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Gong X, Cui Q, Zhang W, Shi Y, Zhang P, Zhang C, Hu G, Sahin O, Wang L, Shen Z, Fu M. Genomic insight into the diversity of Glaesserella parasuis isolates from 19 countries. mSphere 2024; 9:e0023124. [PMID: 39194201 PMCID: PMC11423579 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00231-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis is a commensal bacterial organism found in the upper respiratory tract of healthy pigs and the etiological agent of Glässer's disease, which causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. This study aimed to better understand the epidemiological characteristics of this opportunistic pathogen. We investigated the prevalence and distribution of sequence types (STs), serovars, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and potential virulence factors (VFs) in 764 G. parasuis isolates collected from diseased and healthy pigs from 19 countries, including China. Multilocus sequence typing showed a high degree of variation with 334 STs, of which 93 were not previously recognized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major clades distinguished by isolation year, source, country, and serovar. The dominant serovars of G. parasuis were serovars 4 (19.50%), 7 (15.97%), 5/12 (13.87%), and 13 (12.30%). Serovar 7 gradually became one of the dominant serovars in G. parasuis with more VFs and fewer ARGs. Serovars 4 and 5/12 were the most frequent serovars in diseased pigs, whereas serovars 2, 8, and 11 were predominant in healthy pigs. Serovars 7 and 13 possessed more VFs than the other serovars. This study provides novel insights into the global prevalence and epidemiology of G. parasuis and valuable clues for further investigation into the pathogenicity of G. parasuis, which will facilitate the development of effective vaccines.IMPORTANCEGlaesserella parasuis is a clinically important gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, which causes serious financial losses in swine industry on a global scale. No vaccine is known that provides cross-protection against all 15 serovars; furthermore, the correlation between serovar and virulence is largely unknown. This study provides a large number of sequenced strains in 19 countries and compares the genomic diversity of G. parasuis between diseased and healthy pigs. We found a slight change in the dominant serovar of G. parasuis in the world, with serovar 7 gradually emerging as one of the predominant serovars. The observed higher average number of VFs in this particular serovar strain challenges the previously held notion that serovar 7 is non-virulent, indicating a more complex virulence landscape than previously understood. Our analysis indicating that six ARGs [tet(B), sul2, aph(3')-Ia, aph (6)-Id, blaROB-1, and aph(3'')-Ib] are likely to be transmitted horizontally in their entirety. By analyzing VFs, we provided an improved understanding of the virulence of G. parasuis, and these key findings suggest that vaccine development will be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingpo Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuqian Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Qi B, Li F, Chen K, Ding W, Xue Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Ding K, Zhao Z. Comparison of the Glaesserella parasuis Virulence in Mice and Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:659244. [PMID: 34250058 PMCID: PMC8265781 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.659244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared the virulence of the most common serovars of Glaesserella parasuis in China, serovars 4, 5, 12, and 13 (36 strains in total) in BALB/c mice and piglets. In mice, the median lethal doses (LD50s) of the four serovars were roughly 9.80 × 107–4.60 × 109 CFU, 2.10 × 108–8.85 × 109 CFU, 4.81 × 107–7.01 × 109 CFU, and 1.75 × 108–8.45 × 108 CFU, respectively. Serovar 13 showed the strongest virulence, followed by serovar 4, serovar 12, and serovar 5, but a significant difference in virulence was only observed between serovars 5 and 13. The virulence of strains of the same serovars differed significantly in piglets. Virulent and attenuated strains were present in all serovars, but serovar 5 was the most virulent in piglets, followed by serovars 13, 4, and 12. A significant difference in virulence was observed between serovars 5 and 4 and between serovars 5 and 12. However, the virulence of serovars 5 and 13 did not differ significantly. This comprehensive analysis of G. parasuis virulence in mice and piglets demonstrated that: (1) the order of virulence of the four domestic epidemic serovars (from strongest to weakest) in piglets was serovars 5, 13, 4, and 12; (2) both virulent and attenuated strains were present in all serovars, so virulence did not necessarily correlate with serovar; (3) Although G. parasuis was fatal in BALB/c mice, its virulence is inconsistent with that in piglets, indicating that BALB/c mice are inadequate as an alternative model of G. parasuis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Qi
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Feiyue Li
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenwen Ding
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines in Environmental and Animal Products Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines in Environmental and Animal Products Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines in Environmental and Animal Products Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- The Key Lab of Veterinary Biological Products, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Henan Provincial Open Laboratory of Key Disciplines in Environmental and Animal Products Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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