated with severe respiratory and neuronal signs in old pigs. Among these two strains, HeN21 was isolated from the tonsil of a 24-week-old pig that died from severe neuronal and respiratory signs in a PRV-outbreak farm where a commercial PRV attenuated vaccine developed based on a PRV variant was used; while, HuB20 was isolated from the lung and lymph node of a 20-week-old with symptoms in another farm where Bartha-K61 vaccine was used. In vitro evaluations in different cell models demonstrated that HeN21 and HuB20 led to similar cytotoxic effects to those caused by PRV variants on PK-15, Vero, and SK-N-SH cells after 30 hours of inoculation. However, HeN21 possessed a higher titer than the other PRV variants from the first to the fifth passage on PK-15 cells and induced plaques with larger size. In vivo assessments in mouse and fattening pig models showed that inoculations of HeN21 and HuB20 caused higher morbidity and mortality and severe pathological damages in tested animals. In particular, challenge of HeN21 led to severe respiratory and neuronal signs in 90-day-old pigs. These two strains displayed higher virus loads on the main organs of challenged mice and pigs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HeN21 and HuB20 belonged to genotype II. In addition, recombinant events were identified in the genomes of HeN21 and HuB20, and several events were located within genes associated with PRV virulence. Our data herein may suggest the emergence of novel PRV strains in China.
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13
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Peng Z, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:170. [PMID: 36680210 PMCID: PMC9862444 DOI: 10.3390/v15010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) generally infects pigs and threatens the pig industry. However, recently we have isolated a PRV strain designated hSD-1/2019 from infected humans. In this study, we compared the complete genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 with those of pig-originated PRV strains. Sequence alignments revealed that the genome sequence of hSD-1/2019 was highly homologous to those of the porcine PRV strains. Phylogenetic analyses found that hSD-1/2019 was the closest related to porcine PRV endemic strains in China, particularly the variant strains circulating recently. We also showed that the glycoproteins important for the multiplication and pathogenesis of hSD-1/2019 were highly similar to those of the pig endemic strains. Diversifying selection analyses revealed that hSD-1/2019 and pig variant strains are under diversifying selection. Recombination analysis indicated that hSD-1/2019 was a recombinant of several PRV variant strains and an earlier PRV classic strain. Finally, we found that both human and pig-originated PRV strains could induce cytopathic effects in cells from humans, pigs, and mice, but only the human PRV and pig-variant PRV formed large syncytia in human cell lines. The data presented in this study contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis for the pathogenesis of human PRV from a genomic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Zhang H, Duan X, Liu G, Li Y, Dong S, Lin J, Zhang R, Cai X, Shan H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of PK15 cells infected with a PRV variant and the Bartha-K/61 vaccine strain. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1164170. [PMID: 37213521 PMCID: PMC10196252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus that can infect domestic animals, such as pigs, cattle and sheep, and cause fever, itching (except pigs), and encephalomyelitis. In particular, the emergence of PRV variants in 2011 have resulted in serious economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. However, the signaling pathways mediated by PRV variants and their related mechanisms are not fully understood. Methods Here, we performed RNA-seq to compare the gene expression profiling between PRV virulent SD2017-infected PK15 cells and Bartha-K/61-infected PK15 cells. Results The results showed that 5,030 genes had significantly different expression levels, with 2,239 upregulated and 2,791 downregulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that SD2017 significantly up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the binding of cell cycle, protein and chromatin, while down-regulated DEGs were mainly enriched in ribosomes. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways most enriched for upregulated DEGs were pathways in cancer, cell cycle, microRNAs in cancer, mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy-animal. The most down-regulated pathways of DEGs enrichment were ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and thermogenesis. These KEGG pathways were involved in cell cycle, signal transduction, autophagy, and virus-host cell interactions. Discussion Our study provides a general overview of host cell responses to PRV virulent infection and lays a foundation for further study of the infection mechanism of PRV variant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Duan
- Qingdao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingguang Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Dong
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxu Lin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruihua Zhang
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Hu Shan
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15
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Ince B, Sezgintürk MK. Lateral flow assays for viruses diagnosis: Up-to-date technology and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116725. [PMID: 35815063 PMCID: PMC9252863 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. Early detection of diseases is critical to prevent disease transmission and provide epidemic preparedness, as these can cause widespread deaths and public health crises, particularly in resource-limited countries. Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems are simple-to-use, disposable, inexpensive diagnostic devices to test biomarkers in blood and urine samples. Thus, LFA has recently received significant attention, especially during the pandemic. Here, first of all, the design principles and working mechanisms of existing LFA methods are examined. Then, current LFA implementation strategies are presented for communicable disease diagnoses, including COVID-19, zika and dengue, HIV, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, and other pathogens. Furthermore, this review focuses on an overview of current problems and accessible solutions in detecting infectious agents and diseases by LFA, focusing on increasing sensitivity with various detection methods. In addition, future trends in LFA-based diagnostics are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Ince
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey
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16
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Yang L, Long Y, Li Q, Song W, Huang Y, Liang G, Yu D, Zhou M, Xu G, Chen Y, Huang C, Tang X. Detection of suid herpesvirus 1 infectivity in pigs by propidium monoazide-qPCR. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:975726. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there is no effective experimental method for detecting whether the suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) detected in pigs is infectious. Although the technique of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has significantly improved the detection rate and accuracy of the disease, it does not differentiate between infective and non-infective status of the virus. Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a dye that can be combined with DNA molecules. The decomposition of PMA produces an azene compound covalently crosslinked with DNA molecules, thereby inhibiting PCR amplification of DNA. In this study, the combination of PMA and qPCR was used to determine the infectivity of SHV-1. We optimized the method from the selection of primers, the working concentration of PMA, and the method of inactivation using UV or heat inactivation. We found that when specific primer 1 was used and a PMA working concentration was 50–100 μM, heat inactivation was able to distinguish whether SHV-1 was infectious or not. We also showed that UV prevented the virus from replicating, it did not destroy the capsid of the virus, and therefore, PMA cannot enter the virus and bind to the nucleic acid of the virus. Consequently, there is no way to identify the infectivity of the virus using UV inactivation. The study showed that the method was stable and the detection rate reached 96%. In conclusion, this method exhibited strong specificity and high sensitivity and can identify the infectivity of SHV-1. This method has practical significance for clinical virus isolation and the effects of disinfection of farms.
