1
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Lei R, Liang W, Ouyang WO, Hernandez Garcia A, Kikuchi C, Wang S, McBride R, Tan TJC, Sun Y, Chen C, Graham CS, Rodriguez LA, Shen IR, Choi D, Bruzzone R, Paulson JC, Nair SK, Mok CKP, Wu NC. Epistasis mediates the evolution of the receptor binding mode in recent human H3N2 hemagglutinin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5175. [PMID: 38890325 PMCID: PMC11189414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor-binding site of influenza A virus hemagglutinin partially overlaps with major antigenic sites and constantly evolves. In this study, we observe that mutations G186D and D190N in the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site have coevolved in two recent human H3N2 clades. X-ray crystallography results show that these mutations coordinately drive the evolution of the hemagglutinin receptor binding mode. Epistasis between G186D and D190N is further demonstrated by glycan binding and thermostability analyses. Immunization and neutralization experiments using mouse and human samples indicate that the evolution of receptor binding mode is accompanied by a change in antigenicity. Besides, combinatorial mutagenesis reveals that G186D and D190N, along with other natural mutations in recent H3N2 strains, alter the compatibility with a common egg-adaptive mutation in seasonal influenza vaccines. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of epistasis in shaping the recent evolution of human H3N2 hemagglutinin and substantiate the high evolvability of its receptor-binding mode.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Animals
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mice
- Binding Sites
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mutation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Influenza Vaccines
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Female
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenhao O Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Chika Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy J C Tan
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yuanxin Sun
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunke Chen
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claire S Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Lucia A Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ivana R Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Danbi Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, Cedex, 75015, France
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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2
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Rowe T, Davis W, Wentworth DE, Ross T. Differential interferon responses to influenza A and B viruses in primary ferret respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0149423. [PMID: 38294251 PMCID: PMC10878268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cocirculate with influenza A viruses (IAV) and cause periodic epidemics of disease, yet antibody and cellular responses following IBV infection are less well understood. Using the ferret model for antisera generation for influenza surveillance purposes, IAV resulted in robust antibody responses following infection, whereas IBV required an additional booster dose, over 85% of the time, to generate equivalent antibody titers. In this study, we utilized primary differentiated ferret nasal epithelial cells (FNECs) which were inoculated with IAV and IBV to study differences in innate immune responses which may result in differences in adaptive immune responses in the host. FNECs were inoculated with IAV (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 subtypes) or IBV (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) and assessed for 72 h. Cells were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and apical and basolateral supernatants were assessed for virus kinetics and interferon (IFN), respectively. Similar virus kinetics were observed with IAV and IBV in FNECs. A comparison of gene expression and protein secretion profiles demonstrated that IBV-inoculated FNEC expressed delayed type-I/II IFN responses and reduced type-III IFN secretion compared to IAV-inoculated cells. Concurrently, gene expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type-III IFN-induced gene that enhances adaptive immune responses, was significantly downregulated in IBV-inoculated FNECs. Significant differences in other proinflammatory and adaptive genes were suppressed and delayed following IBV inoculation. Following IBV infection, ex vivo cell cultures derived from the ferret upper respiratory tract exhibited reduced and delayed innate responses which may contribute to reduced antibody responses in vivo.IMPORTANCEInfluenza B viruses (IBV) represent nearly one-quarter of all human influenza cases and are responsible for significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts but do not pose the same pandemic risks as influenza A viruses (IAV) and have thus received much less attention. IBV accounts for greater severity and deaths in children, and vaccine efficacy remains low. The ferret can be readily infected with human clinical isolates and demonstrates a similar course of disease and immune responses. IBV, however, generates lower antibodies in ferrets than IAV following the challenge. To determine whether differences in initial innate responses following infection may affect the development of robust adaptive immune responses, ferret respiratory tract cells were isolated, infected with IAV/IBV, and compared. Understanding the differences in the initial innate immune responses to IAV and IBV may be important in the development of more effective vaccines and interventions to generate more robust protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Phan T, Ye Q, Stach C, Lin YC, Cao H, Bowen A, Langlois RA, Hu WS. Synthetic Cell Lines for Inducible Packaging of Influenza A Virus. