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Zhang Q, Sun H, Gao Z, Zhao H, Peng Z, Zhang T. Evaluation of Effective Energy Values of Six Protein Ingredients Fed to Beagles and Predictive Energy Equations for Protein Feedstuff. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1599. [PMID: 38891646 PMCID: PMC11171298 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the nutrition composition, the nutrient digestibility, and the energy value of six protein ingredients used in pet food by the difference method in six beagles within a 7 × 6 incomplete Latin square design. The results showed that the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy (GE) and organic matter (OM) in beagles fed the fish meal (FM) and corn gluten meal (CGM) diets was higher than for those fed the meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), mealworm meal (MM), and yeast extract (YE) diets (p < 0.05). The digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) of the MM diet were greater than the other diets, and MBM was the lowest (p < 0.05). The ME of protein ingredients was positively correlated with organic matter and negatively correlated with the ash content. The NE of protein ingredients was positively correlated with the crude protein content and negatively correlated with the ash content. The study resulted in predictive energy equations for protein ingredients that were more accurate than the NRC's predictive equation of ME when the ash content of the ingredient was more than 30% DM. In conclusion, the nutrient digestibility and energy value of corn gluten meal were similar to those of fish meal and those of soybean meal were similar to yeast extract. All predictive energy equations for six protein feedstuffs had slight differences with measured energy values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tietao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Q.Z.); (H.S.); (Z.G.); (H.Z.); (Z.P.)
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Phimister FD, Anderson RC, Thomas DG, Farquhar MJ, Maclean P, Jauregui R, Young W, Butowski CF, Bermingham EN. Using meta-analysis to understand the impacts of dietary protein and fat content on the composition of fecal microbiota of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris): A pilot study. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1404. [PMID: 38515236 PMCID: PMC10958101 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between diet and fecal microbiota composition is garnering increased interest across various host species, including domestic dogs. While the influence of dietary macronutrients and their associated microbial communities have been extensively reviewed, these reviews are descriptive and do not account for differences in microbial community analysis, nor do they standardize macronutrient content across studies. To address this, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the impact of dietary crude protein ("protein") and dietary crude fat ("fat") on the fecal microbiota composition in healthy dogs. Sixteen publications met the eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis, yielding a final data set of 314 dogs. Diets were classed as low, moderate, high, or supra in terms of protein or fat content. Sequence data from each publication were retrieved from public databases and reanalyzed using consistent bioinformatic pipelines. Analysis of community diversity indices and unsupervised clustering of the data with principal coordinate analysis revealed a small effect size and complete overlap between protein and fat levels at the overall community level. Supervised clustering through random forest analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis indicated alterations in the fecal microbiota composition at a more individual taxonomic level, corresponding to the levels of protein or fat. The Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group and Enterococcus were associated with increasing levels of protein, while Allobaculum and Clostridium sensu stricto 13 were associated with increasing levels of fat. Interestingly, the random forest analyses revealed that Sharpea, despite its low relative abundance in the dog's fecal microbiome, was primarily responsible for the separation of the microbiome for both protein and fat. Future research should focus on validating and understanding the functional roles of these relatively low-abundant genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis D. Phimister
- AgResearch LtdManawatu‐WhanganuiNew Zealand
- School of Agricultural and EnvironmentMassey UniversityManawatu‐WhanganuiNew Zealand
| | | | - David G. Thomas
- School of Agricultural and EnvironmentMassey UniversityManawatu‐WhanganuiNew Zealand
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Pasciullo Boychuck S, Brenner LJ, Gagorik CN, Schamel JT, Baker S, Tran E, vonHoldt BM, Koepfli K, Maldonado JE, DeCandia AL. The gut microbiomes of Channel Island foxes and island spotted skunks exhibit fine-scale differentiation across host species and island populations. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11017. [PMID: 38362164 PMCID: PMC10867392 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
California's Channel Islands are home to two endemic mammalian carnivores: island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and island spotted skunks (Spilogale gracilis amphiala). Although it is rare for two insular terrestrial carnivores to coexist, these known competitors persist on both Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island. We hypothesized that examination of their gut microbial communities would provide insight into the factors that enable this coexistence, as microbial symbionts often reflect host evolutionary history and contemporary ecology. Using rectal swabs collected from island foxes and island spotted skunks sampled across both islands, we generated 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data to characterize their gut microbiomes. While island foxes and island spotted skunks both harbored the core mammalian microbiome, host species explained the largest proportion of variation in the dataset. We further identified intraspecific variation between island populations, with greater differentiation observed between more specialist island spotted skunk populations compared to more generalist island fox populations. This pattern may reflect differences in resource utilization following fine-scale niche differentiation. It may further reflect evolutionary differences regarding the timing of intraspecific separation. Considered together, this study contributes to the growing catalog of wildlife microbiome studies, with important implications for understanding how eco-evolutionary processes enable the coexistence of terrestrial carnivores-and their microbiomes-in island environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elton Tran
