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Rowe T, Davis W, Wentworth DE, Ross T. Differential interferon responses to influenza A and B viruses in primary ferret respiratory epithelial cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0149423. [PMID: 38294251 PMCID: PMC10878268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cocirculate with influenza A viruses (IAV) and cause periodic epidemics of disease, yet antibody and cellular responses following IBV infection are less well understood. Using the ferret model for antisera generation for influenza surveillance purposes, IAV resulted in robust antibody responses following infection, whereas IBV required an additional booster dose, over 85% of the time, to generate equivalent antibody titers. In this study, we utilized primary differentiated ferret nasal epithelial cells (FNECs) which were inoculated with IAV and IBV to study differences in innate immune responses which may result in differences in adaptive immune responses in the host. FNECs were inoculated with IAV (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 subtypes) or IBV (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages) and assessed for 72 h. Cells were analyzed for gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and apical and basolateral supernatants were assessed for virus kinetics and interferon (IFN), respectively. Similar virus kinetics were observed with IAV and IBV in FNECs. A comparison of gene expression and protein secretion profiles demonstrated that IBV-inoculated FNEC expressed delayed type-I/II IFN responses and reduced type-III IFN secretion compared to IAV-inoculated cells. Concurrently, gene expression of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP), a type-III IFN-induced gene that enhances adaptive immune responses, was significantly downregulated in IBV-inoculated FNECs. Significant differences in other proinflammatory and adaptive genes were suppressed and delayed following IBV inoculation. Following IBV infection, ex vivo cell cultures derived from the ferret upper respiratory tract exhibited reduced and delayed innate responses which may contribute to reduced antibody responses in vivo.IMPORTANCEInfluenza B viruses (IBV) represent nearly one-quarter of all human influenza cases and are responsible for significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts but do not pose the same pandemic risks as influenza A viruses (IAV) and have thus received much less attention. IBV accounts for greater severity and deaths in children, and vaccine efficacy remains low. The ferret can be readily infected with human clinical isolates and demonstrates a similar course of disease and immune responses. IBV, however, generates lower antibodies in ferrets than IAV following the challenge. To determine whether differences in initial innate responses following infection may affect the development of robust adaptive immune responses, ferret respiratory tract cells were isolated, infected with IAV/IBV, and compared. Understanding the differences in the initial innate immune responses to IAV and IBV may be important in the development of more effective vaccines and interventions to generate more robust protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - William Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Fratty IS, Jurkowicz M, Zuckerman N, Nemet I, Atari N, Kliker L, Gur-Arie L, Rosenberg A, Glatman-Freedman A, Lustig Y, Mandelboim M. Influenza vaccine compatibility among hospitalized patients during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1296179. [PMID: 38322758 PMCID: PMC10844098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1296179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Following the significant decrease in SARS-CoV-2 cases worldwide, Israel, as well as other countries, have again been faced with a rise in seasonal influenza. This study compared circulating influenza A and B in hospitalized patients in Israel with the influenza strains in the vaccine following the 2021-2022 winter season which was dominated by the omicron variant. Methods Nasopharyngeal samples of 16,325 patients were examined for the detection of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B. Phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin were then prepared using sanger sequencing. Vaccine immunogenicity was also performed using the hemagglutination inhibition test. Results Of the 16,325 nasopharyngeal samples collected from hospitalized patients between September 2021 (Week 40) and April 2023 (Week 15), 7.5% were found to be positive for influenza. Phylogenetic analyses show that in the 2021-2022 winter season, the leading virus subtype was influenza A(H3N2), belonging to clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2. However, the following winter season was dominated by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, which belongs to clade 6B.aA.5a.2. The circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain showed a shift from the vaccine strain, while the co-circulating influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B strains were similar to those of the vaccine. Antigenic analysis coincided with the sequence analysis. Discussion Influenza prevalence during 2022-2023 returned to typical levels as seen prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, which may suggest a gradual viral adaptation to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Domination of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was observed uniquely in Israel compared to Europe and USA and phylogenetic and antigenic analysis showed lower recognition of the vaccine with the circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Israel compared to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana S. Fratty
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Menucha Jurkowicz
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ital Nemet
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nofar Atari