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:546-557. [PMID: 38259154 PMCID: PMC10878389 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a negative-sense RNA virus that causes seasonal infections and periodic pandemics, inflicting huge economic and human costs on society. The current production of influenza virus for vaccines is initiated by generating a seed virus through the transfection of multiple plasmids in HEK293 cells followed by the infection of seed viruses into embryonated chicken eggs or cultured mammalian cells. We took a system design and synthetic biology approach to engineer cell lines that can be induced to produce all viral components except hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which are the antigens that specify the variants of IAV. Upon the transfection of HA and NA, the cell line can produce infectious IAV particles. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis revealed inefficient synthesis of viral RNA and upregulated expression of genes involved in host response to viral infection as potential limiting factors and offered possible targets for enhancing the productivity of the synthetic cell line. Overall, we showed for the first time that it was possible to create packaging cell lines for the production of a cytopathic negative-sense RNA virus. The approach allows for the exploitation of altered kinetics of the synthesis of viral components and offers a new method for manufacturing viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Phan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qian Ye
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Christopher Stach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Haoyu Cao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Annika Bowen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Chatterjee A, Ambrose K, Canaday DH, Delair S, Ezike N, Huber VC, Jhaveri R, Nyquist AC, Sporer A, Varman M, Vivekanandan R, Wojcik R, Jandhyala R. The association between influenza vaccine effectiveness and egg-based manufacturing technology: literature review and US expert consensus. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:335-343. [PMID: 38054898 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2284386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is associated with significant disease burden in the US and is currently best controlled by vaccination programs. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is low and may be reduced by several factors, including egg adaptations. Although non-egg-based influenza vaccines reportedly have greater VE in egg-adapted seasons, evidence for egg adaptations' reduction of VE is indirect and dissociated, apart from two previous European consensuses. METHODS This study replicated the methodology used in a 2020 literature review and European consensus, providing an updated review and consensus opinion of 10 US experts on the evidence for a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based manufacturing methods. A mechanistic basis was assumed if sufficient evidence was found for underlying principles proposed to give rise to such an effect. Evidence for each principle was brought forward from the 2020 review and identified here by structured literature review and expert panel. Experts rated the strength of support for each principle and a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture in a consensus method (consensus for strong/very strong evidence = ≥ 3.5 on 5-point Likert scale). RESULTS Experts assessed 251 references (from previous study: 185; this study: 66). The majority of references for all underlying principles were rated as strong or very strong supporting evidence (52-86%). Global surveillance, WHO candidate vaccine virus selection, and manufacturing stages involving eggs were identified as most likely to impact influenza VE. CONCLUSION After review of extensive evidence for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture, influenza experts in the US joined those in Europe in unanimous agreement for a mechanistic basis for the effect. Vaccine providers and administrators should consider use of non-egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture to reduce the risk of egg adaptations and likely impact on VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Chatterjee
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Jhaveri
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravi Jandhyala
- Medialis Ltd, Milton Keynes, UK
- King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Asatryan MN, Timofeev BI, Shmyr IS, Khachatryan KR, Shcherbinin DN, Timofeeva TA, Gerasimuk ER, Agasaryan VG, Ershov IF, Shashkova TI, Kardymon OL, Ivanisenko NV, Semenenko TA, Naroditsky BS, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. [Mathematical model for assessing the level of cross-immunity between strains of influenza virus subtype H 3N 2]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:252-264. [PMID: 37436416 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The WHO regularly updates influenza vaccine recommendations to maximize their match with circulating strains. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the influenza A vaccine, specifically its H3N2 component, has been low for several seasons. The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model of cross-immunity based on the array of published WHO hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a mathematical model was proposed, based on finding, using regression analysis, the dependence of HAI titers on substitutions in antigenic sites of sequences. The computer program we developed can process data (GISAID, NCBI, etc.) and create real-time databases according to the set tasks. RESULTS Based on our research, an additional antigenic site F was identified. The difference in 1.6 times the adjusted R2, on subsets of viruses grown in cell culture and grown in chicken embryos, demonstrates the validity of our decision to divide the original data array by passage histories. We have introduced the concept of a degree of homology between two arbitrary strains, which takes the value of a function depending on the Hamming distance, and it has been shown that the regression results significantly depend on the choice of function. The provided analysis showed that the most significant antigenic sites are A, B, and E. The obtained results on predicted HAI titers showed a good enough result, comparable to similar work by our colleagues. CONCLUSION The proposed method could serve as a useful tool for future forecasts, with further study to confirm its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Asatryan
