1
|
Nyangau PN, Nzuma JM, Irungu P, Junglen S, Kassie M. Health education impact on knowledge and management of arboviral diseases in Kenya: Evidence from randomised control trials. Glob Public Health 2023; 18:2274436. [PMID: 37902054 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2023.2274436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Communities' knowledge and management strategies are crucial for mitigating and controlling the threat of existing and emerging diseases. In this study, we conducted randomised control trials (RCT) to examine the impact of health education on households' knowledge and management of three Arboviral Diseases (ADs); Rift Valley fever, Chikungunya fever, and Dengue fever in Kenya. The study was based on a sample of 629 households drawn from the three of Kenya's AD hotspot counties; Baringo, Kwale, and Kilifi. Employing a difference-in-difference method, our findings indicate that health education intervention significantly improved households' understanding of ADs transmission modes, causes, and prevention strategies. However, this intervention did not sufficiently influence households' disease management behaviour. We recommend the implementation of community engagement and outreach initiatives which have the potential to drive behavioural changes at the household level, thus enhancing the management and control of ADs in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nyamweya Nyangau
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Makau Nzuma
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Irungu
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menale Kassie
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed AE, Almarhabi MA, Shami MO, Alhazemi AA, Alsharif HM, Abu Hayyah AE, Alhazmi WA, Alfaifi MA, Abdali AQ, Alshihri MS, Alhazmi AH, Qasem HA, Alhazmi MA, Abdelwahab SI. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Population in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia Regarding Dengue Fever and Its Prevention Measures: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416812. [PMID: 36554693 PMCID: PMC9779683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, there was an apparent lack of health education about dengue fever (DF) among the Saudi population. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) about dengue fever among the Jazan region population, which is one of the most prevalent diseases in the region in Saudi Arabia (KSA). This was a cross-sectional and community-based study. The adult population was divided into governorates according to the regions that were close to each other, and then a convenient stratum was selected from each region. Next, random sampling was applied. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Exclusion criteria were young people (<18 years old) and health workers. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Of the 392 participants in this cross-sectional study, 59.18% were male, 76.28% were aged 18-35 years, 72.96% had a university degree, and 63% had a monthly income of less than SAR 5000 (USD1 = 3.76). The scores (mean ± SD) for KAP regarding DF among the responders were 22.77 ± 7.9, 22.68 ± 7.24, and 25.62 ± 9.4, respectively. KAP constructs were positively correlated according to the Pearson's coefficient. In multiple linear regression analysis, males were favorably and substantially linked with attitude score (β = 2.76, p = 0.001) and negatively associated with practice score (β = -2.45, p = 0.023). No-degree participants scored lower on knowledge (β = -2.78, p = 0.003). There is potential for more research in Saudi Arabia to increase the generalizability to reduce the impact of dengue epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Elyas Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, GGGD6622, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed O. Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, GGGD6622, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hassan M. Alsharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, GGGD6622, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali H. Alhazmi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, GGGD6622, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Halimah A. Qasem
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, GGGD6622, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bromeo AJ, Grulla-Quilendrino P, Antolin RC, Salcedo EJJ, Arcinue CA, De Jesus RA, Veloso A. Optical coherence tomography angiography analysis of changes in the foveal avascular zone in eyes with diabetic macular edema treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. Int J Retina Vitreous 2022; 8:57. [PMID: 36028899 PMCID: PMC9419407 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-022-00406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To analyze the changes in foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perimeter, and circularity in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods This prospective observational study included 56 eyes from 32 patients with DME that received intravitreal anti-VEGF. OCTA images were obtained at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up. The outcome measures were FAZ area, perimeter, and