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Limor Kliker
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Lea Gur-Arie
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Alina Rosenberg
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aharona Glatman-Freedman
- The Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Vega-Rodriguez W, Ly H. Epidemiological, serological, and genetic evidence of influenza D virus infection in humans: Is it a justifiable cause for concern? Virulence 2023; 14:2150443. [PMID: 36411274 PMCID: PMC9817117 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA,CONTACT Hinh Ly
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Zhou X, Lin Z, Tu J, Zhu C, Li H. Persistent predominance of the Victoria lineage of influenza B virus during COVID-19 epidemic in Nanchang, China. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13226. [PMID: 38090226 PMCID: PMC10710951 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The sentinel hospital-based influenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance network was established in China since the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. This network plays important roles in monitoring influenza virus variation and identifying novel respiratory pathogens. In this study, we characterized the pathogen spectrum pattern (PSP) of ILI based on three sentinel hospitals and analyzed the significant change of PSP during the COVID-19 epidemic. The notable change of influenza virus spectrum was observed since the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak, and we found persistent domination of Victoria lineage of influenza B virus and "extinction" of A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B/Yamagata during the dynamic Zero-COVID-19 pandemic in Nanchang, China. However, these strains intermittently co-circulated before the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Jiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and PreventionNanchangChina
| | - Ziqi Lin
- Jiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Junling Tu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and PreventionNanchangChina
| | | | - Hui Li
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and PreventionNanchangChina
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Schmidt K, Ben Moussa M, Buckrell S, Rahal A, Chestley T, Bastien N, Lee L. National Influenza Annual Report, Canada, 2022-2023: Canada's first fall epidemic since the 2019-2020 season. Can Commun Dis Rep 2023; 49:413-424. [PMID: 38476926 PMCID: PMC10927280 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v49i10a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Coinciding with the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in March 2020, Canadian seasonal influenza circulation was suppressed, which was a trend reported globally. Canada saw a brief and delayed return of community influenza circulation during the spring of the 2021-2022 influenza season. Surveillance for Canada's 2022-2023 seasonal influenza epidemic began in epidemiological week 35 (week starting August 28, 2022) and ended in epidemiological week 34 (week ending August 26, 2023). The 2022-2023 season marked the return to pre-pandemic-like influenza circulation. The epidemic began in epidemiological week 43 (week ending October 29, 2022) and lasted 10 weeks. Driven by influenza A(H3N2), the epidemic was relatively early, extraordinary in intensity, and short in length. This season, a total of 74,344 laboratory-confirmed influenza detections were reported out of 1,188,962 total laboratory tests. A total of 93% of detections were influenza A (n=68,923). Influenza A(H3N2) accounted for 89% of the subtyped specimens (n=17,638/19,876). Late-season, Canada saw community circulation of influenza B for the first time since the 2019-2020 season. The 2022-2023 influenza season in Canada had an extraordinary impact on children and youth; nearly half (n=6,194/13,729, 45%) of reported influenza A(H3N2) detections were in the paediatric (younger than 19 years) population. Weekly paediatric influenza-associated hospital admissions were persistently above historical peak levels for several weeks. The total number of influenza-associated paediatric hospitalizations (n=1,792) far exceeded historical averages (n=1,091). With the return of seasonal influenza circulation and endemic co-circulation of multiple high burden respiratory viruses, sustained vigilance is warranted. Annual seasonal influenza vaccination is a key public health intervention available to protect Canadians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Schmidt
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Myriam Ben Moussa
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Steven Buckrell
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Abbas Rahal
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Taeyo Chestley
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB
| | - Liza Lee
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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Myers ML, Gallagher JR, Woolfork DD, Stradtmann-Carvalho RK, Maldonado-Puga S, Bock KW, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Syeda H, Creanga A, Alves DA, Kanekiyo M, Harris AK. Corrigendum: Impact of adjuvant: trivalent vaccine with quadrivalent-like protection against heterologous Yamagata-lineage influenza B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283355. [PMID: 37771593 PMCID: PMC10523569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002286.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L. Myers
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John R. Gallagher
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - De’Marcus D. Woolfork
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Regan K. Stradtmann-Carvalho
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Maldonado-Puga
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adrian Creanga