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - B I Timofeev
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - I S Shmyr
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - D N Shcherbinin
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - T A Timofeeva
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - V G Agasaryan
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - I F Ershov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | | | | | - T A Semenenko
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - B S Naroditsky
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - D Y Logunov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A L Gintsburg
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
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6
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Badten A, Ramirez A, Hernandez-Davies JE, Albin TJ, Jain A, Nakajima R, Felgner J, Davies DH, Wang SW. Protein Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Recombinant Influenza Hemagglutinin Enhances Immunogenicity and Breadth of the Antibody Response. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:239-252. [PMID: 36607269 PMCID: PMC9926493 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of seasonal influenza vaccines administered each year are derived from virus propagated in eggs using technology that has changed little since the 1930s. The immunogenicity, durability, and breadth of response would likely benefit from a recombinant nanoparticle-based approach. Although the E2 protein nanoparticle (NP) platform has been previously shown to promote effective cell-mediated responses to peptide epitopes, it has not yet been reported to deliver whole protein antigens. In this study, we synthesized a novel maleimido tris-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) linker to couple protein hemagglutinin (HA) from H1N1 influenza virus to the E2 NP, and we evaluated the HA-specific antibody responses using protein microarrays. We found that recombinant H1 protein alone is immunogenic in mice but requires two boosts for IgG to be detected and is strongly IgG1 (Th2) polarized. When conjugated to E2 NPs, IgG2c is produced leading to a more balanced Th1/Th2 response. Inclusion of the Toll-like receptor 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) significantly enhances the immunogenicity of H1-E2 NPs while retaining the Th1/Th2 balance. Interestingly, broader homo- and heterosubtypic cross-reactivity is also observed for conjugated H1-E2 with MPLA, compared to unconjugated H1 with or without MPLA. These results highlight the potential of an NP-based delivery of HA for tuning the immunogenicity, breadth, and Th1/Th2 balance generated by recombinant HA-based vaccination. Furthermore, the modularity of this protein-protein conjugation strategy may have utility for future vaccine development against other human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Badten
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron Ramirez
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Szu-Wen Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vaccine Research and Development
Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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7
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Serial Passaging of Seasonal H3N2 Influenza A/Singapore/G2-31.1/2014 Virus in MDCK-SIAT1 Cells and Primary Chick Embryo Cells Generates HA D457G Mutation and Other Variants in HA, NA, PB1, PB1-F2, and NS1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012408. [PMID: 36293269 PMCID: PMC9604028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the most prevalent viruses circulating amongst humans and has resulted in several pandemics. The prevention and control of H3N2 influenza is complicated by its propensity for evolution, which leads to vaccine mismatch and reduced vaccine efficacies. This study employed the strategy of serial passaging to compare the evolution of the human seasonal influenza strain A/Singapore/G2-31.1/2014(H3N2) in MDCK-SIAT1 versus primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. Genetic analysis of the HA, NS1, NA, and PB1 gene segments by Sanger sequencing revealed the presence of specific mutations and a repertoire of viral quasispecies following serial passaging. Most quasispecies were also found in PB1, which exhibited consistently high transversion-to-transition ratios in all five MDCK-SIAT1 passages. Most notably, passage 5 virus harbored the D457G substitution in the HA2 subunit, while passage 3 virus acquired K53Q and Q69H mutations in PB1-F2. An A971 variant leading to a non-synonymous R316Q substitution in PB1 was also identified in MDCK-SIAT1 passages 2 and 4. With an increasing number of passages, the proportion of D457G mutations progressively increased and was associated with larger virus plaque sizes. However, microneutralization assays revealed no significant differences in the neutralizing antibody profiles of human-influenza-immune serum samples against pre-passaged virus and passage 5 virus. In contrast, viable virus was only detected in passage 1 of CEF cells, which gave rise to multiple viral RNA quasispecies. Our findings highlight that serial passaging is able to drive differential adaptation of H3N2 influenza in different host species and may alter viral virulence. More studies are warranted to elucidate the complex relationships between H3N2 virus evolution, viral virulence changes, and low vaccine efficacy.
