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McDonald MA, Holdsworth SJ, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers. J Eye Mov Res 2022; 15:10.16910/jemr.15.2.4. [PMID: 36439911 PMCID: PMC9682364 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, or concussion), results from direct and indirect trauma to the head (i.e. a closed injury of transmitted forces), with or without loss of consciousness. The current method of diagnosis is largely based on symptom assessment and clinical history. There is an urgent need to identify an objective biomarker which can not only detect injury, but inform prognosis and recovery. Ocular motor impairment is argued to be ubiquitous across mTBI subtypes and may serve as a valuable clinical biomarker with the recent advent of more affordable and portable eye tracking technology. Many groups have positively correlated the degree of ocular motor impairment to symptom severity with a minority attempting to validate these findings with diffusion tract imaging and functional MRI. However, numerous methodological issues limit the interpretation of results, preventing any singular ocular biomarker from prevailing. This review will comprehensively describe the anatomical susceptibility, clinical measurement, and current eye tracking literature surrounding saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence, pupillary light reflex, and accommodation in mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Mātai Medical Research Institute, Gisborne, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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Oyama A, Takeda S, Ito Y, Nakajima T, Takami Y, Takeya Y, Yamamoto K, Sugimoto K, Shimizu H, Shimamura M, Katayama T, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Novel Method for Rapid Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using High-Performance Eye-Tracking Technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12932. [PMID: 31506486 PMCID: PMC6736938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia has emerged as a global health challenge. Accumulating evidence suggests that early diagnosis and timely intervention can delay cognitive decline. The diagnosis of dementia is commonly performed using neuropsychological tests, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), administered by trained examiners. While these traditional neuropsychological tests are valid and reliable, they are neither simple nor sufficiently short as routine screening tools for dementia. Here, we developed a brief cognitive assessment utilizing an eye-tracking technology. The subject views a series of short (178 s) task movies and pictures displayed on a monitor while their gaze points are recorded by the eye-tracking device, and the cognitive scores are determined from the gaze plots data. The cognitive scores were measured by both an eye tracking-based assessment and neuropsychological tests in 80 participants, including 27 cognitively healthy controls (HC), 26 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 27 patients with dementia. The eye tracking-based cognitive scores correlated well with the scores from the neuropsychological tests, and they showed a good diagnostic performance in detecting patients with MCI and dementia. Rapid cognitive assessment using eye-tracking technology can enable quantitative scoring and the sensitive detection of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Oyama
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuko Takeda
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Nakajima
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takami
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takeya
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamamoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Shimizu
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Neurology, Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Chermann JF, Romeas T, Marty F, Faubert J. Perceptual-cognitive three-dimensional multiple-object tracking task can help the monitoring of sport-related concussion. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000384. [PMID: 30305922 PMCID: PMC6173252 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives While the rate of sport-related concussion is increasing, more effective tools are needed to help monitor the diagnosis and return to play of athletes. The three-dimensional multiple-object tracking (3D-MOT) exercise is a perceptual-cognitive task that has shown predictive power towards the dynamic requirements of real-world activities such as sport. This study introduced the use of the 3D-MOT task, along with the Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) and Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) tests, for diagnosis and return to play in professional sports. Methods Fifty-nine professional athletes were tested with the 3D-MOT, SAC and M-BESS tests at 48 hours following the injury. The same measures were employed to evaluate the return to play following the standard concussion management protocol. The SAC and M-BESS tests were also performed in pre-season (baseline) in 32 out of the 59 athletes. Results The injured athletes exhibited poor performance on 3D-MOT at 48 hours post injury compared with return to play (p<0.001) as well as compared with healthy professionals' performance scores (p<0.001). Importantly, learning rate, which participants are thought to have an expert advantage on this perceptual-cognitive task, was totally disrupted at 48 hours post injury compared with healthy professionals (p<0.001). The 3D-MOT performance was also correlated to the total number of symptoms (p=0.020), SAC (p=0.031) and M-BESS (p=0.004) scores at 48 hours. Not surprisingly, SAC and M-BESS tests' usefulness for monitoring concussion was found to be weak, particularly when test performance following the injury was compared to baseline (p=0.056 and 0.349 for SAC and M-BESS, respectively). Conclusion 3D-MOT could help monitor sport-related concussion in professional athletes. The discussion also covers the critical importance of perceptual-cognitive assessment following concussion in the athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Romeas
- Sport sciences, Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Flore Marty
- Consultation commotion et sport, 2, rue de la convention, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyn Faubert
- School of optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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