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17
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Sun Q, Yu X, He D, Ku X, Hong B, Zeng W, Zhang H, He Q. Investigation and analysis of etiology associated with porcine respiratory disease complex in China from 2017 to 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:960033. [PMID: 36304408 PMCID: PMC9592729 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.960033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory diseases complex (PRDC) is a highly serious threat to the pig industry. In the present study, we investigated and analyzed the etiology associated with PRDC and explored the role of viruses in respiratory bacterial infections. From 2017 to 2021, clinical samples were collected from 1,307 pigs with typical respiratory symptoms in 269 farms in China and screened for pathogens related to PRDC by PCR and bacterial isolation. The results indicated that PRRSV (41.16%, 95%CI: 38.49~43.83%), PCV2 (21.58%,95%CI: 19.35~23.81%), S. suis (63.50%, 95%CI: 60.89~66.11%), and G. parasuis (28.54%, 95%CI: 26.09~30.99%) were the most commonly detected pathogens in pigs with PRDC in China. The dominant epidemic serotypes (serogroups) of S. suis, G. parasuis, and P. multocida were serotype 2, serotype 1, and capsular serogroups D, respectively. Pigs of different ages exhibited different susceptibilities to these pathogens, e.g., PRRSV, PCV2, and G. parasuis had the highest detection rates in nursery pigs, whereas fattening pigs had the highest detection rates of P. multocida and A. pleuropneumoniae. Among the 1,307 pigs, the detection rates of S. suis, G. parasuis, P. multocida, and B. bronchiseptica were higher in virus-positive pigs, especially G. parasuis and P. multocida were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than in virus-negative pigs. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between coinfection by PRRSV and G. parasuis (OR = 2.33, 95%CI: 1.12~2.14), PRRSV and P. multocida (OR = 1.55, 95%CI: 1.12~2.14), PCV2 and P. multocida (OR = 2.27, 95%CI: 1.33~3.87), PRRSV-PCV2 and S. suis (OR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.29~2.60), PRRSV-PCV2 and G. parasuis (OR = 3.39, 95%CI: 2.42~4.74), and PRRSV-PCV2 and P. multocida (OR = 2.09, 95%CI: 1.46~3.00). In summary, PRRSV, PCV2, S. suis, and G. parasuis were the major pathogens in pigs with PRDC, and coinfections of two or more PRDC-related pathogens with strong positive correlations were common in China, such as PRRSV and G. parasuis, PRRSV and P. multocida, PCV2 and P. multocida, and also PRRSV-PCV2 and G. parasuis and PRRSV-PCV2 and P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Agriculural Vocational and Technical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Wuhan Green Giant Agriculture, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Qigai He
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18
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Ning Y, Huang Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Tian B, Ou X, Huang J, Mao S, Sun D, Zhao X, Zhang S, Gao Q, Chen S, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R. Alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein E: A review of its interactions with other proteins of the virus and its application in vaccinology. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970545. [PMID: 35992696 PMCID: PMC9386159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral envelope glycoprotein E (gE) is required for cell-to-cell transmission, anterograde and retrograde neurotransmission, and immune evasion of alphaherpesviruses. gE can also interact with other proteins of the virus and perform various functions in the virus life cycle. In addition, the gE gene is often the target gene for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated marker vaccines. In recent years, new progress has been made in the research and vaccine application of gE with other proteins of the virus. This article reviews the structure of gE, the relationship between gE and other proteins of the virus, and the application of gE in vaccinology, which provides useful information for further research on gE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ning
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalin Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng,
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus between 2019 and 2021 in Henan Province of China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081685. [PMID: 36016307 PMCID: PMC9412869 DOI: 10.3390/v14081685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2011, severe pseudorabies (PR) outbreaks occurred among swine herds vaccinated with the Bartha-K61 vaccine in many provinces of China, causing enormous economic losses for the pork industry. To understand the epidemic profile and genetic characteristics of the pseudorabies virus (PRV), a total of 35,796 serum samples were collected from 1090 pig farms of different breeding scales between 2019 and 2021 in the Henan province where swine had been immunized with the Bartha-K61 vaccine, and PRV glycoprotein E (gE)-specific antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results reveal that the overall positive rate for PRV gE antibodies was 20.33% (7276/35,796), which decreased from 25.00% (2596/10,385) in 2019 to 16.69% (2222/13,315) in 2021, demonstrating that PR still existed widely in pig herds in the Henan province but displayed a decreasing trend. Further analysis suggested that the PRV-seropositive rate may be associated with farm size, farm category, quarter, region and the cross-regional transportation of livestock. Moreover, the gE gene complete sequences of 18 PRV isolates were obtained, and they shared a high identity (97.1–100.0%) with reference strains at the nucleotide level. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis based on the gE complete sequences found that there were both classical strains and variant strains in pig herds. The deduced amino acid sequence analysis of the gE gene showed that there were unique amino acids in the classical strains, the variant strains and genotype Ⅱ strains. This study provides epidemiological data that could be useful in the prevention of pseudorabies in Henan, China, and this finding contributed to our understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of PRV.