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Klaus‐Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species SurvivalSmithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Smithsonian‐Mason School of ConservationGeorge Mason UniversityFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Jesús E. Maldonado
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Alexandra L. DeCandia
- Biology, Georgetown UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology InstituteWashingtonDCUSA
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Dridi C, Millette M, Salmieri S, Aguilar Uscanga BR, Lacroix S, Venneri T, Sarmast E, Allahdad Z, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C, Lacroix M. Effect of a Probiotic Beverage Enriched with Cricket Proteins on the Gut Microbiota: Composition of Gut and Correlation with Nutritional Parameters. Foods 2024; 13:204. [PMID: 38254505 PMCID: PMC10814958 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The health and balance of the gut microbiota are known to be linked to diet composition and source, with fermented products and dietary proteins potentially providing an exceptional advantage for the gut. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein hydrolysis, using a probiotic beverage enriched with either cricket protein (CP) or cricket protein hydrolysates (CP.Hs), on the composition of the gut microbiota of rats. Taxonomic characterization of the gut microbiota in fecal samples was carried out after a 14-day nutritional study to identify modifications induced by a CP- and CP.H-enriched fermented probiotic product. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota among the groups fed with casein (positive control), CP-enriched, and fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages; however, the overall composition of the microbiota was altered, with significant modifications in the relative abundance of several bacterial families and genera. In addition, fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages could be related to the decrease in the number of potential pathogens such as Enterococcaceae. The association of gut microbiota with the nutritional parameters was determined and the results showed that digestibility and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) were highly associated with the abundance of several taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Dridi
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Millette
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Bio-K+, a Kerry Company, Preclinical Research Division, Laval, QC H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Stephane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Blanca R. Aguilar Uscanga
- Research Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Sebastien Lacroix
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Elham Sarmast
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Zahra Allahdad
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society (NUTRISS) Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Lee W, Hayakawa T, Kiyono M, Yamabata N, Enari H, Enari HS, Fujita S, Kawazoe T, Asai T, Oi T, Kondo T, Uno T, Seki K, Shimada M, Tsuji Y, Langgeng A, MacIntosh A, Suzuki K, Yamada K, Onishi K, Ueno M, Kubo K, Hanya G. Diet-related factors strongly shaped the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23555. [PMID: 37766673 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Although knowledge of the functions of the gut microbiome has increased greatly over the past few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms governing its ecology and evolution remains obscure. While host genetic distance is a strong predictor of the gut microbiome in large-scale studies and captive settings, its influence has not always been evident at finer taxonomic scales, especially when considering among the recently diverged animals in natural settings. Comparing the gut microbiome of 19 populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata across the Japanese archipelago, we assessed the relative roles of host genetic distance, geographic distance and dietary factors in influencing the macaque gut microbiome. Our results suggested that the macaques may maintain a core gut microbiome, while each population may have acquired some microbes from its specific habitat/diet. Diet-related factors such as season, forest, and reliance on anthropogenic foods played a stronger role in shaping the macaque gut microbiome. Among closely related mammalian hosts, host genetics may have limited effects on the gut microbiome since the hosts generally have smaller physiological differences. This study contributes to our understanding of the relative roles of host phylogeography and dietary factors in shaping the gut microbiome of closely related mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Lee
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mieko Kiyono
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamabata
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakabamachi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Haruka S Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakabamachi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujita
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Ecology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawazoe
- Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asai
- South Kyushu Wildlife Management Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toru Oi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Takeharu Uno
- Tohoku Monkey and Mammal Management Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Seki
- Tohoku Monkey and Mammal Management Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yamato Tsuji
- Department of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Abdullah Langgeng
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Andrew MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Yamada
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Onishi
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan
| | - Masataka Ueno
- Faculty of Applied Sociology, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kubo
- Cultural Asset Management Division, Board of Education, Oita-City, Japan
| | - Goro Hanya