circularity in both the SCP and DCP, as well as central subfield thickness (CST) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Results The mean number of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections received during the observation period was 4.60 ± 0.82 (range: 3–6). The FAZ area, perimeter, and circularity were statistically unchanged at all observation points in both the SCP (p = 0.772, p = 0.405, p = 0.157, respectively) and the DCP (p = 0.620, p = 0.769, p = 0.481, respectively). Despite having no change in the FAZ parameters, there was still a statistically significant decrease in CST (p < 0.001) as well as a statistically significant increase in BCVA (p = 0.004) during the observation period. Conclusions The FAZ area, perimeter, and circularity in the SCP and DCP as measured by OCTA remained stable during the first 6 months of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy in eyes with DME. While there were no significant changes in the FAZ, treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF still resulted in decreased CST and improved BCVA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cheryl A Arcinue
- Asian Eye Institute, Makati, Philippines.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roja C, Seetha Lakshmi A, Anitha Rani M, Eapen A. Effect of School-Based Educational Interventions on the Knowledge of Malaria and Dengue Among Higher Secondary School Children in Chennai, India: A Pre and Post-intervention Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e26536. [PMID: 35936175 PMCID: PMC9348435 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: School children are a means to reach and sensitize the community on the prevention of seasonal diseases such as malaria and dengue. The current study aims to determine the impact of school-based educational interventions on the knowledge of students toward the prevention and control of malaria and dengue in higher secondary schools. Methods: This pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in three higher secondary schools in Zone IV, North Chennai, from September to December 2021. A total of 284 students in the age group of 13-17 years participated in the study. School-based educational interventions were delivered through PowerPoint-assisted lectures, participatory group activities, and demonstration of mosquito larvae and their control. The impact of the interventions as the change in knowledge level was analyzed using McNemar’s test, with a p-value of <0.05. Results: Educational interventions led to the improvement in knowledge about malaria symptoms, such as fever (43.7% to 76.1%; p<0.001), chills (45.1% to 82.4%; p<0.001), and headache (46.1% to 86.6%; p<0.001), and the knowledge of Aedes mosquito bites as the cause of dengue transmission enhanced (41.9% to 92.2%; p<0.001). Similarly, there was an increase in knowledge on the identification of vector mosquito breeding sites inside the house (11.9% to 67.9%; p<0.001) and outside the house (10.9% to 69.7%; p<0.001) and mosquito net usage (21.5% to 76.1%; p<0.001) after the interventions. Conclusion: School-based educational interventions had a significant impact on enhancing the knowledge on the prevention and control of malaria and dengue among school children. Involving school children can strengthen existing malaria and dengue prevention and control strategies in endemic areas.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dsouza RP, Rodrigues DE, Saldanha PM. Effectiveness of School-Based Video-Assisted Health Education Program on Mosquito-Borne Disease among Upper Primary Children. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Malaria and dengue fever are the two major mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) seen in India and these diseases are endemic in many of the Indian states. Educating the public is one of the effective ways to prevent any diseases and school children act as health messengers to their family members. Video-assisted teaching methods help the children to understand the concept better and grasp it easily. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of school-based video-assisted health education on knowledge regarding MBD.
Materials and Methods The study design used was cross-sectional one group pre- and posttest design. Ninety-five children studying in 6th and 7th standard of two higher primary schools located in a rural area of southern India have participated in the study. The knowledge level of the children was assessed using a structured knowledge questionnaire before and after the video-assisted health education program. Children were educated using PowerPoints and videos in three sessions on various aspects of MBD.
Statistical Analysis Data was analyzed using a statistical software, SPSS-23. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
Results The mean score was 23.58 ± 7.08 in the pretest and the posttest mean score was 53.01 ± 3.90. The minimum score was 13 in the pretest and in the posttest it was 44 with a maximum possible score of 60. Intervention was effective and led to 49.05% of gain in knowledge of children from pretest to the posttest and the difference in the mean value was statistically significant (t = 36.58, p < 0.001).
