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Hu Y, Ren B, Cheng L, Deng S, Chen Q. Candida species in periodontitis: A new villain or a new target? J Dent 2024; 148:105138. [PMID: 38906455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent research indicated that fungi might have a role in periodontitis alongside traditional periodontal pathogens. This state-of-the-art narrative review explores current concepts on the involvement of Candida species in periodontitis, and suggests the potential for ecological management of this disease. DATA, SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION A literature search was conducted for a narrative review on Web of Science, PubMed, Medline and Scopus about periodontitis associated with Candida species. Published articles, including case reports, case series, observational and interventional clinical trials, and critical appraisals of the literature were retrieved and reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Several factors predispose individuals to periodontitis associated with Candida species. These include systemic diseases that lead to immunosuppression and oral environment changes such as cigarette smoking. While a consistent significant increase in the detection rate of Candida species in patients with periodontitis has not been universally observed, there is evidence linking Candida species to the severity of periodontitis and their potential to worsen the condition. Candida species may participate in the development of periodontitis in various ways, including cross-kingdom interactions with periodontal pathogens, changes in the local or systemic environment favoring the virulence of Candida species, and interactions between Candida-bacteria and host immunity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mechanical plaque control is the most common treatment for periodontitis, but its effectiveness may be limited, particularly when dealing with systemic risk factors. Understanding the specific role of Candida in periodontitis illuminates innovative approaches for managing the ecological balance in periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuli Deng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China School of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Kadirvelu L, Sivaramalingam SS, Jothivel D, Chithiraiselvan DD, Karaiyagowder Govindarajan D, Kandaswamy K. A review on antimicrobial strategies in mitigating biofilm-associated infections on medical implants. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 6:100231. [PMID: 38510214 PMCID: PMC10951465 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomedical implants are crucial in providing support and functionality to patients with missing or defective body parts. However, implants carry an inherent risk of bacterial infections that are biofilm-associated and lead to significant complications. These infections often result in implant failure, requiring replacement by surgical restoration. Given these complications, it is crucial to study the biofilm formation mechanism on various biomedical implants that will help prevent implant failures. Therefore, this comprehensive review explores various types of implants (e.g., dental implant, orthopedic implant, tracheal stent, breast implant, central venous catheter, cochlear implant, urinary catheter, intraocular lens, and heart valve) and medical devices (hemodialyzer and pacemaker) in use. In addition, the mechanism of biofilm formation on those implants, and their pathogenesis were discussed. Furthermore, this article critically reviews various approaches in combating implant-associated infections, with a special emphasis on novel non-antibiotic alternatives to mitigate biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohita Kadirvelu
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Sri Sivaramalingam
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepsikha Jothivel
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivia Dharshika Chithiraiselvan
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kumaravel Kandaswamy
- Research Center for Excellence in Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641049, Tamil Nadu, India
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El-Sakhawy MA, El-sehrawy MG, Waggiallah HA, Ibrahim AM, Ateya AAES. Appraisal and characterization of candida load isolated from the oral cavity of smokers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103657. [PMID: 37187935 PMCID: PMC10176073 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is regarded as a major global health risk, therefore the aim of this work was to investigate the association of oral Candida spp. as one of the etiological agents of denture stomatitis with smokers of cigarette, hookah (shisha), and electronic smoking, also a dose-response relationship between the duration of smoking and the probability of denture stomatitis between volunteers. Oral rinse samples were collected from 47 male volunteers including 34 smokers and 13 non-smokers, also data of volunteers were collected via a questionnaire forum. Patterns of smoking were shown that smokers using tobacco cigarettes 17 (36.2 %), electronic cigarettes 16 (34.04 %), and hookah smokers 8 (17.02 %). A comparison of smokers and non-smokers regarding effects on oral health showed significantly finding (P < 0.05) indicating that smoking affects oral health in all evaluated parameters (an oral mucosal abnormality, mouth ulcers, bad breath, and feeling of dry mouth). Out of 19 Candida isolates, 18 (94.7 %) were identified as Candida albicans and 1 (5.3 %) as Candida tropicalis. Among the volunteers who presented with oral Candida (19 volunteers), 17 (89.5%) were smokers, while non-smoker volunteers were 2 (10.5 %), so it can be concluded that smoking was a significant positive correlation to the presence of Candida in the oral cavity. Five volunteers suffered from chronic diseases; 4 (8.5%) diabetes mellitus and 1 (2.1%) anemia as a systemic predisposing factor for oropharyngeal infection. Amphotericin and Nystatin had varying degrees of activity against isolated Candida isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia and Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-sehrawy
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Hisham Ali Waggiallah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Egypt
| | - Abeer Ali El-Sherbiny Ateya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Short-term influence of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to mechanical debridement in reducing soft-tissue inflammation and subgingival yeasts colonization in patients with peri-implant mucositis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103320. [PMID: 36737030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this short-term follow-up study was to evaluate the influence of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjuvant to mechanical debridement (MD) in reducing soft-tissue inflammation and subgingival yeasts colonization (SYC) in patients with peri‑implant mucositis (PiM). METHODS Individuals diagnosed with PiM were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), crestal bone levels and SYC were measured at baseline. Therapeutically, these individuals were divided into test and control groups. In the control-group patients underwent MD and in the test-group patients underwent MD with adjunct single session of aPDT. Clinical peri‑implant parameters and SYC were reassessed after 12-weeks. Correlation between age, gender and duration of implants with SYC and clinical peri‑implant status was assessed using logistic regression models. P < 0.05 was selected as an indicator of statistical significance. RESULTS The test and control-groups comprised of 24 and 23 individuals, respectively. In the test and control groups, toothbrushing twice daily was reported by 7 (29.2%) and 5 (21.7%) individuals, respectively. None of the individuals had ever used a dental floss. At baseline, there was no difference in peri‑implant PI, BI, PD and CBL in the test and control groups. At follow-up, peri‑implant PI (P < 0.01), BI (P < 0.01) and PD (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the control compared with the test-group. At baseline, SYC in the test and control groups were 1865.3 ± 403.4 CFU/ml and 1963.7 ± 512.4 CFU/ml, respectively. At 90 days' follow-up, SYC in the test and control groups were 1472 ± 202.7 and 1538.4 ± 331.7 CFU/ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in SYC in both groups when baseline values were compared with 90 days' follow-up. CONCLUSION One session of aPDT after MC with adjunct aPDT is effective in reducing soft tissue inflammation but not SYC in patients with PiM.