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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Li M, Mao C, Li X, Jiang L, Zhang W, Li M, Liu H, Fang Y, Liu S, Yang G, Hou X. Edible Insects: A New Sustainable Nutritional Resource Worth Promoting. Foods 2023; 12:4073. [PMID: 38002131 PMCID: PMC10670618 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are a highly nutritious source of protein and are enjoyed by people all over the world. Insects contain various other nutrients and beneficial compounds, such as lipids, vitamins and minerals, chitin, phenolic compounds, and antimicrobial peptides, which contribute to good health. The practice of insect farming is far more resource-efficient compared to traditional agriculture and animal husbandry, requiring less land, energy, and water, and resulting in a significantly lower carbon footprint. In fact, insects are 12 to 25 times more efficient than animals in converting low-protein feed into protein. When it comes to protein production per unit area, insect farming only requires about one-eighth of the land needed for beef production. Moreover, insect farming generates minimal waste, as insects can consume food and biomass that would otherwise go to waste, contributing to a circular economy that promotes resource recycling and reuse. Insects can be fed with agricultural waste, such as unused plant stems and food scraps. Additionally, the excrement produced by insects can be used as fertilizer for crops, completing the circular chain. Despite the undeniable sustainability and nutritional benefits of consuming insects, widespread acceptance of incorporating insects into our daily diets still has a long way to go. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the nutritional value of edible insects, the development of farming and processing technologies, and the problems faced in the marketing of edible insect products and insect foods to improve the reference for how people choose edible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Chengjuan Mao
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengying Li
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Huixue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (M.L.); (Y.F.); (S.L.); (G.Y.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- College of Marine Food and Bioengineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (C.M.); (X.L.); (L.J.); (W.Z.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Areerat S, Chundang P, Lekcharoensuk C, Patumcharoenpol P, Kovitvadhi A. Insect-based diets (house crickets and mulberry silkworm pupae): A comparison of their effects on canine gut microbiota. Vet World 2023; 16:1627-1635. [PMID: 37766696 PMCID: PMC10521172 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1627-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The gut microbiome plays an important role in the overall health and well-being of dogs, influencing various physiological processes such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Edible insects are a sustainable and nutritious alternative protein source attracting increasing attention as a potential component of animal feeds, including pet food. However, little is known about the effects of insect-based diets on the gut microbiota of dogs. This study aimed to examine the fecal microbiota of dogs fed a diet that substituted common protein sources (poultry meal) with the house cricket (Acheta domesticus [AD]) or mulberry silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori pupae [BMp]) at different levels. Materials and Methods Fifteen healthy adult mixed-breed dogs were systemically randomized and assigned into each block under a completed randomized block design into the following five experimental dietary groups: control diet, 10% AD, 20% AD, 7% BMp, or 14% BMp for 29 days. The amounts fed to the dogs were based on the daily energy requirement. Fecal samples were collected on days 14 and 29 and analyzed for bacterial community structure using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. Results At the phylum and genus levels, microbiota and their diversity were generally relatively similar among all treatments. The diets containing insects did not significantly alter the major phyla in the gut microbiome of dogs (p > 0.05). A few significant changes were found in the relative abundance of bacterial genera, with the levels of Allobaculum and Turicibacter being reduced in dogs fed a higher level of BMp. In contrast, only a decrease in Turicibacter was found in dogs fed the lower level of AD than the control diet (p < 0.05). Corynebacterium and Lactobacillus levels in the dogs fed 14% BMp were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that insect-based diets may slightly alter the gut microbiota of dogs. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which insect-based diets influence the gut microbiota of dogs and the long-term potential health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathita Areerat
- Graduate Student in Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Companion Animals Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Preecha Patumcharoenpol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Jian S, Zhang L, Ding N, Yang K, Xin Z, Hu M, Zhou Z, Zhao Z, Deng B, Deng J. Effects of black soldier fly larvae as protein or fat sources on apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and metabolic profiles in beagle dogs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044986. [PMID: 36504773 PMCID: PMC9733673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) act as a biological system converting organic waste into protein and fat with great potential application as pet food. To evaluate the feasibility of BSFL as a protein and fat source, 20 healthy beagle dogs were fed three dietary treatments for 65 days, including (1) a basal diet group (CON group), (2) a basal diet that replaced 20% chicken meal with defatted black soldier fly larvae protein group (DBP group), and (3) a basal diet that replaced 8% mixed oil with black soldier fly larvae fat group (BF group). This study demonstrated that the serum biochemical parameters among the three groups were within the normal range. No difference (p > 0.05) was observed in body weight, body condition score, or antioxidant capacity among the three groups. The mean IFN-γ level in the BF group was lower than that in the CON group, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the DBP group had decreasing (p < 0.05) apparent crude protein and organic matter digestibility. Furthermore, the DBP group had decreasing (p < 0.05) fecal propionate, butyrate, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and increased (p < 0.05) fecal pH. Nevertheless, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in SCFAs or BCFAs between the CON and BF groups. The fecal microbiota revealed that Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, Blautia, and Enterococcus were significantly enriched in the DBP group, and Terrisporobacter and Ralstonia were significantly enriched in the BF group. The fecal metabolome showed that the DBP group significantly influenced 18 metabolic pathways. Integrating biological and statistical correlation analysis on differential fecal microbiota and metabolites between the CON and DBP groups found that Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, and Enterococcus were positively associated with biotin. In addition, Lachnoclostridium, Clostridioides, Blautia, and Enterococcus were positively associated with niacinamide, phenylalanine acid, fumaric acid, and citrulline and negatively associated with cadavrine, putrescine, saccharopine, and butyrate. In all, 20% DBP restrained the apparent CP and OM digestibility, thereby affecting hindgut microbial metabolism. In contrast, 8% BF in the dog diet showed no adverse effects on body condition, apparent nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, or metabolic profiles. Our findings are conducive to opening a new avenue for the exploitation of DBP and BF as protein and fat resources in dog food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Jian