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8
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Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E. The baculovirus expression vector system: a modern technology for the future of influenza vaccine manufacturing. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1233-1242. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2085565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
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9
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Kang M, Zanin M, Wong SS. Subtype H3N2 Influenza A Viruses: An Unmet Challenge in the Western Pacific. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010112. [PMID: 35062773 PMCID: PMC8778411 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtype H3N2 influenza A viruses (A(H3N2)) have been the dominant strain in some countries in the Western Pacific region since the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza; however, low vaccine effectiveness has been reported in some influenza seasons, especially for A(H3N2). Antigenic mismatch introduced by egg-adaptation during vaccine production between the vaccine and circulating viral stains is one of the reasons for low vaccine effectiveness. Here we review the extent of this phenomenon, the underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss recent strategies to ameliorate this, including new vaccine platforms that may provide better protection and should be considered to reduce the impact of A(H3N2) in the Western Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 511436, China;
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases and National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou 511436, China;
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-178-2584-6078
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10
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Peck H, Laurie KL, Rockman S, Leung V, Lau H, Soppe S, Rynehart C, Baas C, Trusheim H, Barr IG. Enhanced isolation of influenza viruses in qualified cells improves the probability of well-matched vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:149. [PMID: 34887440 PMCID: PMC8660794 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are utilised to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. The key to influenza vaccination currently is the availability of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). Ideally, CVVs reflect the antigenic characteristics of the circulating virus, which may vary depending upon the isolation method. For traditional inactivated egg-based vaccines, CVVs are isolated in embryonated chicken eggs, while for cell-culture production, CVV's are isolated in either embryonated eggs or qualified cell lines. We compared isolation rates, growth characteristics, genetic stability and antigenicity of cell and egg CVV's derived from the same influenza-positive human clinical respiratory samples collected from 2008-2020. Influenza virus isolation rates in MDCK33016PF cells were twice that of eggs and mutations in the HA protein were common in egg CVVs but rare in cell CVVs. These results indicate that fully cell-based influenza vaccines will improve the choice, match and potentially the effectiveness, of seasonal influenza vaccines compared to egg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Peck
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | | | - Steve Rockman
- Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivian Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hilda Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sally Soppe
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cleve Rynehart
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Cell-Adapted Mutations and Antigenic Diversity of Influenza B Viruses in Missouri, 2019-2020 Season. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101896. [PMID: 34696325 PMCID: PMC8538563 DOI: 10.3390/v13101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) are causing an increasing burden of morbidity and mortality, yet the prevalence of culture-adapted mutations in human seasonal IBVs are unclear. We collected 368 clinical samples from patients with influenza-like illness in Missouri during the 2019–2020 influenza season and recovered 146 influenza isolates including 38 IBV isolates. Of MDCK-CCL34, MDCK-Siat1, and humanized MDCK (hCK), hCK showed the highest virus recovery efficiency. All Missourian IBVs belonged to the Victoria V1A.3 lineage, all of which contained a three-amino acid deletion on the HA protein and were antigenically distant from the Victoria lineage IBV vaccine strain used during that season. By comparing genomic sequences of these IBVs in 31 paired samples, eight cell-adapted nonsynonymous mutations were identified, with the majority in the RNA polymerase. Analyses of IBV clinical sample–isolate pairs from public databases further showed that cell- and egg-adapted mutations occurred more widely in viral proteins, including the receptor and antibody binding sites on HA. Our study suggests that hCK is an effective platform for IBV isolation and that culture-adapted mutations may occur during IBV isolation. As culture-adapted mutations may affect subsequent virus studies and vaccine development, the knowledge from this study may help optimize strategies for influenza surveillance, vaccine strain selection, and vaccine development.
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12
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Genetic Characteristics of Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Wild Birds in South Korea, 2019-2020. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030381. [PMID: 33673635 PMCID: PMC7997295 DOI: 10.3390/v13030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds, a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), transmit AIVs to poultry farms, causing huge economic losses. Therefore, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of AIVs isolated from wild birds in South Korea from October 2019 to March 2020 were investigated and analyzed. Fresh avian fecal samples (3256) were collected by active monitoring of 11 wild bird habitats. Twenty-eight AIVs were isolated. Seven HA and eight NA subtypes were identified. All AIV hosts were Anseriformes species. The HA cleavage site of 20 representative AIVs was encoded by non-multi-basic amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight segment genes of the AIVs showed that most genes clustered within the Eurasian lineage. However, the HA gene of H10 viruses and NS gene of four viruses clustered within the American lineage, indicating intercontinental reassortment of AIVs. Representative viruses likely to infect mammals were selected and evaluated for pathogenicity in mice. JB21-58 (H5N3), JB42-93 (H9N2), and JB32-81 (H11N2) were isolated from the lungs, but JB31-69 (H11N9) was not isolated from the lungs until the end of the experiment at 14 dpi. None of infected mice showed clinical sign and histopathological change in the lung. In addition, viral antigens were not detected in lungs of all mice at 14 dpi. These data suggest that LPAIVs derived from wild birds are unlikely to be transmitted to mammals. However, because LPAIVs can reportedly infect mammals, including humans, continuous surveillance and monitoring of AIVs are necessary, despite their low pathogenicity.
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Rockman S, Laurie KL, Parkes S, Wheatley A, Barr IG. New Technologies for Influenza Vaccines. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111745. [PMID: 33172191 PMCID: PMC7694987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development has been hampered by the long lead times and the high cost required to reach the market. The 2020 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in late 2019, has seen unprecedented rapid activity to generate a vaccine, which belies the traditional vaccine development cycle. Critically, much of this progress has been leveraged off existing technologies, many of which had their beginnings in influenza vaccine development. This commentary outlines the most promising of the next generation of non-egg-based influenza vaccines including new manufacturing platforms, structure-based antigen design/computational biology, protein-based vaccines including recombinant technologies, nanoparticles, gene- and vector-based technologies, as well as an update on activities around a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Rockman
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Karen L. Laurie
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Parkes
- Technical Development, Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Adam Wheatley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
| | - Ian G. Barr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; (A.W.); (I.G.B.)
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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