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20
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Pseudorabies Virus: From Pathogenesis to Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081638. [PMID: 36016260 PMCID: PMC9414054 DOI: 10.3390/v14081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease (AD), is a highly infectious viral disease which is caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It has been nearly 200 years since the first PR case occurred. Currently, the virus can infect human beings and various mammals, including pigs, sheep, dogs, rabbits, rodents, cattle and cats, and among them, pigs are the only natural host of PRV infection. PRV is characterized by reproductive failure in pregnant sows, nervous disorders in newborn piglets, and respiratory distress in growing pigs, resulting in serious economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Due to the extensive application of the attenuated vaccine containing the Bartha-K61 strain, PR was well controlled. With the variation of PRV strain, PR re-emerged and rapidly spread in some countries, especially China. Although researchers have been committed to the design of diagnostic methods and the development of vaccines in recent years, PR is still an important infectious disease and is widely prevalent in the global pig industry. In this review, we introduce the structural composition and life cycle of PRV virions and then discuss the latest findings on PRV pathogenesis, following the molecular characteristic of PRV and the summary of existing diagnosis methods. Subsequently, we also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and control of PRV infection via the development of vaccines, traditional herbal medicines and novel small RNAs. Lastly, we provide an outlook on PRV eradication.
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21
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Deng J, Wu Z, Liu J, Ji Q, Ju C. The Role of Latency-Associated Transcripts in the Latent Infection of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071379. [PMID: 35891360 PMCID: PMC9320458 DOI: 10.3390/v14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause neurological, respiratory, and reproductive diseases in pigs and establish lifelong latent infection in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Latent infection is a typical feature of PRV, which brings great difficulties to the prevention, control, and eradication of pseudorabies. The integral mechanism of latent infection is still unclear. Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) gene is the only transcriptional region during latent infection of PRV which plays the key role in regulating viral latent infection and inhibiting apoptosis. Here, we review the characteristics of PRV latent infection and the transcriptional characteristics of the LAT gene. We also analyzed the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produced by the LAT gene and its importance in latent infection. Furthermore, we provided possible strategies to solve the problem of latent infection of virulent PRV strains in the host. In short, the detailed mechanism of PRV latent infection needs to be further studied and elucidated.
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22
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Zhang C, Cui H, Zhang W, Meng L, Chen L, Wang Z, Zhao K, Chen Z, Qiao S, Liu J, Guo Z, Dong S. Epidemiological Investigation of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus in Hebei Province, China, 2017–2018. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930871. [PMID: 35812861 PMCID: PMC9263846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is a serious disease affecting the pig industry in China, and it is very important to understand the epidemiology of pseudorabies virus (PRV). In the present study, 693 clinical samples were collected from Bartha-K61 vaccinated pigs with symptoms of suspected PRV infection between January 2017 and December 2018. All cases were referred for full clinical autopsy with detailed examination of histopathological examination, virus isolation and genetic evolution analysis of the PRV glycoprotein E (gE) gene. In addition, PRV gE antibodies in 3,449 serum samples were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The clinical data revealed that abortion and stillbirth are the most frequent appearances in pregnant sows of those cases. Histopathological examination exhibited a variety of pathological lesions, such as lobar pneumonia, hepatitis, lymphadenitis, nephritis, and typical nonsuppurative encephalitis. A total of 248 cases tested positive for the PRV gE gene. 11 PRV variants were isolated and confirmed by gE gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. These strains had 97.1%-100.0% nucleotide homology with the PRV reference strains. Notably, the isolated strains were highly homologous and clustered in the same branch as HSD-1/2019, which caused human acute encephalitis. Serological tests showed that the positive rate of PRV gE antibody in the 3449 serum samples collected from the Hebei Province was 46.27%. In conclusion, PRV variant strains Are high prevalence in the Hebei Province, which not only causes huge economic losses to the breeding industry but also potentially poses a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lijia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoliang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Juxiang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Juxiang Liu
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- Zhendong Guo
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Shishan Dong
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23
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The Activity of Plant-Derived Ren’s Oligopeptides-1 against the Pseudorabies Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111341. [PMID: 35681806 PMCID: PMC9179334 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized Ren’s oligopeptides-1 was found to have an antiviral effect in clinical trials, and the purpose of this study was to further demonstrate the antiviral activity of Ren’s oligopeptides-1 against the PRV 152-GFP strain. We used the real-time cell analysis system (RTCA) to detect the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of Ren’s oligopeptides-1. We then applied high content screening (HCS) to detect the antiviral activity of Ren’s oligopeptides-1 against PRV. Meanwhile, the fluorescence signal of the virus was collected in real time and the expression levels of the related genes in the PK15 cells infected with PRV were detected using real-time PCR. At the mRNA level, we discovered that, at a concentration of 6 mg/mL, Ren’s oligopeptides-1 reduced the expression of pseudorabies virus (PRV) genes such as IE180, UL18, UL54, and UL21 at a concentration of 6 mg/mL. We then determined that Ren’s oligopeptides-1 has an EC50 value of 6 mg/mL, and at this level, no cytotoxicity was observed.