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Qingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Hu
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Guangzhou General Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd. (National Canine Laboratory Animal Resources Center), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Baichuan Deng,
| | - Jinping Deng
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Jinping Deng,
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10
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Valdés F, Villanueva V, Durán E, Campos F, Avendaño C, Sánchez M, Domingoz-Araujo C, Valenzuela C. Insects as Feed for Companion and Exotic Pets: A Current Trend. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111450. [PMID: 35681914 PMCID: PMC9179905 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, there is a wide variety of insect-based pet foods and treats; however, there are several questions about the nutritional contribution of insects for dogs and cats, their health effects, safety aspects and the legal framework for their use as ingredients or feed. The insect-based ingredients used are mainly meal and fat from black soldier fly larvae, mealworm larvae and adult house crickets. There are few studies on the use of insects as food ingredients for pets, and most of them have studied some aspects in dogs. It has been said that they do not affect health, are well accepted and tolerated, do not alter the microbiota and could have the potential to be used as hypoallergenic ingredients. Insects provide a high nutritional value, with a high content of protein and amino acids with good digestibility for dogs. In cats, there is scarce information and more studies are needed. In exotic pets, their use is generalized. Dog owners are willing to use insects as ingredients, but in processed formats such as meal or as part of food or treats. Future research should focus on safety issues and effects on the health, nutrition and feeding behavior of traditional pets, such as dogs and cats. Abstract The objective of this review was to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the benefits of incorporating insects as a pet food ingredient and the implications this can have in determining a market demand for insect-based pet foods. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and adult house crickets (Acheta domesticus) are currently used in pet food. These insects are widely fed to exotic pets, mainly in whole, live or dehydrated formats. They are also incorporated as meal or fat and are offered to cats and dogs as dry or wet food and treats. Scientific studies about the use of insects for dog and cat feed are scarce. Most studies are in dogs. Research shows that insect nutrients, mainly amino acids, have high digestibility, are beneficial to health, do not have any detrimental effect on the gut microbiota and are accepted by dogs. In several countries, insects are approved for use in pet food and commercialization has spread throughout the world. Pet owners are willing to try foods made with insect meal for their pets. In conclusion, the use of insects in pet food is a reality that is taking on more and more prominence.
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11
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Reilly LM, Hu Y, von Schaumburg PC, de Oliveira MRD, He F, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey BR, Parsons CM, Utterback P, Lambrakis L, da Costa DV, Bertechini AG, Saad FMOB, de Godoy MRC. Chemical composition of selected insect meals and their effect on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota of adult cats fed insect-based retorted diets. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6518149. [PMID: 35100391 PMCID: PMC8903139 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect meals are novel and potentially sustainable protein sources. The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and standardized amino acid digestibility using the cecectomized rooster model of three selected insect meals (i.e., speckled cockroach [SC], Madagascar hissing cockroach [MC], and superworm [SW]) and to determine the effects of these insect meals on food intake, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of macronutrients, fecal scores, and metabolites of adult cats fed insect- or chicken-based retorted diets. This study consisted of a complete randomized design, with 28 adult cats randomly assigned to one of the four experimental retorted diets: Control (chicken-based diet), SC diet, MC diet, or SW diet. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All diets were formulated to be complete and balanced and meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of adult cats. The experimental period was 28 d, with the first 7 d allotted for diet adaptation. The total fecal collection was completed during the last 4 d of the experimental period. On day 21, a fresh fecal sample from each cat was collected for the determination of fecal metabolites and microbiota. Food was offered twice daily to maintain body weight and body condition score. Among the three selected insect meals evaluated, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid were the most prevalent fatty acids. Branched-chain amino acids and arginine were the most preponderant indispensable amino acids in these insect meals. ATTD of dry matter, organic matter, acid-hydrolyzed fat, and crude protein did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05), and all diets were well digested by the cats. Similarly, fecal scores did not differ among the treatments and were within ideal range. No differences (P > 0.05) in fecal metabolite concentrations or microbiota diversity were observed among cats fed different experimental diets; only a few genera from Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla differ (P < 0.05) in cats fed SW diet in contrast to other dietary treatments. In conclusion, the selected insect meals evaluated herein are rich in linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for cats. Insect-based retorted diets led to comparable results to those achieved with a chicken-based retorted diet, suggesting that these novel protein sources might be adequate alternative ingredients in feline diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Reilly