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Slazhneva E, Tikhomirova E, Tsarev V, Orekhova L, Loboda E, Atrushkevich V. Candida species detection in patients with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:1354-1375. [PMID: 35903878 PMCID: PMC9760140 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the Candida species occurrence rate and concentration in periodontal pockets in chronic periodontitis (CP) by meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was performed of articles published between January 1, 2010, and October 1, 2020, in English and in Russian, in the electronic databases MEDLINE-PubMed, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Research Gate, eLIBRARY, and Cyberleninka (PROSPEROCRD42021234831). The odds ratio (OR), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Review Manager 5.4.1 to compare the risk of CP when Candida spp. were detected in the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket and to compare Candida spp. density counts in patients with CP and periodontally healthy patients. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included in the systematic review and 11 were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that Candida spp. may increase the chance of CP development by 1.76 times (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.04-2.99; Z = 2.10; p = .04; I2 = 61%). More Candida spp. were found in patients with CP than in periodontally healthy patients (SMD = 1.58; 95% CI = 0.15-3.02; p = .03; I2 = 98%). No data were found relating to the statistically significant influence of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis on CP development. CONCLUSION We found that Candida albicans insignificantly increased the risk of CP development but, due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, further research is necessary to determine the exact role of Candida spp. in the development and course of the inflammatory periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Slazhneva
- Department of PeriodontologyA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and DentistryМoscowRussian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Tikhomirova
- Department of PeriodontologyA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and DentistryМoscowRussian Federation
| | - Victor Tsarev
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, ImmunologyA.I. Yevdokimow Moscow State University of Medicine and DentistryMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Molecular Biological ResearchResearch Medical and Dental InstituteМoscowRussian Federation
| | - Liudmila Orekhova
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and PeriodontologyFirst Pavlov State Medical University of St PetersburgSt PetersburgRussian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Loboda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and PeriodontologyFirst Pavlov State Medical University of St PetersburgSt PetersburgRussian Federation
| | - Victoria Atrushkevich
- Department of PeriodontologyA.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and DentistryМoscowRussian Federation
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Radunovic M, Barac M, Kuzmanovic Pficer J, Pavlica D, Jovanovic A, Pucar A, Petrovic S. Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida albicans Isolated from Tongue and Subgingival Biofilm of Periodontitis Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11060802. [PMID: 35740208 PMCID: PMC9219811 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgingival biofilm, as the most complex microbial community, has been proven to be reservoir of Candida spp. The main concept of this study was to investigate if there is a difference between the sensitivity of Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolated from tongue and subgingival areas of periodontitis patients to antifungal agents. The aim of the study was to determine: (1) the distribution of different Candida species in the tongue and subgingival samples of periodontitis patients; (2) the susceptibility of Candida albicans strains from tongue and subgingival biofilm to the effects of commonly used antifungal agents: fluconazole, amphotericin B and itraconazole; (3) the correlation between the susceptibility of Candida albicans and clinical periodontal parameters. Tongue and subgingival biofilm samples of periodontitis subjects (N = 163) were examined. Susceptibility was tested when the same Candida species was isolated from both sites (17 subjects). Candida spp. were isolated in 23.3% of tongue and 21.5% of the subgingival samples. All isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B, while 64.71% of tongue and 52.94% of subgingival isolates were susceptible to fluconazole. A low frequency of itraconazole susceptibility was observed for tongue (17.64%) and subgingival isolates (11.76%). The correlations between full-mouth plaque score and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for tongue isolates were strongly positive for all antimycotics. Positive correlation was also observed between moderate periodontal destruction and MICs for tongue and subgingival isolates. The susceptibility of C. albicans to antifungals correlate with oral hygiene and moderate periodontal destruction. There is no difference in antifungal susceptibility between tongue and subgingival isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Radunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.P.); Tel.: +381-11-36-29-201 (M.R. & S.P.)
| | - Milena Barac
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Jovana Kuzmanovic Pficer
- Department for Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dusan Pavlica
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandar Jovanovic
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Resavska 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ana Pucar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Sanja Petrovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (S.P.); Tel.: +381-11-36-29-201 (M.R. & S.P.)