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24
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Ning Y, Huang Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhang S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Huang J, Tian B, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Yu Y, Zhang L. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Duck-Plague Virus gE Mutants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882796. [PMID: 35515004 PMCID: PMC9067127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck plague (DP) is an acute infectious disease in the duck industry. The duck plague virus (DPV) is the pathogen, a subfamily of alphaherpesvirinae. gE is a type I membrane protein that contains three parts: an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. gE is the major virulence determinant of α-herpesvirus. However, the functions of the gE extracellular and cytoplasmic domains have not been reported in DPV. In this study, a gE extracellular domain deletion mutant and a gE cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant were constructed from DPV. Virus replication kinetics showed that the growth titers of both the gE ectodomain-deleted mutant virus and the gE cytoplasmic domain-deleted virus in DEFs were lower than that of the parental virus CHv-50. DPV CHv-gEΔET and DPV CHv-gEΔCT were continuously passed to the 20th passage in DEFs and the 10th in ducklings. The mutant virus DNA after passage was extracted for identification. The results showed that the gE ectodomain and gE cytoplasmic domain deletion mutant viruses have good genetic stability. The ducklings in each group (n=10) were inoculated with the same titers of DPV CHv-gEΔET, DPV CHv-gEΔCT, DPV CHv-ΔgE, and parental CHv-50, respectively. Clinical symptoms and serum antibody levels were detected after inoculation. The results showed that the virulence of DPV CHv-gEΔCT to ducklings was reduced compared with parental CHv-50, while the virulence of DPV CHv-gEΔET to ducklings was significantly reduced. 105 TCID50 DPV CHv-gEΔET or DPV CHv-ΔgE can induce ducklings to produce DPV-specific antibodies, protect the ducklings from virulent CHv challenge. Therefore, DPV CHv-gEΔET may serve as a promising vaccine candidate to prevent and control duck plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Ning
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yalin Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Tan L, Yao J, Lei L, Xu K, Liao F, Yang S, Yang L, Shu X, Duan D, Wang A. Emergence of a Novel Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Derived From the Field Virus and Its Attenuated Vaccine in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:872002. [PMID: 35558884 PMCID: PMC9087331 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pseudorabies (PR) caused by the PR virus (PRV) causes huge economic losses to the pig industry in China. Moreover, the potential threat of PRV to humans' health has received wide attention recently. The prevalence of two PRV genotypes and the application of their corresponding live attenuated vaccines increase the recombination possibility. In the present study, a novel recombinant PRV strain designed as HN-2019 was isolated from one sick piglet in Hunan province, China, its genetic features and pathogenicity were further investigated. The results showed that the glycoprotein E (gE) and gG genes of the HN-2019 strain displayed higher nucleotide homology with PRV classical strains (such as Ea and Fa) compared to others. However, its TK gene with continuous nucleotide deletions shared 100% nucleotide identity with the HB-98 vaccine strain, which was derived from the Ea strain. Moreover, the HN-2019 strain exhibited similar growth characteristics to that of the Ea strain, but its pathogenicity in mice was significantly lower than the latter one. The results above suggested that a naturally recombinant event might occur in the genome of the HN-2019 strain between the PRV classical strain and the HB-98 vaccine strain, which will provide useful guidelines for PRV vaccine design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Kaiwen Xu
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Fan Liao
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Shibiao Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, China
| | - Lincheng Yang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Xianghua Shu
- College of Animal Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Deyong Duan
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Lab of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, China
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Aibing Wang
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Ren Q, Ren H, Gu J, Wang J, Jiang L, Gao S. The Epidemiological Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus and Pathogenicity of the Variant Strain in Shandong Province. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:806824. [PMID: 35310414 PMCID: PMC8924479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.806824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is a disease that is seriously endangering the pig industry in China. To understand the current prevalence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) in Shandong Province, China, 19,292 serum samples were collected from 16 locations in Shandong from 2018 to 2020. The gE antibody was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ninety-seven suspected cases of PRV infection were collected from sick pigs vaccinated with Bartha-K61 to isolate PRV. The results showed that the average positive rate of the PRV gE antibody decreased from 38.20% in 2018 to 18.12% in 2020, but there was a high positive rate in sows. The isolation rate of PRV was 13.40% (13/97), and four strains were purified through plaque assay (named PRV-SD1, PRV-SD2, PRV-SD3, and PRV-SD4). The homology and genetic evolution of four PRV strains based on gE, gC, gI, and TK genes were analyzed and showed that these four strains shared more than 99.0% nucleotide homology with the variant PRV XJ5 strain, and they clustered in the same sub-branch with the domestic variant PRV strains, including JS-2012 and XJ5. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolated variant strain was assessed by intranasal infection of 16-week-old pigs with 1 mL PRV-SD1 strain. The results of the animal experiment demonstrated that the PRV-SD1–infected pigs exhibited obvious clinical symptoms as early as 2 days post inoculation (dpi), and all infected pigs died within 1 week. The severe hyperemia of meninges and swelling of lungs and tonsils were observed. Histopathology analysis showed the obvious lymphocytes necrosis of tonsils, interstitial pneumonia, and viral encephalitis. Many positive staining cells were observed in tonsils and brains through immunohistochemistry staining assay. Viral shedding in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were detected at 2 dpi, reached a peak at 3 dpi, and then gradually decreased. The detection of viral loads in the tissues showed that tonsils had the highest virus titer, further proving it may be the target organ of variant PRV infection. In conclusion, variant PRV strains were still highly prevalent in Shandong Province, and they had a strong pathogenicity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Dutch State Mines (DSM) Vitamin Co., Ltd. (Shandong), Liaocheng, China
| | - Jinyuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Song Gao
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27
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Fu ZF. Effective Cross-protection of a lyophilized live gE/gI/TK-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccine against classical and variant PRV challenges. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Homologous recombination technology generated recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing EGFP facilitates to evaluate its susceptibility to different cells and screen antiviral compounds. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:125-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Lin Y, Tan L, Wang C, He S, Fang L, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang K, Liu D, Yang Q, Wang A. Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus in Hunan Province of China From 2016 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:762326. [PMID: 34977207 PMCID: PMC8716618 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.762326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), caused by variant pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an economically important viral disease in China. Recently, PRV infection in humans has also received attention worldwide. To investigate the PRV infection in Hunan province, China, we collected a total of 18,138 serum specimens from 808 PRV-vaccinated pig farms cross this region during 2016–2020, and we detected the presence of PRV glycoprotein B (gB) and gE-specific antibodies. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results revealed that 80.47% (14,596/18,138, 95 CI 79.9–81.0) and 23.55% (4,271/18,138, 95 CI 22.9–24.2) of serum samples were positive for PRV gB and gE-specific antibodies, respectively. Further analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of wild PRV infection was associated with the season and breeding scale (p < 0.01). In addition, five PRV strains were isolated from PRV-positive samples in Vero cells and the virus titers varied from 106.5 to 107.51 TCID50/0.1 ml. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that one isolate was a classical strain of PRV genotype II, and four other isolates belonged to the variants of genotype II. Collectively, the data indicate that the prevalence of PRV remains high in pigs in Hunan province, and the variant PRV strains are the major genotypes affecting the development of the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Shicheng He
- Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- School of Public Administration and Law, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Zhong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Daoxin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, United States
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30
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Zheng HH, Bai YL, Xu T, Zheng LL, Li XS, Chen HY, Wang ZY. Isolation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Reemerging Pseudorabies Virus Within Pig Populations in Central China During 2012 to 2019. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:764982. [PMID: 34869736 PMCID: PMC8635136 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.764982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the biological characteristics of the reemerging pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains, a total of 392 tissue samples were collected from diseased pigs during reemerging PR outbreaks between 2012 and 2019 on farms in central China where swine had been immunized with Bartha-K61 and 51 (13. 01%) were positive for the gE gene by PCR. Sixteen PRV strains were isolated and caused clinical symptoms and death in mice. Subsequently, gE, gC, gB, and gD complete genes were amplified from the 16 PRV isolates and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on these four gene sequences shows that the 16 PRV isolates were more closely related to the Chinese PRV variants (after 2012) but genetically differed from early Chinese PRV isolates (before 2012). Sequence analysis reveals that PRV isolates exhibited amino acid insertions, substitutions, or deletions compared with early Chinese PRV isolates and European–American PRV strains. In addition, this is the first report that eight isolates (8/16) in this study harbor a unique amino acid substitution at position 280 (F to L) of the gC protein, and six isolates have an amino acid substitution at position 338 (A to V) of the gD protein compared with the Chinese PRV variants. The emulsion containing inactivated PRV NY isolate could provide complete protection against the NY isolate. This study might enrich our understanding of the evolution of reemerging PRV strains as well as pave the way for finding a model virus to develop a novel vaccine based on reemerging PRV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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31
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Hu R, Wang L, Liu Q, Hua L, Huang X, Zhang Y, Fan J, Chen H, Song W, Liang W, Ding N, Li Z, Ding Z, Tang X, Peng Z, Wu B. Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of Pseudorabies Virus Clinical Isolates from Pigs in China between 2012 and 2017 in China. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071322. [PMID: 34372529 PMCID: PMC8310123 DOI: 10.3390/v13071322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an economically significant swine infectious agent. A PRV outbreak took place in China in 2011 with novel virulent variants. Although the association of viral genomic variability with pathogenicity is not fully confirmed, the knowledge concerning PRV genomic diversity and evolution is still limited. Here, we sequenced 54 genomes of novel PRV variants isolated in China from 2012 to 2017. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that China strains and US/Europe strains were classified into two separate genotypes. PRV strains isolated from 2012 to 2017 in China are highly related to each other and genetically close to classic China strains such as Ea, Fa, and SC. RDP analysis revealed 23 recombination events within novel PRV variants, indicating that recombination contributes significantly to the viral evolution. The selection pressure analysis indicated that most ORFs were under evolutionary constraint, and 19 amino acid residue sites in 15 ORFs were identified under positive selection. Additionally, 37 unique mutations were identified in 19 ORFs, which distinguish the novel variants from classic strains. Overall, our study suggested that novel PRV variants might evolve from classical PRV strains through point mutation and recombination mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Jie Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wenbo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Wan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products, Xiamen 360000, China
| | - Zuohua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (N.D.); (Z.D.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.H.); (Q.L.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.); (J.F.); (H.C.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (X.T.)
- Correspondence: (Z.P.); (B.W.)