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Maiara R D de Oliveira
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Carl M Parsons
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pam Utterback
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Diego V da Costa
- Agricultural Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antonio G Bertechini
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flávia M O B Saad
- ADM, Decatur, IL 62526, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria R C de Godoy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA,Corresponding author:
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12
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Sathitkowitchai W, Suratannon N, Keawsompong S, Weerapakorn W, Patumcharoenpol P, Nitisinprasert S, Nakphaichit M. A randomized trial to evaluate the impact of copra meal hydrolysate on gastrointestinal symptoms and gut microbiome. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12158. [PMID: 34616618 PMCID: PMC8449532 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of copra meal hydrolysate (CMH) on gut health was assessed by conducting a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Sixty healthy adult participants, aged 18–40 years were assigned to daily consume 3 g of CMH, 5 g of CMH or placebo in the form of drink powder for 21 days. Consumption of CMH at 3 g/d improved defecating conditions by reducing stool size and also relieved flatulence and bloating symptoms. Fecal samples were collected serially at the baseline before treatment, after the treatment and after a 2-week washout period. The gut microbiomes were similar among the treatment groups, with microbial community changes observed within the groups. Intake of CMH at 3 g/d led to increase microbial diversity and richness. Reduction of the ratio between Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes was observed, although it was not significantly different between the groups. The 3 g/d CMH treatment increased beneficial microbes in the group of fiber-degrading bacteria, especially human colonic Bacteroidetes, while induction of Bifidobacteriaceae was observed after the washout period. Intake of CMH led to increase lactic acid production, while 3 g/d supplement promoted the present of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in stool samples. The 3 g daily dose of CMH led to the potentially beneficial effects on gut health for healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witida Sathitkowitchai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microarray Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Narissara Suratannon
- Pediatric Allergy & Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suttipun Keawsompong
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanlapa Weerapakorn
- Pediatric Allergy & Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preecha Patumcharoenpol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunee Nitisinprasert
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Massalin Nakphaichit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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13
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In Vitro Study of Cricket Chitosan's Potential as a Prebiotic and a Promoter of Probiotic Microorganisms to Control Pathogenic Bacteria in the Human Gut. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102310. [PMID: 34681361 PMCID: PMC8534966 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, cricket chitosan was used as a prebiotic. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis were identified as probiotic bacteria. Cricket chitin was deacetylated to chitosan and added to either De Man Rogosa and Sharpe or Salmonella/Shigella bacterial growth media at the rates of 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% to obtain chitosan-supplemented media. The growth of the probiotic bacteria was monitored on chitosan-supplemented media after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h upon incubation at 37 °C. Growth of Salmonella typhi in the presence of probiotic bacteria in chitosan-supplemented media was evaluated under similar conditions to those of the growth of probiotic bacteria by measuring growth inhibition zones (in mm) around the bacterial colonies. All chitosan concentrations significantly increased the populations of probiotic bacteria and decreased the populations of pathogenic bacteria. During growth, there was a significant pH change in the media with all probiotic bacteria. Inhibition zones from probiotic bacteria growth supernatant against Salmonella typhi were most apparent at 16 mm and statistically significant in connection with a 10% chitosan concentration. This study suggests cricket-derived chitosan can function as a prebiotic, with an ability to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the presence of probiotic bacteria.
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14
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Abd El-Wahab A, Meyer L, Kölln M, Chuppava B, Wilke V, Visscher C, Kamphues J. Insect Larvae Meal ( Hermetia illucens) as a Sustainable Protein Source of Canine Food and Its Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility and Fecal Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092525. [PMID: 34573490 PMCID: PMC8466710 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect larvae meal has been proposed as a sustainable protein source for animal diets. This study aimed to provide information on including black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) in comparison to poultry meal (PM) in the canine diet with regard to digestibility and fecal characteristics. In light of this trend, the levels of PM or BSFL meal were added to replace about 30% of dry matter of the basic extruded diet. Six Beagle dogs (BW 9.64 kg) were included in a cross-over experiment. Dogs fed a BSFL meal-based diet showed higher (p < 0.05) apparent protein digestibility (82.3%) compared to those offered a PM-based diet (80.5%). Apparent digestibility for fat was higher (p < 0.05) in groups fed the BSFL meal-based diet (94.5%) compared to those offered the PM-based diet (91.6%). The fecal consistency scores for dogs fed both diets were within an acceptable range (well-formed and firm). Fecal dry matter content was higher (p < 0.05) for dogs fed the PM-based diet (33.0%) compared to those offered the BSFL meal-based diet (28.0%). Including BSFL meal in dog food can be an appropriate source of protein without any negative effects on nutrient digestibility and fecal quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Laura Meyer
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Mareike Kölln
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany; (L.M.); (M.K.); (B.C.); (V.W.); (J.K.)