Conclusion Even though children had the knowledge on MBD, it was not adequate and video-assisted health education was useful to improve their knowledge. More consistent efforts are needed to educate the children on different health issues using various sense stimulating teaching aids to help them develop into healthy future generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renita Priya Dsouza
- Child Health/Paediatric Nursing Department, Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Devina E Rodrigues
- Community Health Nursing Department, Father Muller College of Nursing, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash M Saldanha
- Paediatrics Department, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lamaurt F, De Santis O, Ramis J, Schultz C, Rivadeneyra A, Waelli M, Flahault A. Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Regarding Dengue in La Réunion Island, France. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074390. [PMID: 35410080 PMCID: PMC8998193 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 2017, La Réunion island has been facing a major epidemic of dengue. Despite actions carried out by the anti-vector control department, public authorities have failed to contain this epidemic. As individual involvement is key to success in vector control, we carried out a mixed-methods study on population knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices (KABP) regarding dengue infection risk in La Réunion. The study combined quantitative data collected through a questionnaire administered to a representative sample of 622 people to assess the use of protective measures and the perception of severity and risk of dengue, and a sample of 336 people to assess the level of knowledge and concern about dengue, as well as qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews among 11 individuals who had previously completed the questionnaire. The study results show that 63% of the surveyed population had a good level of knowledge associated with age, education, and socio-professional category variables—78% considered dengue to be a serious threat, and concern was estimated at 6/10, while 71% were likely to use protective measures. The interviews revealed contradictory behaviors in the implementation of recommended actions, in conflict with personal beliefs regarding respect of human body and nature. The study also revealed a loss of confidence in public authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lamaurt
- Institut de Santé Publique, d’Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.W.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (O.D.S.); Tel.: +262-0693-822-844 (F.L.)
| | - Olga De Santis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.W.); (A.F.)
- Service de Santé Publique et Soutien à la Recherche, Inserm CIC1410, CHU La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (O.D.S.); Tel.: +262-0693-822-844 (F.L.)
| | - Julie Ramis
- Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France;
| | - Cédric Schultz
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation, CHU La Réunion, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France;
| | - Ana Rivadeneyra
- Bordeaux Population Health Inserm U1219, Université de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Mathias Waelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.W.); (A.F.)
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.W.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suwanbamrung C, Saengsuwan B, Sangmanee T, Thrikaew N, Srimoung P, Maneerattanasak S. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue prevention among primary school children with and without experience of previous dengue infection in southern Thailand. One Health 2021; 13:100275. [PMID: 34159247 PMCID: PMC8203813 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop more effective intervention strategies against dengue, it is necessary to identify determinants of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP), which may be influenced by the dengue experiences of the population at risk. The aim of this study was to assess and compare KAP regarding dengue prevention between Thai primary school children with and without experiences of dengue. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children between ages 8 and 13, attending the 50 public primary schools in Kanchanadit district, between October and November 2019. A 32-item questionnaire was used to collect children's socio-demographic characteristics (4 items), health information (2 items), knowledge (10 items), attitudes (7 items), and practices (9 items) towards dengue prevention, which required 30 min to complete. The KAP between groups was then statistically compared, to identify possible causes of observed differences. Of 1979 children, 15.6% self-reported that they had been infected with dengue, while 84.4% had no history of the disease. Most children indicated that they obtained dengue-related information from primary school teachers (73.6%) and their parents (68.5%). No statistically significant differences in mean KAP scores were observed between children with and without dengue experiences (P > 0.05). When KAP scores were categorized as good or poor levels, based on an 80% cut-off, 12.3% of all children had good dengue-related knowledge, 41.6% had good attitudes, and 25.9% reported good preventive practices. Dengue experience was significantly and positively associated with exercising good preventive practices (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.75, P = 0.031). There were significant positive correlations between attitudes and practices in both children with and without dengue experiences (P < 0.001). To enhance KAP towards dengue prevention, further efforts are needed to increase routine dengue health education programs for primary school students who have and have not experienced dengue, and to improve health education programs within communities, especially to assist guardians with the dissemination of dengue literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charuai Suwanbamrung
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Bussarawadee Saengsuwan
- Community Public Health Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Thamonwan Sangmanee
- Community Public Health Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Napaporn Thrikaew
- Community Public Health Program, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Poungpen Srimoung
- Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand
| | - Sarunya Maneerattanasak
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sukesi TW, Satoto TBT, Murhandarwati EH, Padmawati RS. Effects of Health Education Based Intervention on Community’s Perception, Healthy House, and Social Capital of Dengue in Endemic Area of Sleman Regency Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low community participation in the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) control efforts is one of the influencing factors in the failures of some of these efforts. The community’s lack of responsibility concerning the DHF issues might be caused by their low perceptions and understanding of DHF itself.