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32
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Zheng HH, Jin Y, Hou CY, Li XS, Zhao L, Wang ZY, Chen HY. Seroprevalence investigation and genetic analysis of pseudorabies virus within pig populations in Henan province of China during 2018-2019. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104835. [PMID: 33798759 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In late 2011, the outbreak of pseudorabies (PR) occurred in Bartha-K61-vaccinated pig farms and spread rapidly to many provinces of China, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. A total of 4708 pig serum samples from Henan province during 2018-2019 were collected to screen for the presence of pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE-specific antibodies, and phylogenetic analysis based on the gE gene of PRV was performed. Of the 4708 serum samples tested, 30.14% (1419/4708) were seropositive for PRV antibodies, based on PRV gE-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with slaughterhouses having the highest seroprevalence. The seropositive rates of PRV also varied with the region and the season. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three PRV isolates from this study were clustered in an independent branch together with the Chinese variant PRV strains (after 2012), and had a closer genetic relationship with the Chinese variant PRV strains, but differed genetically from the 4 early Chinese PRV strains and 4 European-American strains. This study suggests that three PRV isolates may belong to PRV variants, and the development of a novel vaccine against PRV variants is particularly urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Zheng
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yao Hou
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Zhengzhou Major Pig Disease Prevention and Control Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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Tan L, Yao J, Yang Y, Luo W, Yuan X, Yang L, Wang A. Current Status and Challenge of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in China. Virol Sin 2021; 36:588-607. [PMID: 33616892 PMCID: PMC7897889 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also called Aujeszky’s disease, is a highly infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Without specific host tropism, PRV can infect a wide variety of mammals, including pig, sheep, cattle, etc., thereby causing severe clinical symptoms and acute death. PRV was firstly reported in China in 1950s, while outbreaks of emerging PRV variants have been documented in partial regions since 2011, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry. Although scientists have been devoting to the design of diagnostic approaches and the development of vaccines during the past years, PR remains a vital infectious disease widely prevalent in Chinese pig industry. Especially, its potential threat to human health has also attracted the worldwide attention. In this review, we will provide a summary of current understanding of PRV in China, mainly focusing on PRV history, the existing diagnosis methods, PRV prevalence in pig population and other susceptible mammals, molecular characteristics, and the available vaccines against its infection. Additionally, promising agents including traditional Chinese herbal medicines and novel inhibitors that may be employed to treat this viral infection, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yadi Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua, 418000, China
| | - Xiaomin Yuan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lingchen Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Aibing Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Animal Model, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University (HUNAU), Changsha, 410128, China.
- PCB Biotechnology LLC, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Tu L, Lian J, Pang Y, Liu C, Cui S, Lin W. Retrospective detection and phylogenetic analysis of pseudorabies virus in dogs in China. Arch Virol 2020; 166:91-100. [PMID: 33074409 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, has gained increased attention in China in recent years as a result of a recent outbreak of pseudorabies. The causative agent has a wide spectrum of hosts, including pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, bats, bears, and even some avian species. Although dog-related cases of pseudorabies have been reported regularly, many cases are overlooked, and few PRV strains are isolated because death occurs rapidly after PRV infection and veterinarians often do not test for PRV in dogs. Here, we performed a retrospective detection of PRV in dogs from July 2017 to December 2018. We found that PRV (including gE-deleted strains, classical strains, and variant strains) is prevalent in dogs regardless of season and region and that the epidemic PRV strains in dogs share high sequence similarity with gC and gE genes of swine epidemic strains and commercial vaccine strains. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of PRV surveillance in dogs, which is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of PRV in dogs and assists in efforts aimed at effectively controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Lian
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Cun Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Wu F, Lv Y, Zhang S, Liu L, Wu Y, Zhao P, Peng Z, Liu S, Zhang Z, Li W. Isolation and Characterization of a Variant Psedorabies Virus HNXY and Construction of rHNXY-∆ TK/∆ gE. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1804. [PMID: 33020441 PMCID: PMC7600349 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of pseudorabies in China, caused by more virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV) than the classical strains, has led to considerable economic losses. In this study, PRV strain HNXY was isolated from the Henan province of China in 2015 from the pig farm with severe reproductive failure in sows and a high mortality in piglets. The 50% tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of HNXY in Vero cells were examined to be 106.5/mL, and the neutralisation titer against Bartha-K61 was significantly higher than against HNXY when tested with the serum from Bartha-K61 vaccinated pigs. The 50% lethal doses (LD50) of HNXY to six-week-old BALB/c mice and two-month-old PRV-free pigs were both 102.3 TCID50. HNXY was classified as genotype II, and numerous amino acid variations were found in gB, gE, gC, gD, TK, and RR1 proteins, compared with PRV from other countries or those prevalent in China before 2012. The attenuated rHNXY-∆TK/∆gE was further constructed, which presented significantly smaller plaques than HNXY, as well as the similar growth kinetics. rHNXY-∆TK/∆gE was confirmed to be non-pathogenic to six-week-old BALB/c mice and zero-day-old piglets. This study isolated updated PRV promising to develop into a new vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsun Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yujin Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Lingling Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pandeng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhifeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shengli Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.Z.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wengang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (F.W.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Y.W.); (P.Z.); (Z.P.)
- Swine Disease Prevention Engineering Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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The pseudorabies virus R2 non-neuroinvasive vaccine: A proof-of-concept study in pigs. Vaccine 2020; 38:4524-4528. [PMID: 32448623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic alpha-herpesviruses that infect mammals establish life-long latent infections in the peripheral nervous system after initial infection of exposed mucosal tissues. The neuroinvasive properties can lead to severe complications both with clinical and veterinary alpha-herpesviruses, and vaccines are often unavailable or provide limited protection. Here we assess the properties and efficacy of an R2 vaccine derived from the alpha-herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PRV), in pigs. We demonstrate that the PRV R2 vaccine does not invade the porcine peripheral nervous system within the limits of detection. Furthermore, after a single intranasal vaccination, R2 conferred protection to pigs subsequently challenged with a virulent PRV field strain (NIA-3). These findings support that the R2 vaccine design is non-neuroinvasive and is an effective vaccine in the context of a natural host.