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15
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Tanprasertsuk J, Shmalberg J, Maughan H, Tate DE, Perry LM, Jha AR, Honaker RW. Heterogeneity of gut microbial responses in healthy household dogs transitioning from an extruded to a mildly cooked diet. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11648. [PMID: 34249503 PMCID: PMC8254476 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota (GM) is associated with canine health and can be impacted by diet. Dog owners in the U.S. have increasingly shown an interest in feeding their dogs a mildly cooked (MC) diet. However, its impact on canine GM and health remains largely unknown. Methods Healthy household dogs were tracked upon switching from various brands of extruded to MC diets for four weeks. A health assessment was completed and stool samples were collected by each owner before (day 0) and after the diet transition (day 28). Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed at both time points to characterize the GM. Results Dogs completed the study by either completing the health assessments (n = 31) or providing stool samples at both time points (n = 28). All owners reported either better or no change in overall health at the end of the study (61% and 39%, respectively), and none reported worse overall health. Defecation frequency was also reported to be lower (58%) or about the same (35%). Principal coordinate (PCo) analysis showed a significant shift (p = 0.004) in the β-diversity of the GM upon diet transition (34.2% and 10.3% explained by the first two axes). The abundances of 70 species increased after the diet change (adjusted p < 0.05), 67% and 24% of which belonged to the Lactobacillales and the Enterobacterales orders respectively. The abundances of 28 species decreased (adjusted p < 0.05), 46%, 18%, and 11% of which belonged to the Clostridiales, Bacillales, and Bacteroidales orders, respectively. Lower Lactobacillales and Enterobacterales, and higher Bacteroidales at baseline were associated with a greater shift along the PCo1 axis. Protein content of the baseline diet was correlated with the shift along the PCo1 axis (ρ = 0.67, p = 0.006). Conclusion Owners reported either improvement or no change in health in dogs transitioning from extruded kibble to MC diets for 4 weeks, but this report of health perception requires further exploration in a controlled trial. Diet change also led to a significant shift in the GM profile of healthy dogs. The magnitude of shift was associated with baseline GM and dietary protein, and warrants further examination of individualized responses and personalized nutrition in companion dogs. These results also support future investigation of the impact of a MC diet on health maintenance given its increasing popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Heather Maughan
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Devon E Tate
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - LeeAnn M Perry
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aashish R Jha
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.,Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ryan W Honaker
- NomNomNow, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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16
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Cuscó A, Pérez D, Viñes J, Fàbregas N, Francino O. Long-read metagenomics retrieves complete single-contig bacterial genomes from canine feces. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:330. [PMID: 33957869 PMCID: PMC8103633 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-read sequencing in metagenomics facilitates the assembly of complete genomes out of complex microbial communities. These genomes include essential biologic information such as the ribosomal genes or the mobile genetic elements, which are usually missed with short-reads. We applied long-read metagenomics with Nanopore sequencing to retrieve high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (HQ MAGs) from a dog fecal sample. Results We used nanopore long-read metagenomics and frameshift aware correction on a canine fecal sample and retrieved eight single-contig HQ MAGs, which were > 90% complete with < 5% contamination, and contained most ribosomal genes and tRNAs. At the technical level, we demonstrated that a high-molecular-weight DNA extraction improved the metagenomics assembly contiguity, the recovery of the rRNA operons, and the retrieval of longer and circular contigs that are potential HQ MAGs. These HQ MAGs corresponded to Succinivibrio, Sutterella, Prevotellamassilia, Phascolarctobacterium, Catenibacterium, Blautia, and Enterococcus genera. Linking our results to previous gastrointestinal microbiome reports (metagenome or 16S rRNA-based), we found that some bacterial species on the gastrointestinal tract seem to be more canid-specific –Succinivibrio, Prevotellamassilia, Phascolarctobacterium, Blautia_A sp900541345–, whereas others are more broadly distributed among animal and human microbiomes –Sutterella, Catenibacterium, Enterococcus, and Blautia sp003287895. Sutterella HQ MAG is potentially the first reported genome assembly for Sutterella stercoricanis, as assigned by 16S rRNA gene similarity. Moreover, we show that long reads are essential to detect mobilome functions, usually missed in short-read MAGs. Conclusions We recovered eight single-contig HQ MAGs from canine feces of a healthy dog with nanopore long-reads. We also retrieved relevant biological insights from these specific bacterial species previously missed in public databases, such as complete ribosomal operons and mobilome functions. The high-molecular-weight DNA extraction improved the assembly’s contiguity, whereas the high-accuracy basecalling, the raw read error correction, the assembly polishing, and the frameshift correction reduced the insertion and deletion errors. Both experimental and analytical steps ensured the retrieval of complete bacterial genomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07607-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cuscó
