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Alshutairi AM, Alzahrani AH, Almontshry AM. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes in Saudi Arabia markets: a comparative risk assessment study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2860. [PMID: 39420284 PMCID: PMC11488266 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two validated and effective extraction techniques have been developed to ascertain the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes. PAHs are a class of chemicals that occur naturally, and these contaminants may cause cancer and other harmful effects in human beings. Traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes contain many PAHs. METHOD In terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy (%), and precision (%), the two in-house lab setups for 7PAHs extraction from traditional cigarettes and E-cigarette were validated using high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. RESULTS The concentration of Σ7PAHs for traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes ranged from 6.23 ± 0.04 ng/cig to 75.61 ± 0.02 ng/cig, and non-detectable to 3.56 ± 2.71 ng/puff. The PAHs recovery in traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes ranged from 92.74-110.45%, and 97.20-111.74%. The toxicity of equivalent (TEQs) of carcinogens revealed that traditional cigarettes brands have higher TEQs than E-cigarettes. CONCLUSION This study highlights the detection of 7PAHs levels and its risk assessment in product brands for traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes marketed in Saudi Arabia. The results suggested that the developed methods are a precise and versatile approach for measuring 7PAHs in traditional cigarettes and E-cigarettes.
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Mughis M, Ahmad M, Rashid H, Nasir A, Mukarram H, Chaudhary S, Tariq S, Zaman T. Assessment of Respiratory Health Implications of Vaping: A Systematic Review of Toxicity Mechanisms and Adverse Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Cureus 2024; 16:e69236. [PMID: 39398779 PMCID: PMC11470825 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
E-cigarettes are thought to aid in tobacco smoking cessation, but there are concerns about their overall effectiveness and safety for the general population, particularly adults. This review aims to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity and adverse effects of e-cigarettes on the respiratory system, comparing these effects with those of conventional smoking. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library using keywords, controlled vocabulary, and text words, with the following criteria: studies published in English from 2014 to 2024, open access, peer-reviewed, and full-text availability. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias in included randomized controlled trials, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was employed to assess the strength of evidence and determine its generalizability. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have diverse mechanisms of toxicity, including inflammation, hypoxia, cardiovascular stress, and metabolic changes. Reported adverse effects include cough, throat irritation, nausea, and hemodynamic changes. However, ENDS are associated with fewer risks compared to conventional cigarette smoking. ENDS users experience fewer respiratory and cardiovascular issues and have lower levels of biomarkers such as NNAL and CO compared to traditional smokers. Additionally, ENDS are more effective than nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine patches) for smoking cessation, particularly in pregnant women. The side effects of ENDS and nicotine-free vaping are similar to those of conventional smoking in pregnant women, with the exception of a lower birth weight among newborns exposed to ENDS (p < 0.05). ENDS present a complex balance of benefits and risks regarding respiratory health. While there are adverse effects, ENDS are considered less detrimental than conventional smoking and a viable option for smoking cessation. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate their safety with long-term use (>16 weeks). Policymakers and health practitioners should use these findings to develop balanced public health policies that weigh the benefits of ENDS against potential health risks, enabling informed decision-making for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mughis
- Acute Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, GBR
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Hamayun Rashid
- Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, GBR
| | - Anum Nasir
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Hassan Mukarram
- Internal Medicine, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, GBR
| | - Sadia Chaudhary
- Behavioral Sciences, Rahbar Medical & Dental College Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Salman Tariq
- General Internal Medicine, East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust, Blackburn, GBR
| | - Tahir Zaman
- General Medicine, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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Vaid R, Qader R, Fareed A. Asia's Teen Vaping Surge: Unmasking Risks and Mobilizing Solutions. Asia Pac J Public Health 2024; 36:646-647. [PMID: 39158033 DOI: 10.1177/10105395241273180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rayyan Vaid
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Qader
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Areeba Fareed
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