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Lin J, Li Z, Feng Z, Fang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Liang W, Chen Q. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain with defects in gE, gC, and TK genes protects piglets against an emerging PRV variant. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:846-855. [PMID: 32336701 PMCID: PMC7324833 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of an emerging variant of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been causing
serious losses to farmers in China. Moreover, the commercially available PRV vaccine often
fails to provide thorough protection. Therefore, in this study, we generated a
PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK strain with defects in gC, gE, and TK of PRV. Compared to the parental PRV
strain and the single gene deletion strains (PRV-∆gC, PRV-∆gE, and PRV-∆TK), PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK
grew slowly, and exhibited fewer and smaller plaques on swine testis (ST) cells.
Furthermore, animal experiment results showed that mice that were immunized
intramuscularly with PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK, survived throughout the experiment with no observed
clinical symptoms, and were completely protected against PRV challenge. Additionally,
deletion of the gC, gE, and TK genes significantly alleviated viral damage in the brain.
Furthermore, one-day-old weaned piglets immunized intramuscularly with PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK
elicited higher levels of gB antibodies against both the emerging PRV variant and the
parental PRV, exhibited full protection against challenge with both variants, and showed
neutralization capacity against PRV. These data suggest that PRV-∆gC\gE∆TK is a promising
vaccine candidate for the control of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100 Pudang Road, Xindian Town, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350013
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100 Pudang Road, Xindian Town, Jin'an District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350013
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Zhou Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Wengzhi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, 8 Xuefu South Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, 350117
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Differential diagnosis of PRV-infected versus vaccinated pigs using a novel EuNPs-virus antigen probe-based blocking fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112101. [PMID: 32090873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel time-resolved fluorescence blocking lateral flow immunoassay (TRF-BLFIA) was developed for on-site differential diagnosis of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-infected and vaccinated pigs using europium nanoparticles (EuNPs)-labeled virion antigens and high titer PRV gE monoclonal antibodies (PRV gE-mAb). Upon application of a positive serum sample, the specific epitopes of gE protein on the EuNPs-PRV probe were blocked, inhibiting binding to the PRV gE-mAb on the T line, resulting in low or negligible fluorescence signal, whereas when a negative sample was applied, EuNPs-PRV probes would be able to bind the antibody at the T line, leading to high fluorescence signal. Under optimized conditions, TRF-BLFIA provided excellent sensitivity and selectivity. When testing swine clinical samples (n = 356), there was 96.1% agreement between this method and a most widely used commercial gE-ELISA kit. Moreover, our method was rapid (15 min), cost-efficient and easy to operate with simple training, allowing for on-site detection. Thus, TRF-BLFIA could be a practical tool to differentially diagnose PRV-infected and vaccinated pigs.
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Huang J, Zhu L, Zhao J, Yin X, Feng Y, Wang X, Sun X, Zhou Y, Xu Z. Genetic evolution analysis of novel recombinant pseudorabies virus strain in Sichuan, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1428-1432. [PMID: 31968152 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies is a disease that seriously endangers the pig industry in China. Recently, we successfully isolated a pseudorabies virus from the brain tissue of piglets at a farm in Sichuan, China, and named it the FJ62 strain. In order to understand the molecular biological characteristics of the strain, primers were designed for glycoproteins gB, gC, gD and gE, which were amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. After comparing the sequence with the GenBank 22 pseudorabies virus reference strains and establishing the genetic evolutionary tree, it was found that the gB gene of pseudorabies virus was highly homologous (up to 100%) with the MY-1 strain which is isolated from a wild boar in Japan (AP018925) but that homology with other strains in China was low. The gC gene was in the same branch as most of the representative strains in China, with 99.5% homology. The gD gene is in the same branch as the domestic strain LA in China (KU552118), and the homology was 99.9%. The gE gene was in the same branch as the domestic BJ/YT strain in China (KC981239), with 99.9% homology. The results showed that the FJ62 strain of the pseudorabies virus isolated here may be a variant strain of FJ62 isolated from a domestic pig after natural recombination of pseudorabies virus genotype I from wild boar and genotype II from pigs in China. There have been no similar reports in Sichuan. The discovery of the recombinant virus strain provides a reference basis for the prevention and control of pseudorabies and a design strategy for a vaccine in Sichuan, China, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhuan Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xvetao Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuancheng Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animtech Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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40
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Xi S, Liu K, Xiao C, Hameed M, Ou A, Shao D, Li B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Miao D, Ma Z. Establishment and characterization of the pig tonsil epithelial (PT) cell line as a new model for persist infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108587. [PMID: 32122591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes a serious zoonotic disease worldwide, pig is the reservoir and amplifying host of JEV. JEV can persist infect tonsil in pig, but the relation between persist infection in tonsil and reservoir are not clear until now. A stable pig tonsil cell line is necessary for JEV persist infection research. In this study, we established a continuous epithelial cell line, named PT cell, from the pig tonsil. This cell is susceptible to JEV. We determined the growth characteristics, molecular properties, microstructure profiles of PT cell. JEV is easy to enter PT cell which may partly explain the reason of persist infection. We further determined that LMAN2L, a mannose lectin proteins, is the primary viral receptors for JEV entry in PT cell. IFITM3, an cellular surface antiviral factor, is underexpression in PT cell after JEV infection. All these results provide solid evidence that PT cell will promote additional research on JEV persist infection in pig tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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Wang D, Tao X, Fei M, Chen J, Guo W, Li P, Wang J. Human encephalitis caused by pseudorabies virus infection: a case report. