Enriched environment improves working memory impairment of mice with traumatic brain injury by enhancing histone acetylation in the prefrontal cortex

Vanillin derivatives as antiamnesic agents in scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice

Amnesia is a major health problem prevalent in almost every part of the world specifically in old age peoples. Vanillin analogues have played an important role in the field medicines. Some of them have been documented to be promising inhibitors of cholinesterases and could therefore, be used as antidepressant, anti-Alzheimer and as neuroprotective drugs. In this connection, the present study was designed to synthesize new vanillin analogues (SB-1 to SB-6) of varied biological potentials. The synthesized compounds were investigated as inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes and as scavengers of DPPH and ABTS free radicals followed by behavioural antiamnesic evaluation in mice. The compounds; SB-1, SB-3, SB-4 and SB-6 more potently inhibited AChE with IC50 values of 0.078, 0.157, 0.108, and 0.014 μM respectively. The BChE was more potently inhibited by SB-3 with IC50 of 0.057 μM. Moreover, all of the tested compounds exhibited strong antioxidant potentials with promising results of SB-3 against DPPH with IC50 of 0.305 μM, while SB-5 was most active against ABTS with IC50 of 0.190 μM. The in-vivo studies revealed the improvement in memory deficit caused by scopolamine. Y-Maze and new object recognition test showed a considerable decline in cognitive dysfunctions. In Y-Maze test the spontaneous alteration of 69.44 ± 1% and 84.88 ± 1.35% for SB-1 and 68.92 ± 1% and 80.89 ± 1% for SB-3 at both test doses were recorded while during the novel object recognition test the Discrimination Index percentage of SB-1 was more pronounced as compared to standard drug. All compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of AChE, BChE, DPPH, and ABTS in vitro however, SB-1 and SB-3 were comparatively more potent. SB-1 was also more active in reclamation of memory deficit caused by scopolamine. SB-1 and SB-3 may be considered as excellent drug candidates for treating amnesia subjected to toxicological evaluations in other animal models.

Environmental Enrichment for Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanisms and Translational Implications

Acquired brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI), can cause severe neurologic damage and even death. Unfortunately, currently, there are no effective and safe treatments to reduce the high disability and mortality rates associated with these brain injuries. However, environmental enrichment (EE) is an emerging approach to treating and rehabilitating acquired brain injuries by promoting motor, sensory, and social stimulation. Multiple preclinical studies have shown that EE benefits functional recovery, including improved motor and cognitive function and psychological benefits mediated by complex protective signaling pathways. This article provides an overview of the enriched environment protocols used in animal models of ischemic stroke, ICH, and TBI, as well as relevant clinical studies, with a particular focus on ischemic stroke. Additionally, we explored studies of animals with stroke and TBI exposed to EE alone or in combination with multiple drugs and other rehabilitation modalities. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical applications of EE in future brain rehabilitation therapy and the molecular and cellular changes caused by EE in rodents with stroke or TBI. This article aims to advance preclinical and clinical research on EE rehabilitation therapy for acquired brain injury. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5291-5323, 2024.

Resistance exercise alleviates the prefrontal lobe injury and dysfunction by activating SESN2/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in mice with myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES

Myocardial infarction (MI) induces inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the brain, which would be one of the causes of cardiac dysfunction. Exercise training is viewed as a feasible strategy to improve cardiac function of the infarcted heart. The aim of this study was to investigate whether exercise training could alleviate MI-induced prefrontal lobe injury via activating Sestrin2 (SESN2) signaling and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups: control group (CON), aerobic exercise group (AE), resistance exercise group (RE), whole-body vibration group (WBV) and electrical stimulation group (ES); and three groups: sham-operated group (S), sedentary MI group (MI) and MI with resistance exercise group (MRE). After four weeks of training, sensorimotor function, spatial learning, long-term and spatial memory, and cardiac function were detected. Then, mice were euthanized, and the prefrontal areas were separated for HE, Nissl, SESN2, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neuron-specific nucleoprotein (NeuN), and TUNEL staining. Activation of SESN2/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway and expression of proteins related to oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the prefrontal lobe were detected by western blotting.

RESULTS

Different types of exercise training all activated the SESN2/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway, and the effect of RE is the best. RE improved sensorimotor, learning, and memory impairments, increased the expressions of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic proteins, reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, ultimately alleviated the prefrontal lobe injury and dysfunction in mice with MI.