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Alhuwayji AA, Alhamam AM, Alramdan M, Algadeeb R. Prevalence of Electronic Cigarette Use Among Female Residents of Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e66533. [PMID: 39247011 PMCID: PMC11381039 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained considerable popularity on a global scale, with an increasing prevalence among younger adults. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of e-cigarette use among women in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2023 and July 2024 involving 491 adult female participants. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using SPSS Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive and inferential statistics, including chi-square tests, were employed to assess relationships between e-cigarette use and various independent variables. Results The prevalence of e-cigarette use among participants was 17.5%. Significant factors associated with e-cigarette use included age (highest among women aged 21 to 30 years, p = 0.038), unemployment (p = 0.011), perceived poor health (p = 0.002), and having friends or family members who use e-cigarettes (p = 0.001). The primary reasons for using e-cigarettes were influence from friends (70.9%) and family members (54.7%), curiosity (33.7%), and appealing flavors (30.2%). A considerable proportion of users reported experiencing dependence and difficulty quitting. Conclusions The prevalence of e-cigarette use among female residents of Al-Ahsa is influenced by a complex interplay of social, demographic, and perceptual factors. The findings underscore the necessity for comprehensive interventions targeting social environments and educational initiatives and addressing misconceptions about the potential risks of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah A Alhuwayji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | - Abduallah M Alhamam
- Department of Community Wellness, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | - Mohammed Alramdan
- Department of Community Wellness, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | - Rahma Algadeeb
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, SAU
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Lazari A, Sada D. Multi-centre Study of Vaping Effects on COVID-19 Presentations in Western Sydney Australia. Cureus 2024; 16:e63190. [PMID: 38938908 PMCID: PMC11210441 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: This preliminary pilot study aimed to explore a correlation between COVID-19 presentation with e-cigarette vapers in the Western Sydney region of Australia. METHOD Extracted data from questionnaires completed by 100 Australians residing in the Western Sydney region who were infected with COVID-19 during the pandemic from March 2020 to March 2022 were analyzed. Data collected included patient age, biological gender, years of vaping, if vaping began prior to COVID-19, weekly vaping frequency, the year that COVID-19 was contracted, and the category of COVID-19 symptoms. The symptoms are scaled into four categories for this study, from lowest severity to high severity based on the World Health Organization's classifications. RESULTS Vapers in Western Sydney Australia experienced higher severity COVID-19 presentations compared to non-vapers. Biological males were found to be more susceptible than biological females for experiencing the highest severity. Vapers with higher years of vaping had severe COVID-19 presentations compared to lesser years of vaping. CONCLUSION Among adults in Western Sydney Australia aged 18 years and above, the collected data showed a correlation between e-cigarette vapers reporting higher severity of COVID-19 presentations compared to non-vapers of the same demographic when they contracted COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lazari
- Medicine, Oceania University of Medicine, Sydney, AUS
| | - Daniel Sada
- Family Medicine, Greenway Medical Hub, Sydney, AUS
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Fatima M, Muhammad Ali F, Ullah R. Popular Trend of Electronic Cigarettes and Their Adverse Effects on Oral Health. Cureus 2023; 15:e50808. [PMID: 38249283 PMCID: PMC10797226 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes were originally promoted as a possible tool to assist individuals in quitting smoking, particularly for those who had been tobacco users for an extended period. Compared with traditional tobacco use, these devices were promoted as a safer option. Over the years, it has been proven that conventional cigarettes adversely affect almost all body systems. Owing to the constantly evolving nature of the products and the difficulties in identifying potential e-cigarette effects in traditional tobacco users including combustible and noncombustible forms, studying the impact of e-cigarette usage on oral health is challenging. Although the existing scientific evidence is limited, it indicates that e-cigarette use may have negative effects on oral health. Moreover, the adoption of vaping among young people has increased globally. There is still a lack of awareness regarding the use of e-cigarettes and their associated health complications, especially in developing countries. We aim to sensitize the readers to the pertinent issue, which has clinical and public health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoor Fatima
- Dentistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Rizwan Ullah
- Dentistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
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Venetsanopoulou AI, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis Development. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2023; 34:404-413. [PMID: 38282942 PMCID: PMC10815538 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.301223.eaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory arthritis worldwide, significantly impacting patients and population health. The disease affects women primarily, with a female-to-male ratio of three to one. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial, including genetic and environmental risk factors. Epidemiological studies highlight the link between the environment and genetic susceptibility to RA. The so-called shared epitope is the most significant risk factor that seems to act synergetic with other environmental factors in the disease occurrence. In addition, recent findings suggest a potential role of new substantial environmental factors, such as the observed pollution of the planet's natural resources, on the susceptibility and progression of the disease. This review summarises the most decisive evidence on epidemiology and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for RA. It shows that studying genetic and environmental factors in correlation could lead to prevention strategies that may impact the natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki I. Venetsanopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yannis Alamanos
- Institute of Epidemiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Corfu, Greece
| | - Paraskevi V. Voulgari
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros A. Drosos
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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