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Derron A. Alves
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Audray K. Harris
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Alotaibi BS, Tantry BA, Bandy A, Ahmad R, Khursheed SQ, Ahmad A, Hakami MA, Shah NN. Simultaneous Detection of Influenza A/B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharyngeal Swabs by One-Tube Multiplex Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:326. [PMID: 37368744 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment and outcome of respiratory virus infections differ. SARS-CoV-2, as well as other respiratory viruses such as influenza virus (A and B) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), require simultaneous, cost-effective, and rapid differential detection. We used a gold standard five-target single-step RT-PCR to detect influenza viruses, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, and this method can be extended to detect influenza virus subtypes. As a result, this five-target single-step RT-PCR method is ideal for differentiating respiratory viruses. The 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase is used in the real-time reverse transcription PCR assay. The Taq man fast viral 1-step enzyme is a 4× Master mix and five-target primer probe mix that detects influenza A, influenza B, SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab, respiratory syncytial viruses A/B and actin. When compared with TaqMan TM and Invitrogen superscript TM III Platinum and the Meril Kit for SARS-CoV-2, the assay demonstrated 100% sensitivity, specificity, and amplification efficiency of 90.1% for target genes. In conclusion, our one-tube multiplex RT-PCR assay offers a rapid and reliable method for the simultaneous detection of influenza A/B, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. This assay has the potential to enhance diagnostic capabilities and improve public health responses during respiratory outbreaks, enabling timely interventions and informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader S Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bilal Ahmad Tantry
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India
| | - Altaf Bandy
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reyaz Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190010, India
| | | | - Arshid Ahmad
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190001, India
| | - Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 19257, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naveed Nazir Shah
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar 190001, India
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Takata M, Nakamoto M, Kitaura T, Okada K, Tsuneki-Tokunaga A, Yamasaki A, Kageyama S, Burioka N, Chikumi H. Rapid Multiplex RT-PCR for Influenza A and B by Genesoc ®, a Microfluidic PCR System. Yonago Acta Med 2023; 66:223-231. [PMID: 37229367 PMCID: PMC10203650 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Rapid antigen tests are widely used to diagnose influenza. However, despite their simplicity and short turnover time, the sensitivity of these tests is relatively low, and molecular tests with greater sensitivity are being sought. In this study, we developed and clinically evaluated a protocol for the rapid multiplex testing of influenza A and B, using a rapid real-time PCR system, GeneSoC®, that is based on microfluidic thermal cycling technology. Methods The specificity of the developed assay was validated using cultured viral strains of influenza A/B, human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Analytical sensitivity was evaluated using serially diluted RNA synthesized via in vitro transcription and nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from consecutive patients seeking medical attention for a combination of upper respiratory and general symptoms. Cross-validation of GeneSoC® based on comparisons with conventional real-time RT-PCR and rapid antigen tests was performed by parallel testing of influenza-positive clinical specimens. Results The GeneSoC® assay detected the target sequences of influenza A and B at minimum concentrations of 38 and 65 copies/µL in reaction, respectively. For the analysis of clinical specimens, the positive, negative, and overall agreement between GeneSoC® RT-PCR and a conventional real-time RT-PCR was in all cases 100%, whereas for the comparison between GeneSoC® RT-PCR and the rapid antigen test, the agreements for positive, negative, and overall findings were 100%, 90.9%, and 95.7%, respectively. The mean time for completing GeneSoC® RT-PCR was 16 min 29 s (95% confidence interval, 16 min 18 s to 16 min 39 s). Conclusion The microfluidic real-time PCR system, GeneSoC®, has an analytical performance comparable to that of conventional real-time RT-PCR with rapid turnover time, and represents a promising alternative to rapid antigen tests for diagnosing influenza A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Takata
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Science, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kitaura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kensaku Okada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akeno Tsuneki-Tokunaga
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Yamasaki
- Division of Respiratory medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Seiji Kageyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Naoto Burioka
- Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Science, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Chikumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori university, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Saim-Mamoun A, Carbonneau J, Rhéaume C, Abed Y, Boivin G. Viral Fitness of Baloxavir-Resistant Recombinant Influenza B/Victoria- and B/Yamagata-like Viruses Harboring the I38T PA Change, In Vitro, Ex Vivo and in Guinea Pigs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1095. [PMID: 37317069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza A and B viruses may cause severe infections requiring therapeutic interventions. Baloxavir, the latest antiviral drug approved against those infections, targets the endonuclease activity encoded by the polymerase acidic (PA) protein. While appearing effective at cessation of viral shedding, baloxavir demonstrated a low barrier of resistance. Herein, we aimed to assess the impact of PA-I38T substitution, a major marker of baloxavir-resistance, on the fitness of contemporary influenza B viruses. Recombinant wild-type (WT) influenza B/Phuket/2073/13 (B/Yamagata/16/88-like) and B/Washington/02/19 (B/Victoria/2/87-like) viruses and their respective PA-I38T mutants were used to evaluate replication kinetics in vitro, using A549 and Calu3 cells, and ex vivo, using nasal human airway epithelium (HAE) cells. Infectivity was also assessed in guinea pigs. In the B/Washington/02/19 background, there were no major differences between the recombinant WT virus and its I38T mutant when viral replication kinetics were evaluated in human lung cell lines and HAE as well as in nasal washes of experimentally infected guinea pigs. By contrast, the I38T mutation moderately impacted the B/Phuket/2073/13 viral fitness. In conclusion, contemporary influenza B viruses that may acquire baloxavir-resistance through the PA-I38T substitution could retain a significant level of fitness, highlighting the importance of monitoring the emergence of such variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Saim-Mamoun
- Research Center, Infectious Diseases of the CHU de Québec-CHUL, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Research Center, Infectious Diseases of the CHU de Québec-CHUL, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Research Center, Infectious Diseases of the CHU de Québec-CHUL, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yacine Abed
- Research Center, Infectious Diseases of the CHU de Québec-CHUL, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center, Infectious Diseases of the CHU de Québec-CHUL, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Jee H, Park S, Lee J, Lim CS, Jang WS. Comparative Clinical Evaluation of a Novel FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex LAMP and Commercial FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2/RSV RT-qPCR Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081432. [PMID: 37189533 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza and coronaviruses cause highly contagious respiratory diseases that cause millions of deaths worldwide. Public health measures implemented during the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have gradually reduced influenza circulation worldwide. As COVID-19 measures have relaxed, it is necessary to monitor and control seasonal influenza during this COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic methods for influenza and COVID-19 is of paramount importance because both diseases have significant public health and economic impacts. To address this, we developed a multi-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) kit capable of simultaneously detecting influenza A/B and SARS-CoV-2. The kit was optimized by testing various ratios of primer sets for influenza A/B (FluA/FluB) and SARS-CoV-2 and internal control (IC). The FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2 multiplex LAMP assay showed 100% specificity for uninfected clinical samples and sensitivities of 90.6%, 86.89%, and 98.96% for LAMP kits against influenza A, influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2 clinical samples, respectively. Finally, the attribute agreement analysis for clinical tests indicated substantial agreement between the multiplex FluA/FluB/SARS-CoV-2/IC LAMP and commercial AllplexTM SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseul Jee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
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11
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Dinç HÖ, Karabulut N, Alaçam S, Uysal HK, Daşdemir FO, Önel M, Tuyji Tok Y, Sirekbasan S, Agacfidan A, Gareayaghi N, Çakan H, Eryiğit ÖY, Kocazeybek B. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of a SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B Combo Rapid Antigen Test in Respiratory Samples. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13. [PMID: 36900116 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the performance characteristics of a rapid antigen test developed to detect SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), influenza A virus (IAV), and influenza B virus (IBV) (flu) compared with those of the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) method. One hundred SARS-CoV-2, one hundred IAV, and twenty-four IBV patients whose diagnoses were confirmed by clinical and laboratory methods were included in the patient group. Seventy-six patients, who were negative for all respiratory tract viruses, were included as the control group. The Panbio™ COVID-19/Flu A&B Rapid Panel test kit was used in the assays. The sensitivity values of the kit were 97.5%, 97.9%, and 33.33% for SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and IBV, respectively, in samples with a viral load below 20 Ct values. The sensitivity values of the kit were 16.7%, 36.5%, and 11.11% for SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and IBV, respectively, in samples with a viral load above 20 Ct. The kit's specificity was 100%. In conclusion, this kit demonstrated high sensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 and IAV for viral loads below 20 Ct values, but the sensitivity values were not compatible with PCR positivity for lower viral loads over 20 Ct values. Rapid antigen tests may be preferred as a routine screening tool in communal environments, especially in symptomatic individuals, when diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, IAV, and IBV with high caution.
