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Dunn SL, Vera DL, Weaver KF, Garcia JV. Relationships between inflammatory and metabolic markers, exercise, and body composition in young individuals. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:289-296. [PMID: 34179543 PMCID: PMC8221754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Physical exercise may help combat disease and elicits a possible "protective" anti-inflammatory effect on the body. Inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), along with transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) in young (n=16, 21.1±2.1 years) individuals were examined in a cross-sectional descriptive study, to assess the effects of chronic stimulation on their expression and relationship with health parameters. METHODS Fasting venous whole blood and lipid levels along with body composition measurements were obtained from young, healthy, endurance-trained NCAA Division III student-athletes and untrained individuals. Assays (ELISA) were conducted to analyze fasting plasma (CRP, IL-6, and TNFα) and isolated lymphocyte NF-κB activation (lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood samples through differential centrifugation and Ficoll-Paque). A Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was used for associations between variables and a regression analysis was performed to determine which measurement accounted for the inflammation in this young and apparently healthy population. RESULTS While the inflammatory markers were not associated with each other, CRP levels were associated with body composition and following regression analyses, body fat percentage (P>0.05) was a significant factor for elevated CRP. CONCLUSIONS Chronic physical exercise eliciting lower body fat percentages in young adults may have a positive protective impact through anti-inflammatory status, minimizing disease risk in a young population. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS Chronic physically active young adult patients may exhibit less inflammation and lower body fat levels which may decrease their risk for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Dunn
- 1Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, Palm Desert Campus, Palm Desert, California,
Corresponding author Sarah L. Dunn California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, California. E-mail:
| | - Desiree L. Vera
- 2Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, California
| | - Kathleen F. Weaver
- 3Office of the Provost, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jerome V. Garcia
- 2Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, California
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Angeloni B, Bigi R, Bellucci G, Mechelli R, Ballerini C, Romano C, Morena E, Pellicciari G, Reniè R, Rinaldi V, Buscarinu MC, Romano S, Ristori G, Salvetti M. A Case of Double Standard: Sex Differences in Multiple Sclerosis Risk Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073696. [PMID: 33918133 PMCID: PMC8037645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a complex, multifactorial, dysimmune disease prevalent in women. Its etiopathogenesis is extremely intricate, since each risk factor behaves as a variable that is interconnected with others. In order to understand these interactions, sex must be considered as a determining element, either in a protective or pathological sense, and not as one of many variables. In particular, sex seems to highly influence immune response at chromosomal, epigenetic, and hormonal levels. Environmental and genetic risk factors cannot be considered without sex, since sex-based immunological differences deeply affect disease onset, course, and prognosis. Understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-based differences is necessary in order to develop a more effective and personalized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Angeloni
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Gianmarco Bellucci
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Rosella Mechelli
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare San Raffaele Pisana (IRCCS), 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ballerini
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Carmela Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Emanuele Morena
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Giulia Pellicciari
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberta Reniè
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Virginia Rinaldi
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Chiara Buscarinu
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Silvia Romano
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Ristori
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS), 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (B.A.); (G.B.); (C.B.); (C.R.); (E.M.); (G.P.); (R.R.); (V.R.); (M.C.B.); (S.R.); (M.S.)
- Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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