- Vetgenomics, Ed Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Daniel Pérez
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Viñes
- Vetgenomics, Ed Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norma Fàbregas
- Vetgenomics, Ed Eureka, Parc de Recerca UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service (SVGM), Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Kong XJ, Liu J, Liu K, Koh M, Sherman H, Liu S, Tian R, Sukijthamapan P, Wang J, Fong M, Xu L, Clairmont C, Jeong MS, Li A, Lopes M, Hagan V, Dutton T, Chan ST(P, Lee H, Kendall A, Kwong K, Song Y. Probiotic and Oxytocin Combination Therapy in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:1552. [PMID: 34062986 PMCID: PMC8147925 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a rapidly growing neurodevelopmental disorder. Both probiotics and oxytocin were reported to have therapeutic potential; however, the combination therapy has not yet been studied. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2-stage pilot trial in 35 individuals with ASD aged 3-20 years (median = 10.30 years). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive daily Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 probiotic (6 × 1010 CFUs) or a placebo for 28 weeks; starting on week 16, both groups received oxytocin. The primary outcomes measure socio-behavioral severity using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). The secondary outcomes include measures of the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, fecal microbiome, blood serum inflammatory markers, and oxytocin. All outcomes were compared between the two groups at baseline, 16 weeks, and 28 weeks into treatment. We observed improvements in ABC and SRS scores and significant improvements in CGI-improvement between those receiving probiotics and oxytocin combination therapy compared to those receiving placebo (p < 0.05). A significant number of favorable gut microbiome network hubs were also identified after combination therapy (p < 0.05). The favorable social cognition response of the combination regimen is highly correlated with the abundance of the Eubacterium hallii group. Our findings suggest synergic effects between probiotics PS128 and oxytocin in ASD patients, although further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Kong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (L.X.); (H.L.)
| | - Kevin Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Madelyn Koh
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Hannah Sherman
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Siyu Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Ruiyi Tian
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | | | - Jiuju Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Michelle Fong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Lei Xu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (L.X.); (H.L.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cullen Clairmont
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Min-Seo Jeong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Alice Li
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Maria Lopes
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Veronica Hagan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Tess Dutton
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Suk-Tak (Phoebe) Chan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Hang Lee
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (P.S.); (L.X.); (H.L.)
- MGH Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amy Kendall
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kenneth Kwong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (J.L.); (K.L.); (M.K.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (R.T.); (J.W.); (M.F.); (C.C.); (M.-S.J.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (V.H.); (T.D.); (S.-T.C.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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Jarett JK, Kingsbury DD, Dahlhausen KE, Ganz HH. Best Practices for Microbiome Study Design in Companion Animal Research. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644836. [PMID: 33898544 PMCID: PMC8062777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a community of microorganisms that inhabits an animal host's gastrointestinal tract, with important effects on animal health that are shaped by multiple environmental, dietary, and host-associated factors. Clinical and dietary trials in companion animals are increasingly including assessment of the microbiome, but interpretation of these results is often hampered by suboptimal choices in study design. Here, we review best practices for conducting feeding trials or clinical trials that intend to study the effects of an intervention on the microbiota. Choices for experimental design, including a review of basic designs, controls, and comparison groups, are discussed in the context of special considerations necessary for microbiome studies. Diet is one of the strongest influences on the composition of gut microbiota, so applications specific to nutritional interventions are discussed in detail. Lastly, we provide specific advice for successful recruitment of colony animals and household pets into an intervention study. This review is intended to serve as a resource to academic and industry researchers, clinicians, and veterinarians alike, for studies that test many different types of interventions.