AIM: This study aimed to assess the effect of health education about DHF on changes in the community’s perceptions, social capital, and healthy house conditions.
METHODS: The research method was participatory action research. The study involved 267 households in Patukan Hamlet Sleman Yogyakarta Indonesia. The intervention was health education about DHF which was presented from November 2018 to February 2019. Preliminary assessments were taken in November 2018 and evaluations were taken in August 2019. The data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon test.
RESULTS: The results show that in the 6th months after the intervention, there was an increase in the average score of all variables. The differences between pre- and post-intervention were statistically significant: Perceptions of dengue fever (p = 0.000); perceptions about DHF control (p = 0.000); the social condition for the component of concern, trust, and readiness to learn new ideas with p < 0.05; and all component of healthy house conditions with p < 0.05.
CONCLUSION: Health education could contribute to changes in perceptions, social capital, and a healthy house condition. It is very important to increase the awareness and participation of the community in controlling DHF.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurniawan W, Suwandono A, Widjanarko B, Suwondo A, Artama WT, Shaluhiyah Z, Adi MS, Sofro MAU. The effectiveness of the One Health SMART approach on dengue vector control in Majalengka, Indonesia. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-07-2019-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to apply the OH-SMART approach on dengue vector control and assess the influence on knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) amongst elementary students in Majalengka as well as check the dengue serotypes distribution.Design/methodology/approachThis study was designed by sequential exploration. An OH-SMART workshop involving local government institutions, schools, colleges and health professional organizations was conducted. A total of 334 elementary students, chosen by cluster sampling, participated including 171 in the intervention group and 163 in the control group. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the differences in the subject's KAP. Dengue serotypes were analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the distribution was measured by GPS. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test and the Wilcoxon rank test were used for data analysis.FindingsThere were eight gaps in Dengue vector control in Majalengka and three main recommendations after the OH-SMART workshop i.e. the formation of OH-teams, the preparation of module training, and training of vector control in the schools. After the program, there were statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups (p = 0,001, CI 95%). All differences in the intervention group were higher than in the control. The most commonly found dengue serotype was DEN-1.Originality/valueOH-SMART has never been applied in Indonesia, especially in a local government setting but is recognized as an effective approach in the prevention of vector-borne disease and zoonotic.
Collapse
|
10
|
Anwar A, Khan N, Ayub M, Nawaz F, Shah A, Flahault A. Modeling and Predicting Dengue Incidence in Highly Vulnerable Countries using Panel Data Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132296. [PMID: 31261672 PMCID: PMC6650977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of dengue has become a major public health concern in recent times due to alarming climate change. Using country level panel data over the 2000–2017 period, this paper examines the effects of climate change and socio-economic variables on the incidence of dengue-borne diseases in some of the most highly vulnerable countries. Empirical analysis shows a positive association between climate change and socio-economic conditions in the advent of dengue-borne diseases. We find that climate change, as measured by temperature, is proactively contributing to the spread of dengue-borne diseases. However, redressing the contributive factor behind climate change, via better awareness through education and improved public health facilitation, can assist in managing the occurrences and spread of dengue-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Anwar
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan.
| | - Noman Khan
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Nawaz
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan
- Faculty of Finance and Banking, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam
| | - Asim Shah
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Punjab 43600, Pakistan
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), Hirschengraben 82, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1202, 8001 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|