CONCLUSION

RE alleviates MI-indued prefrontal lobe injury and dysfunction by inhibiting the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, partially via activating SESN2/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

An enriched environment improves maternal sleep deprivation-induced cognitive deficits and synaptic plasticity via hippocampal histone acetylation

INTRODUCTION

Growing evidence clearly demonstrates that maternal rodents exposure to sleep deprivation (SD) during late pregnancy impairs learning and memory in their offspring. Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly histone acetylation, are known to be involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. We hypothesize that the cognitive decline induced by SD during late pregnancy is associated with histone acetylation dysfunction, and this effect could be reversed by an enriched environment (EE).

METHODS

In the present study, pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed to SD during the third trimester of pregnancy. After weaning, all offspring were randomly assigned to two subgroups in either a standard environment or an EE. When offspring were 3 months old, the Morris water maze was used to evaluate hippocampal-dependent learning and memory ability. Molecular biological techniques, including western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, were used to examine the histone acetylation pathway and synaptic plasticity markers in the hippocampus of offspring.

RESULTS

The results showed that the following were all reversed by EE treatment: maternal SD (MSD)-induced cognitive deficits including spatial learning and memory; histone acetylation dysfunction including increased histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and decreased histone acetyltransferase (CBP), and the acetylation levels of H3K9 and H4K12; synaptic plasticity dysfunction including decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor; and postsynaptic density protein-95.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that MSD could damage learning ability and memory in offspring via the histone acetylation pathway. This effect could be reversed by EE treatment.

Spautin-1 administration mitigates mild TBI-induced cognitive and memory dysfunction in mice via activation of caspase-3

BACKGROUND

Cognitive and memory dysfunction, a common sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI), places a heavy social and economic burden on individuals, families, communities, and countries. Although the potent anti-tumor effects of spautin-1, a novel autophagy inhibitor, have been documented in malignant melanoma, little is known regarding its efficacy on alleviation of cognitive and memory dysfunction. Here, we describe the effect of spautin-1 administration on cognitive and memory impairment post-TBI, and reveal its underlying mechanism of action.

METHODS

We first induced mild TBI in mice through Feeney's weight-drop model, then immediately administered spautin-1 (10 mmol/μl, 2 μl) into the left lateral ventricle. Behavioral and pathological changes were assessed at 24 h, 7 and 30 days after TBI by analyzing neurological severity scores (NSS), novel objective recognition (NOR), Morris water maze (MWM) test, recording of local field potential (LFP), as well as western blot, and immunofluorescence assays.

RESULTS

Mild TBI not only reduced recognition index and times crossing platform, but also aggravated neuronal injury, including reduced MAP2, GAD2, VGlut2, and CHAT intensity. It also elevated activated microglia and CD86-occupied areas in TMEM119-positive cells, but suppressed θ, β, and γ oscillation power in the hippocampal CA1. However, spautin-1 administration significantly reversed these changes, whereas AC-DEVD-CHO an inhibitor of caspase-3 partially blocked the neuroprotective effects of spautin-1.

CONCLUSION

Spautin-1 administration mitigates mild TBI-induced cognitive and memory dysfunction in mice, potentially through activation of caspase-3.

Enriched environment enhances histone acetylation of NMDA receptor in the hippocampus and improves cognitive dysfunction in aged mice

The mechanisms of age-associated memory impairment may be associated with glutamate receptor function and chromatin modification. To observe the effect of an enriched environment on the cognitive function of mice with age-associated memory impairment, 3-month-old C57BL/6 male mice ("young" mice) were raised in a standard environment, while 24-month-old C57BL/6 male mice with memory impairment ("age-associated memory impairment" mice) were raised in either a standard environment or an enriched environment. The enriched environment included a variety of stimuli involving movement and sensation. A water maze test was then used to measure cognitive function in the mice. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were used to detect right hippocampal GluN2B mRNA as well as protein expression of GluN2B and CREB binding protein in all mice. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to measure the extent of histone acetylation of the hippocampal GluN2B gene promoters. Compared with the young mice, the water maze performance of age-associated memory impairment mice in the standard environment was significantly decreased. In addition, there were significantly lower levels of total histone acetylation and expression of CREB binding protein in the hippocampus of age-associated memory impairment mice in the standard environment compared with the young mice. There were also significantly lower levels of histone acetylation, protein expression, and mRNA expression of GluN2B in the hippocampus of these mice. In contrast, in the age-associated memory impairment mice with the enriched environment intervention, the water maze performance and molecular biological indexes were significantly improved. These data confirm that an enriched environment can improve cognitive dysfunction in age-associated memory impairment mice, and suggest that the mechanisms may be related to the increased expression of CREB binding protein and the increased degree of total histone acetylation in the hippocampus of age-associated memory impairment mice, which may cause the increase of histone acetylation of GluN2B gene promoter and the enhancement of GluN2B mRNA transcription and protein expression in hippocampus. The animal experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Yangzhou University, China (approval No. 20170312001) in March 2017.