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:442-448. [PMID: 31898060 PMCID: PMC7223082 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) primarily infects swine but can infect cattle, dogs, and cats. Several studies have reported that PRV can cross the specie barrier and induce human encephalitis, but a definitive diagnosis of human PRV encephalitis is debatable due to the lack of PRV DNA detection. Here, we report a case of human PRV encephalitis diagnosed by the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of PRV sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient. A male pork vendor developed fever and seizures for 6 days. NGS results showed PRV sequences in his CSF and blood. Sanger sequencing showed that PRV DNA in the CSF and PRV antibodies in both the CSF and blood were positive. MRI results revealed multiple inflammatory lesions in the bilateral hemisphere. Based on the clinical and laboratory data, we diagnosed the patient with PRV encephalitis. This case suggests that PRV can infect humans, causing severe viral encephalitis. People at risk of PRV infection should improve their self-protection awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaogen Tao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingming Fei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
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Genetic Diversity among Pseudorabies Viruses Isolated from Dogs in France from 2006 to 2018. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040266. [PMID: 31779166 PMCID: PMC6963927 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), also known as Aujeszky’s disease, is an economically important disease for the pig industry. It has been eradicated in domestic pigs in many European countries, including France, but its causative agent—Suid Herpesvirus 1—is still circulating in wild boars. The risk of endemic PR in wild fauna lies in reintroducing the virus among domestic pigs and transmitting it to other mammals, especially hunting dogs for which the disease is rapidly fatal. As such infections are regularly reported in France, this study genetically characterized canine PR virus strains in the country to obtain information on their diversity and evolution. Partial sequencing of the glycoprotein C-encoding gene from 55 virus strains isolated from dogs between 2006 and 2018 showed that 14 strains belonged to genotype I-clade A and another 38 to genotype I-clade B, two clades usually reported in Western Europe. More surprisingly, three strains were found to belong to genotype II, suggesting an Asian origin. Genotype I-clade A strains exhibited the highest diversity as five geographically segregated genogroups were identified.
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Li H, Wei X, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhao X, Zhou S, Huang S, Liu X. Establishment of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for identification of atmospheric virus contamination in pig farms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:358-364. [PMID: 31325880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spread of pathogens in pig farms not only causes transfection of diseases to other pigs or even farmers working in the farms, but also induces pollution to the living atmospheric environment of the residents around the farm. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple monitoring method. In this study, full genome sequences of common viruses were analyzed in pig farms, in combination with the design of primers, optimization of the reaction parameters, so as to establish a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the identification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus virus (PPV), which are common in pig farms. This method has a minimal detectable concentration of 10-3 ng/μL, which is highly specific. Furthermore, multiplex RT-PCR was applied to examine air samples from 4 pig farms located in different cities of China. The results were in line with those obtained by single PCR. Therefore, this study can be expected to provide essential technique support for the early warning mechanism as well as disease prevention and control system against the major viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
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Lyu C, Cai X. A GFP-tagged version of the pseudorabies virus protein UL56 localizes to the Golgi and trans-Golgi network through a predicted C-terminal leucine-rich helix in transfected cells. Virol J 2019; 16:81. [PMID: 31221185 PMCID: PMC6585060 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1191-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) protein UL56 (pUL56) has been implicated in viral dissemination and virulence in vivo. However, the properties of PRV pUL56 remain largely unknown. In the present study, we aim to investigate the subcellular localization of pUL56 and the underlying molecular basis in transfected cells. METHODS Constructs of N-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused pUL56 and its truncations were employed for investigating subcellular localization and further identifying amino acids crucial for pUL56 localization in transfected Vero cells. Finally, the identified amino acids were replaced with alanine for confirming if these mutations could impair the specific localization of pUL56. RESULTS The pUL56 predominantly localized at the Golgi and trans-Golgi network (TGN) through its predicted C-terminal transmembrane helix in transfected Vero cells. A Golgi-associated protein Rab6a, independent of interaction with pUL56, was significantly downregulated by pUL56. Further, we found three truncated pUL56 C-terminal fragments (174-184, 175-185 and 191-195) could restrict GFP in the perinuclear region, respectively. Within these truncations, the 174proline (P), 181leucine (L), 185L and 191L were essential for maintaining perinuclear accumulation, thus suggesting an important role of leucine. Alanine (A) mutagenesis assays were employed to generate a series of pUL56 C-terminal mutants on the basis of leucine. Finally, a pUL56 mutant M10 (174P/A-177L/A-181L/A-185L/A-191L/A-194L/A-195I/A-196-197L/A-200L/A) lost Golgi-TGN localization. Thus, our data revealed that the leucine-rich transmembrane helix was responsible for pUL56 Golgi-TGN localization and retention, probably through specific intracellular membrane insertion. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that the C-terminal transmembrane helix was responsible for the Golgi-TGN localization of pUL56. In addition, the leucines within C-terminal transmembrane helix were essential for maintaining pUL56 Golgi-TGN retention in cells. Further, the pUL56 can induce downregulation of Golgi-associated protein Rab6a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No.678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, China.
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