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12
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Widyasari K, Kim S, Kim S, Lim CS. Performance Evaluation of STANDARD Q COVID/FLU Ag Combo for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13. [PMID: 36611324 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of the STANDARD Q COVID/FLU Ag Combo test (Q Ag combo test) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B using a single point-of-care device compared with real-time PCR. A total of 408 individuals, 55 positives with SARS-CoV-2, 90 with influenza A, 68 with influenza B, and 195 negatives for all viruses, participated. The Q Ag combo test demonstrated a high level of sensitivity of 92.73% and a specificity of 99.49% for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. When the number of days from symptom onset (DSO) was restricted to 0 < DSO ≤ 6, the sensitivity of the Q Ag combo test to detect SARS-CoV-2 was 100%, and when the Ct value of RdRp was ≤20, the sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV-2 was 93.10%. The Q Ag combo test results also demonstrated a sensitivity of 92.22% and a specificity of 100% for influenza A, a sensitivity of 91.18%, and a specificity of 99.49% for influenza B. The agreement analysis of the Q Ag combo test with the RT-PCR results demonstrated excellent outcomes, making it useful and efficient for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B.
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13
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Myers ML, Gallagher JR, Woolfork DD, Stradtmann-Carvalho RK, Maldonado-Puga S, Bock KW, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Syeda H, Creanga A, Alves DA, Kanekiyo M, Harris AK. Impact of adjuvant: Trivalent vaccine with quadrivalent-like protection against heterologous Yamagata-lineage influenza B virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1002286. [PMID: 36248851 PMCID: PMC9561127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As new vaccine technologies and platforms, such as nanoparticles and novel adjuvants, are developed to aid in the establishment of a universal influenza vaccine, studying traditional influenza split/subunit vaccines should not be overlooked. Commercially available vaccines are typically studied in terms of influenza A H1 and H3 viruses but influenza B viruses need to be examined as well. Thus, there is a need to both understand the limitations of split/subunit vaccines and develop strategies to overcome those limitations, particularly their ability to elicit cross-reactive antibodies to the co-circulating Victoria (B-V) and Yamagata (B-Y) lineages of human influenza B viruses. In this study, we compared three commercial influenza hemagglutinin (HA) split/subunit vaccines, one quadrivalent (H1, H3, B-V, B-Y HAs) and two trivalent (H1, H3, B-V HAs), to characterize potential differences in their antibody responses and protection against a B-Y challenge. We found that the trivalent adjuvanted vaccine Fluad, formulated without B-Y HA, was able to produce antibodies to B-Y (cross-lineage) on a similar level to those elicited from a quadrivalent vaccine (Flucelvax) containing both B-V and B-Y HAs. Interestingly, Fluad protected mice from a lethal cross-lineage B-Y viral challenge, while another trivalent vaccine, Fluzone HD, failed to elicit antibodies or full protection following challenge. Fluad immunization also diminished viral burden in the lungs compared to Fluzone and saline groups. The success of a trivalent vaccine to provide protection from a cross-lineage influenza B challenge, similar to a quadrivalent vaccine, suggests that further analysis of different split/subunit vaccine formulations could identify mechanisms for vaccines to target antigenically different viruses. Understanding how to increase the breadth of the immune response following immunization will be needed for universal influenza vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Myers
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John R Gallagher
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - De'Marcus D Woolfork
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Regan K Stradtmann-Carvalho
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samantha Maldonado-Puga
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hubza Syeda
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adrian Creanga
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Derron A Alves
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Audray K Harris
- Structural Informatics Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Tsybalova LM, Stepanova LA, Ramsay ES, Vasin AV. Influenza B: Prospects for the Development of Cross-Protective Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061323. [PMID: 35746794 PMCID: PMC9228933 DOI: 10.3390/v14061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the epidemiological and ecological features of influenza B, one of the most common and severe respiratory infections. The review presents various strategies for cross-protective influenza B vaccine development, including recombinant viruses, virus-like particles, and recombinant proteins. We provide an overview of viral proteins as cross-protective vaccine targets, along with other updated broadly protective vaccine strategies. The importance of developing such vaccines lies not only in influenza B prevention, but also in the very attractive prospect of eradicating the influenza B virus in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila M. Tsybalova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Liudmila A. Stepanova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Edward S. Ramsay
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
| | - Andrey V. Vasin
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Prof. Popova Str., 15/17, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (L.A.S.); (E.S.R.); or (A.V.V.)
