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Loyola-Vargas VM, Ochoa-Alejo N. An Introduction to Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Current Status and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2827:1-13. [PMID: 38985259 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3954-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures (PCTOC) have been used as experimental systems in basic research, allowing gene function demonstration through gene overexpression or repression and investigating the processes involved in embryogenesis and organogenesis or those related to the potential production of secondary metabolites, among others. On the other hand, PCTOC has also been applied at the commercial level for the vegetative multiplication (micropropagation) of diverse plant species, mainly ornamentals but also horticultural crops such as potato or fruit and tree species, and to produce high-quality disease-free plants. Moreover, PCTOC protocols are important auxiliary systems in crop breeding crops to generate pure lines (homozygous) to produce hybrids for the obtention of polyploid plants with higher yields or better performance. PCTOC has been utilized to preserve and conserve the germplasm of different crops or threatened species. Plant genetic improvement through genetic engineering and genome editing has been only possible thanks to the establishment of efficient in vitro plant regeneration protocols. Different companies currently focus on commercializing plant secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities using in vitro PCTOC. The impact of omics on PCTOC is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Vega M, Quintero‐Corrales C, Mastretta‐Yanes A, Casas A, López‐Hilario V, Wegier A. Multiple domestication events explain the origin of Gossypium hirsutum landraces in Mexico. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9838. [PMID: 36911302 PMCID: PMC9994486 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Mesoamerican crops constitute wild-to-domesticated complexes generated by multiple initial domestication events, and continuous gene flow among crop populations and between these populations and their wild relatives. It has been suggested that the domestication of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) started in the northwest of the Yucatán Peninsula, from where it spread to other regions inside and outside of Mexico. We tested this hypothesis by assembling chloroplast genomes of 23 wild, landraces, and breeding lines (transgene-introgressed and conventional). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary history of cotton in Mexico involves multiple events of introgression and genetic divergence. From this, we conclude that Mexican landraces arose from multiple wild populations. Our results also revealed that their structural and functional chloroplast organizations had been preserved. However, genetic diversity decreases as a consequence of domestication, mainly in transgene-introgressed (TI) individuals (π = 0.00020, 0.00001, 0.00016, 0, and 0, of wild, TI-wild, landraces, TI-landraces, and breeding lines, respectively). We identified homologous regions that differentiate wild from domesticated plants and indicate a relationship among the samples. A decrease in genetic diversity associated with transgene introgression in cotton was identified for the first time, and our outcomes are therefore relevant to both biosecurity and agrobiodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Vega
- Genética de la Conservación, Jardín BotánicoInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Christian Quintero‐Corrales
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Departamento de BotánicaInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Alicia Mastretta‐Yanes
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Ciudad de MéxicoMexico
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) Programa de Investigadores e Investigadoras por MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMexico
| | | | - Ana Wegier
- Genética de la Conservación, Jardín BotánicoInstituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
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Alavez V, Cuervo-Robayo ÁP, Martínez-Meyer E, Wegier A. Eco-Geography of Feral Cotton: A Missing Piece in the Puzzle of Gene Flow Dynamics Among Members of Gossypium hirsutum Primary Gene Pool. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.653271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico is the center of origin and genetic diversity of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the most important source of natural fiber in the world. Currently, wild and domesticated populations (including genetically modified [GM] varieties) occur in this country and gene flow among them has shaped the species’ genetic diversity and structure, setting a complex and challenging scenario for its conservation. Moreover, recent gene flow from GM cultivars to wild Mexican cotton populations has been reported since 2011. In situ conservation of G. hirsutum requires knowledge about the extent of its geographic distribution, both wild and domesticated, as well as the possible routes and mechanisms that contribute to gene flow between the members of the species wild-to-domesticated continuum (i.e., the primary gene pool). However, little is known about the distribution of feral populations that could facilitate gene flow by acting as bridges. In this study, we analyzed the potential distribution of feral cotton based on an ecological niche modeling approach and discussed its implications in the light of the distribution of wild and domesticated cotton. Then, we examined the processes that could be leading to the escape of seeds from the cultivated fields. Our results indicate that the climatic suitability of feral plants in the environmental and geographic space is broad and overlaps with areas of wild cotton habitat and crop fields, suggesting a region that could bridge cultivated cotton and its wild relatives by allowing gene flow between them. This study provides information for management efforts focused on the conservation of wild populations, native landraces, and non-GM domesticated cotton at its center of origin and genetic diversity.
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Hernández-Terán A, Navarro-Díaz M, Benítez M, Lira R, Wegier A, Escalante AE. Host genotype explains rhizospheric microbial community composition: the case of wild cotton metapopulations (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mexico. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5850751. [PMID: 32490512 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere provides several benefits to the plant host being a strong determinant for its health, growth and productivity. Nonetheless, the factors behind the assembly of the microbial communities associated with the rhizosphere such as the role of plant genotypes are not completely understood. In this study, we tested the role that intraspecific genetic variation has in rhizospheric microbial community assemblages, using genetically distinct wild cotton populations as a model of study. We followed a common garden experiment including five wild cotton populations, controlling for plant genotypes, environmental conditions and soil microbial community inoculum, to test for microbial differences associated with genetic variation of the plant hosts. Microbial communities of the treatments were characterized by culture-independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with Illumina MiSeq platform. We analyzed microbial community diversity (alpha and beta), and diversity structure of such communities, determined by co-occurrence networks. Results show that different plant genotypes select for different and specific microbial communities from a common inoculum. Although we found common amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) to all plant populations (235), we also found unique ASVs for different populations that could be related to potential functional role of such ASVs in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández-Terán
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Navarro-Díaz
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lira
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad (LANCIS), Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
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Vázquez-Barrios V, Boege K, Sosa-Fuentes TG, Rojas P, Wegier A. Ongoing ecological and evolutionary consequences by the presence of transgenes in a wild cotton population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1959. [PMID: 33479296 PMCID: PMC7820435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
After 25 years of genetically modified cotton cultivation in Mexico, gene flow between transgenic individuals and their wild relatives represents an opportunity for analysing the impacts of the presence of novel genes in ecological and evolutionary processes in natural conditions. We show comprehensive empirical evidence on the physiological, metabolic, and ecological effects of transgene introgression in wild cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. We report that the expression of both the cry and cp4-epsps genes in wild cotton under natural conditions altered extrafloral nectar inducibility and thus, its association with different ant species: the dominance of the defensive species Camponotus planatus in Bt plants, the presence of cp4-epsps without defence role of Monomorium ebeninum ants, and of the invasive species Paratrechina longicornis in wild plants without transgenes. Moreover, we found an increase in herbivore damage to cp4-epsps plants. Our results reveal the influence of transgene expression on native ecological interactions. These findings can be useful in the design of risk assessment methodologies for genetically modified organisms and the in situ conservation of G. hirsutum metapopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Vázquez-Barrios
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico ,grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Boege
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Gabriela Sosa-Fuentes
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Rojas
- grid.452507.10000 0004 1798 0367Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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