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Souza JG, Costa RC, Sampaio AA, Abdo VL, Nagay BE, Castro N, Retamal-Valdes B, Shibli JA, Feres M, Barão VA, Bertolini M. Cross-kingdom microbial interactions in dental implant-related infections: is Candida albicans a new villain? iScience 2022; 25:103994. [PMID: 35313695 PMCID: PMC8933675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an oral fungal opportunistic pathogen, has shown the ability to colonize implant surfaces and has been frequently isolated from biofilms associated with dental implant-related infections, possibly due to its synergistic interactions with certain oral bacteria. Moreover, evidence suggests that this cross-kingdom interaction on implant can encourage bacterial growth, leading to increased fungal virulence and mucosal damage. However, the role of Candida in implant-related infections has been overlooked and not widely explored or even considered by most microbiological analyses and therapeutic approaches. Thus, we summarized the scientific evidence regarding the ability of C. albicans to colonize implant surfaces, interact in implant-related polymicrobial biofilms, and its possible role in peri-implant infections as far as biologic plausibility. Next, a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted to identify the relevance and the gap in the existing literature regarding the role of C. albicans in the pathogenesis of peri-implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G.S. Souza
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
- Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais 39401-303, Brazil
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
- Corresponding author
| | - Raphael C. Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Aline A. Sampaio
- Department of Clinic, Pathology and Dental Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Victória L. Abdo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Bruna E. Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
| | - Nidia Castro
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Belén Retamal-Valdes
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Sāo Paulo 07023-070, Brazil
| | - Valentim A.R. Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil
- Corresponding author
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Fungi—A Component of the Oral Microbiome Involved in Periodontal Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:113-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Ye P, Chen W, Huang F, Liu Q, Zhu YN, Wang X, Han XD, Wang WM. Smoking increases oral mucosa susceptibility to Candida albicans infection via the Nrf2 pathway: In vitro and animal studies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7948-7960. [PMID: 34155778 PMCID: PMC8358876 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking and Candidaalbicans (C. albicans) infection are risk factors for many oral diseases. Several studies have reported a close relationship between smoking and the occurrence of C. albicans infection. However, the exact underlying mechanism of this relationship remains unclear. We established a rat infection model and a C. albicans‐Leuk1 epithelial cell co‐culture model with and without smoke exposure to investigate the mechanism by which smoking contributes to C. albicans infection. Oral mucosa samples from healthy individuals and patients with oral leucoplakia were also analysed according to their smoking status. Our results indicated that smoking induced oxidative stress and redox dysfunction in the oral mucosa. Smoking‐induced Nrf2 negatively regulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, impaired the oral mucosal defence response and increased the oral mucosa susceptibility to C. albicans. The results suggest that the Nrf2 pathway could be involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases by mediating an antioxidative response to cigarette smoke exposure and suppressing host immunity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ye
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Huang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Han
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Mei Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Monroy-Pérez E, Rodríguez-Bedolla RM, Garzón J, Vaca-Paniagua F, Arturo-Rojas Jiménez E, Paniagua-Contreras GL. Marked virulence and azole resistance in Candida albicans isolated from patients with periodontal disease. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104436. [PMID: 32781099 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus frequently associated with periodontal diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the expression patterns of virulence genes associated with those of azole resistance among the strains of C. albicans isolated from patients with periodontal disease. We isolated 80 strains of C. albicans from patients with periodontal disease enrolled from two dental clinics and their antifungal susceptibilities were evaluated using the disc diffusion method. C. albicans and its virulence genes were identified using PCR. The expressions of the virulence genes of C. albicans were analyzed using real-time PCR post in vitro infection of the cell line A549. The phenotype for resistance against azoles such as ketoconazole and fluconazole was observed in all analyzed strains (n = 80), which coincided with the high frequency of occurrence of the genes CDR1 and MDR1 associated with resistance. The frequencies of detection and expression of the genes HWP1 (47/15), ALS1 (80/66), ALS3 (70/30), LIP1 (78/44), LIP4 (77/65), LIP5 (79/58), LIP6 (79/58), PLB1 (79/65), and PLB2 (80/66) were found to be higher in the strains of C. albicans isolated from patients with moderate periodontitis and different expression patterns associated with those for azole resistance were identified. It could be elucidated that the high expression of virulence markers associated with azole resistance in C. albicans might be contributing to the chronicity of periodontal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Monroy-Pérez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, Mexico.
| | - Rosa María Rodríguez-Bedolla
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, Mexico
| | - Javier Garzón
- Clínica de Endoperiodontología, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagnóstico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Subdirección de investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Arturo-Rojas Jiménez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Gloria Luz Paniagua-Contreras
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. de Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, Mexico.
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