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Lee AH, Vidal S, Oba PM, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Evaluation of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar: macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs and in vitro genotoxicity assays. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6102879. [PMID: 33454743 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MO) are bioactive compounds in mammalian milk that provide health benefits to neonates beyond essential nutrients. GNU100, a novel animal MO biosimilar, was recently tested in vitro, with results showing beneficial shifts in microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, but other effects of GNU100 were unknown. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, palatability, and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of GNU100. In study 1, the mutagenic potential of GNU100 was tested using a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a mammalian cell micronucleus test. In study 2, palatability was assessed by comparing diets containing 0% vs. 1% GNU100 in 20 adult dogs. In study 3, 32 adult dogs were used in a completely randomized design to assess the safety and GI tolerance of GNU100 and explore utility. Following a 2-wk baseline, dogs were assigned to one of four treatments and fed for 26 wk: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GNU100. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure stool quality, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and blood samples were collected to measure serum chemistry, inflammatory markers, and hematology. On weeks 2 and 4, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure metabolites and microbiota. On week 4, total feces were collected to assess apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. Although revertant numbers were greater compared with the solvent control in tester strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) in the initial experiment, they remained below the threshold for a positive mutagenic response in follow-up confirmatory tests, supporting that GNU100 is not mutagenic. Similarly, no cytotoxicity or chromosome damage was observed in the cell micronucleus test. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05; 3.6:1 consumption ratio) over the control. In study 3, all dogs were healthy and had no signs of GI intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, and food intake, fecal characteristics, metabolite concentrations, and macronutrient digestibilities were not altered. GNU100 modulated fecal microbiota, increasing evenness and Catenibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella (SCFA producers) and reducing Collinsella. Overall, the results suggest that GNU100 is palatable and well-tolerated, causes no genotoxicity or adverse effects on health, and beneficially shifts the fecal microbiota, supporting the safety of GNU100 for the inclusion in canine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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20
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Pet-Human Gut Microbiome Host Classifier Using Data from Different Studies. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101591. [PMID: 33076521 PMCID: PMC7602744 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: microbiome host classification can be used to identify sources of contamination in environmental data. However, there is no ready-to-use host classifier. Here, we aimed to build a model that would be able to discriminate between pet and human microbiomes samples. The challenge of the study was to build a classifier using data solely from publicly available studies that normally contain sequencing data for only one type of host. (2) Results: we have developed a random forest model that distinguishes human microbiota from domestic pet microbiota (cats and dogs) with 97% accuracy. In order to prevent overfitting, samples from several (at least four) different projects were necessary. Feature importance analysis revealed that the model relied on several taxa known to be key components in domestic cat and dog microbiomes (such as Fusobacteriaceae and Peptostreptococcaeae), as well as on some taxa exclusively found in humans (as Akkermansiaceae). (3) Conclusion: we have shown that it is possible to make a reliable pet/human gut microbiome classifier on the basis of the data collected from different studies.
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21
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Kilburn LR, Carlson AT, Lewis E, Serao MCR. Cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) meal fed to healthy adult dogs does not affect general health and minimally impacts apparent total tract digestibility. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5807968. [PMID: 32179914 PMCID: PMC7102401 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects can serve as a novel high-quality protein source for pet foods. However, there is an absence of research investigating the use of insects in pet food. The study objective was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility and possible health effects of diets containing graded levels of cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) meal fed to healthy adult dogs. Thirty-two adult Beagles were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: 0%, 8%, 16%, or 24% cricket meal. Dogs were fed their respective diet for a total of 29 d with a 6-d collection phase. Fecal samples were collected daily during the collection phase to measure total fecal output as well as apparent total tract digestibility for dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, fat, total dietary fiber, and gross energy. Blood samples were taken prior to the study and on day 29 for hematology and chemistry profiles. Data were analyzed in a mixed model including the fixed effects of diet and sex. Total fecal output increased on both an as-is (P = 0.030) and DM basis (P = 0.024). The apparent total tract digestibility of each nutrient decreased (P < 0.001) with the increasing level of cricket meal inclusion. All blood values remained within desired reference intervals indicating healthy dogs. Slight fluctuations in blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.037) and hemoglobin (P = 0.044) levels were observed but were not considered of biological significance. Even with the decrease in digestibility with the inclusion of cricket meal, diets remained highly digestible at greater than 80% total apparent digestibility. In conclusion, crickets were demonstrated to be an acceptable ingredient for dog diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan R Kilburn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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22
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Kubinyi E, Bel Rhali S, Sándor S, Szabó A, Felföldi T. Gut Microbiome Composition is Associated with Age and Memory Performance in Pet Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091488. [PMID: 32846928 PMCID: PMC7552338 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota can crucially influence behavior and neurodevelopment. Dogs show unique similarities to humans in their physiology and may naturally develop dementia-like cognitive decline. We assessed 29 pet dogs' cognitive performance in a memory test and analyzed the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from fecal samples collected right after the behavioral tests. The major phyla identified in the dog microbiomes were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria, each represented by >20% of the total bacterial community. Fewer Fusobacteria were found in older dogs and better memory performance was associated with a lower proportion of Actinobacteria. Our preliminary findings support the existence of links between gut microbiota, age, and cognitive performance in pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.B.R.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Soufiane Bel Rhali
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.B.R.); (S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Sára Sándor
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.B.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Attila Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.S.); (T.F.)
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Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32670224 PMCID: PMC7329990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host's nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eden Ephraim
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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