- Research Institute of Influenza named after A.A. Smorodintsev, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Touré CT, Fall A, Andriamandimby SF, Jallow MM, Goudiaby D, Kiori D, Sy S, Diaw Y, Ndiaye KN, Mbaye F, Niang MN, Heraud JM, Dia N. Epidemiology and Molecular Analyses of Influenza B Viruses in Senegal from 2010 to 2019. Viruses 2022; 14:1063. [PMID: 35632804 DOI: 10.3390/v14051063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus types A and B are responsible for acute viral infections that affect annually 1 billion people, with 290,000 to 650,000 deaths worldwide. In this study, we investigated the circulation of influenza B viruses over a 10-year period (2010–2019). Specimens from patients suspected of influenza infection were collected. Influenza detection was performed following RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. Genes coding for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B viruses were partially sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out subsequently. During the study period, we received and tested a total of 15,156 specimens. Influenza B virus was detected in 1322 (8.7%) specimens. The mean age of influenza B positive patients was 10.9 years. When compared to reference viruses, HA genes from Senegalese circulating viruses showed deletions in the HA1 region. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted the co-circulation of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses with reassortant viruses. We also noted a clear seasonal pattern of circulation of influenza B viruses in Senegal.
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16
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Öztürk B, Göktuğ A, Bodur İ, Yaradılmış RM, Güneylioğlu MM, Güngör A, Tekeli A, Akca Çağlar A, Karacan CD, Tuygun N. Benign acute childhood myositis: Factors associated with muscle symptoms and resolution. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15273. [PMID: 36321340 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is associated with several viral infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the progression of myositis symptoms, laboratory findings and oseltamivir treatment in children with influenza- and non-influenza-associated BACM. METHODS Patients aged 0-18 years old, admitted to the pediatric emergency department in the seasonal influenza period between 2018 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with acute onset calf tenderness, pain, difficulty in walking and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase were included and were grouped according to influenza rapid test kit results as influenza (A and B) positive, and influenza negative. The time to symptom resolution, laboratory data and the oseltamivir treatment were compared between the groups. RESULTS There were 94 patients (67 male, 27 female) with a mean age of 77 ± 22 months. Influenza A was detected in 21, influenza B in 27, and neither were detected in 46 patients. Time to symptom resolution of BACM was shorter in the influenza-positive patients than in influenza-negative patients (2.9 ± 1.4 days and 3.5 ± 1.5 days, respectively, P = 0.027). Oseltamivir did not reduce the symptom resolution time in influenza patients. All children had normal hemoglobin and platelet counts, elevated creatine phosphokinase and 76% of them had leukopenia. Neither clinical recurrence nor metabolic disease were reported. CONCLUSION Symptoms of BACM tended to resolve slightly earlier in influenza-positive patients and the duration of symptoms was not affected by oseltamivir treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Öztürk
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytaç Göktuğ
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İlknur Bodur
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Raziye Merve Yaradılmış
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Mustafa Güneylioğlu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Güngör
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysun Tekeli
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training And Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayla Akca Çağlar
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Demir Karacan
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Dr Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilden Tuygun
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Care, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Larsen SAH, Kyhl K, Baig S, Petersen A, Av Steinum MR, Clemmensen S, Jensen E, Á Steig T, Gaini S. Life-Threatening Necrotizing Pneumonia with Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Producing, Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Male Co-Infected with Influenza B. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 14:12-9. [PMID: 35076575 DOI: 10.3390/idr14010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy male was rushed into a hospital critically ill with confusion, sepsis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome only 43 h after having a normal chest X-ray and with blood samples showing only minimally elevated C-reactive protein. Two days earlier, the patient had returned to his home country, the Faroe Islands, from a 10-day work trip aboard a Scandinavian ship in Colombia. The diagnosis turned out to be an influenza B infection and necrotizing pneumonia with Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-producing methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). It was influenza season in Colombia but not in the Faroe Islands. The frequency of MSSA with PVL-encoding genes among pediatric infection patients is very low in the Kingdom of Denmark and Faroe Islands and very high in Colombia, and the frequency generally varies highly by region. The patient in this case now suffers severe sequelae from the infection. With this case, we would like to remind clinicians of this rare but severe condition. PVL-producing S. aureus pneumonia should be considered in critically ill, previously healthy patients, especially during influenza season and if the patient has been traveling in countries with high frequencies of PVL-producing S. aureus.
