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Jeon H, Oh S, Kum E, Seo S, Park Y, Kim G. Immunomodulatory Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Black Radish on Mouse Macrophages via the TLR2/4-Mediated Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1376. [PMID: 36355548 PMCID: PMC9697478 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we determined the immunostimulatory effects of black radish (Raphanus sativus ver niger) hot water extract (BRHE) on a mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We found that BRHE treatment increased cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, cytokine production, and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Moreover, BRHE increased the expression of the following immunomodulators in RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages: pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), iNOS, and COX-2. BRHE treatment significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation of components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Akt, and STAT3 signaling pathways. Further, the effects of BRHE on macrophages were significantly diminished after the cells were treated with the TLR2 antagonist C29 or the TLR4 antagonist TAK-242. Therefore, BRHE-induced immunostimulatory phenotypes in mouse macrophages were reversed by multiple inhibitors, such as TLR antagonist, MAPK inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor indicating that BRHE induced macrophage activation through the TLR2/4-MAPK-NFκB-Akt-STAT3 signaling pathway. These results indicate that BRHE may serve as a potential immunomodulatory factor or functional food and provide the scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization and evaluation of black radish in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsik Jeon
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
| | - Soyeon Oh
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kum
- Yuyu Healthcare Inc., 59-11. Ucheonsaneopdanji-ro, Ucheon-myeon, Heengseong-gun 25244, Korea
| | - Sooyeong Seo
- Yuyu Healthcare Inc., 59-11. Ucheonsaneopdanji-ro, Ucheon-myeon, Heengseong-gun 25244, Korea
| | - Youngjun Park
- Jeju Research Institute of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Giok Kim
- Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju Technopark, Seogwipo 63608, Korea
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Do NQ, Zheng S, Park B, Nguyen QTN, Choi BR, Fang M, Kim M, Jeong J, Choi J, Yang SJ, Yi TH. Camu-Camu Fruit Extract Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses by Regulating NFAT and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in High Glucose-Induced Human Keratinocytes. Molecules 2021; 26:3174. [PMID: 34073317 PMCID: PMC8198278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh (camu-camu) belongs to the family Myrtaceae. Although camu-camu has received a great deal of attention for its potential pharmacological activities, there is little information on the anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of camu-camu fruit in skin diseases. In the present study, we investigated the preventative effect of 70% ethanol camu-camu fruit extract against high glucose-induced human keratinocytes. High glucose-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was inhibited by camu-camu fruit treatment. In response to ROS reduction, camu-camu fruit modulated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathways related to inflammation by downregulating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, camu-camu fruit treatment activated the expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequently increased the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) expression to protect keratinocytes against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress. These results indicate that camu-camu fruit is a promising material for preventing oxidative stress and skin inflammation induced by high glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Quynh Do
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Shengdao Zheng
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bom Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Quynh T. N. Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Bo-Ram Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Korea;
| | - Minzhe Fang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Minseon Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
- Snow White Factory Co., Ltd., 807 Nonhyeonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06032, Korea;
| | - Jeehaeng Jeong
- Snow White Factory Co., Ltd., 807 Nonhyeonro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06032, Korea;
| | - Junhui Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Su-Jin Yang
- Gu Star Co., Ltd., 7/F, Cheongho B/D, 19, Eonju-ro 148-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06054, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (N.Q.D.); (S.Z.); (B.P.); (Q.T.N.N.); (M.F.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
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