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18
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Sánchez-de Prada L, Rojo-Rello S, Domínguez-Gil M, Tamayo-Gómez E, Ortiz de Lejarazu-Leonardo R, Eiros JM, Sanz-Muñoz I. Influenza B Lineages Have More in Common Than Meets the Eye. Trivalent Influenza Vaccines Trigger Heterotypic Antibodies Against Both Influenza B Viruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:737216. [PMID: 34858361 PMCID: PMC8632244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.737216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B is accountable for an important burden during flu epidemics, causing special impact in children and the elderly. Vaccination is the best approach to address influenza infections. However, one of the main problems of this virus is that two different lineages circulate together, Victoria and Yamagata; and trivalent vaccines, that only contain one of these lineages, are still in use. For that reason, if during an epidemic, the lineage not included in the vaccine predominates, a mismatch would occur, and the vaccine effectiveness will be very poor. In this work, we evaluated the cross-protection given by the trivalent Influenza vaccine and compared serological profiles based on age, sex, and the type of vaccine used. We performed a retrospective analysis of serum samples obtained before and after seasonal influenza vaccination during 20 seasons (1998–2018). The results showed that heterotypic reactivity between both influenza B lineages is common, but always lower than the homologous response. Age is a relevant factor for this cross-reactivity between both lineages, while the sex and the type of vaccine not. Vaccination with trivalent influenza vaccines elicits cross-reactive antibodies against both lineages, however, this response might not be enough to provide an appropriate serological protection in case of mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-de Prada
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rojo-Rello
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Gil
- National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo-Gómez
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - José María Eiros
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, Spain
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19
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Mir H, Haq I, Koul PA. Poor Vaccine Effectiveness against Influenza B-Related Severe Acute Respiratory Infection in a Temperate North Indian State (2019-2020): A Call for Further Data for Possible Vaccines with Closer Match. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1094. [PMID: 34696202 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza vaccine uptake in India is poor, and scant data exist regarding the effectiveness of influenza vaccine against hospitalization. Methods: From October 2019 to March 2020, vaccination status of 1219 patients (males n = 571, aged 5–107 years; median, 50 years) hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) was assessed. The patients were tested for influenza viruses and their subtypes by RT PCR. Sequencing of the HA gene was performed. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza subtypes was estimated by the test negative design. Results: A total of 336 (27.5%) patients were influenza-positive, with influenza B/Victoria accounting for 49.7% (n = 167), followed by influenza A/H1N1 (47.6%; n = 155) and influenza A/H3N2 (4.4%; n = 15). About 6.8% and 8.6% of the influenza-positive and influenza-negative patients, respectively, had been vaccinated. Adjusted VE for any influenza strain was 13% (95% CI −42 to 47), which for influenza B was 0%. HA sequencing revealed that influenza B samples mainly belonged to subclade V1A.3/133R with deletion of residues 163–165, as against the 2-aa deletion in influenza B/Colorado/06/2017 strain, contained in the vaccine. VE for influenza A/H1N1 was 55%. Conclusions: Poor VE due to a genetic mismatch between the circulating strain and the vaccine strain calls for efforts to reduce the mismatch.
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20
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Zapf AJ, Hardick J, McBryde B, Sauer LM, Fenstermacher KZJ, Ricketts EP, Lin YC, Chen KF, Hsieh YH, Dugas A, Shaw-Saliba K, Pekosz A, Gaydos CA, Rothman RE. Impact of coinfection status and comorbidity on disease severity in adult emergency department patients with influenza B. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:236-246. [PMID: 34533270 PMCID: PMC8818819 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza B accounts for approximately one fourth of the seasonal influenza burden. However, research on the importance of influenza B has received less attention compared to influenza A. We sought to describe the association of both coinfections and comorbidities with disease severity among adults presenting to emergency departments (ED) with influenza B. Methods Nasopharyngeal samples from patients found to be influenza B positive in four US and three Taiwanese ED over four consecutive influenza seasons (2014–2018) were tested for coinfections with the ePlex RP RUO panel. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to model adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for two severity outcomes separately: hospitalization and pneumonia diagnosis. Adjusting for demographic factors, underlying health conditions, and the National Early Warning Score (NEWS), we estimated the association of upper respiratory coinfections and comorbidity with disease severity (including hospitalization or pneumonia). Results Amongst all influenza B positive individuals (n = 446), presence of another upper respiratory pathogen was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization (aOR = 2.99 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.14–7.85, p = 0.026]) and pneumonia (aOR = 2.27 [95% CI: 1.25–4.09, p = 0.007]). Chronic lung diseases (CLD) were the strongest predictor for hospitalization (aOR = 3.43 [95% CI: 2.98–3.95, p < 0.001]), but not for pneumonia (aOR = 1.73 [95% CI: 0.80–3.78, p = 0.166]). Conclusion Amongst ED patients infected with influenza B, the presence of other upper respiratory pathogens was independently associated with both hospitalization and pneumonia; presence of CLD was also associated with hospitalization. These findings may be informative for ED clinician's in managing patients infected with influenza B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Zapf
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Breana McBryde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M Sauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Erin P Ricketts
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi-Chin Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Dugas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard E Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Hellferscee O, Treurnicht F, Gaelejwe L, Moerdyk A, Reubenson G, McMorrow M, Tempia S, McAnerney J, Walaza S, Wolter N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C. Detection of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with K162 and N163 deletions in the hemagglutinin gene, South Africa, 2018. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e367. [PMID: 34557595 PMCID: PMC8448392 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A group of Victoria lineage influenza B viruses with a two amino acid deletion in the hemagglutinin (HA) at residues K162 and N163, was detected during the 2016 to 2017 Northern Hemisphere influenza season and continues to spread geographically. We describe the first identification of viruses with these deletions from South Africa in 2018. METHODS Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from the syndromic surveillance programs. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for virus detection and lineage determination. Influenza genetic characterization was done using next-generation sequencing on the MiSeq platform. The duration of virus circulation was determined using thresholds calculated using the Moving Epidemic Method; duration was used as an indicator of disease transmissibility and impact. RESULTS In 2018, 42% (426/1015) of influenza-positive specimens were influenza B viruses. Of 426 influenza B-positive samples, 376 (88%) had the lineage determined of which 75% (283/376) were Victoria lineage. The transmissibility of the 2018 South African influenza season was high for a few weeks, although the severity remained moderate through most of the season. The sequenced 2018 South African Victoria lineage influenza B viruses clustered in sub-clade V1A.1 with the 162-163 deletions. CONCLUSIONS We report the first detection of the 162-163 deletion variant of influenza B/Victoria viruses from South Africa in 2018, and suggest that this deletion variant replaced the previous circulating influenza B/Victoria viruses. These deletions putatively affect the antigenic properties of the viruses because they border an immune-dominant region at the tip of the HA. Therefore, close monitoring of these newly emerging viruses is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orienka Hellferscee
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Lucinda Gaelejwe
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Alexandra Moerdyk
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gary Reubenson
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Influenza ProgramCenters for Disease Control and PreventionPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Influenza DivisionCenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Influenza ProgramCenters for Disease Control and PreventionPretoriaSouth Africa
- MassGenicsDuluthGeorgiaUSA
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Johanna McAnerney
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and MeningitisNational Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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22
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Covin S, Rutherford GW. Coinfection, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Influenza: An Evolving Puzzle. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e993-e994. [PMID: 33277660 PMCID: PMC7799236 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Covin
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - George W Rutherford
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Shu B, Kirby MK, Davis WG, Warnes C, Liddell J, Liu J, Wu KH, Hassell N, Benitez AJ, Wilson MM, Keller MW, Rambo-Martin BL, Camara Y, Winter J, Kondor RJ, Zhou B, Spies S, Rose LE, Winchell JM, Limbago BM, Wentworth DE, Barnes JR. Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1821-1830. [PMID: 34152951 PMCID: PMC8237866 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.210462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019, and the outbreak rapidly evolved into the current coronavirus disease pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus that causes symptoms similar to those caused by influenza A and B viruses. On July 2, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration granted emergency use authorization for in vitro diagnostic use of the Influenza SARS-CoV-2 Multiplex Assay. This assay detects influenza A virus at 102.0, influenza B virus at 102.2, and SARS-CoV-2 at 100.3 50% tissue culture or egg infectious dose, or as few as 5 RNA copies/reaction. The simultaneous detection and differentiation of these 3 major pathogens increases overall testing capacity, conserves resources, identifies co-infections, and enables efficient surveillance of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2.
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24
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Ferrara F, Del Rosario JMM, da Costa KAS, Kinsley R, Scott S, Fereidouni S, Thompson C, Kellam P, Gilbert S, Carnell G, Temperton N. Development of Lentiviral Vectors Pseudotyped With Influenza B Hemagglutinins: Application in Vaccine Immunogenicity, mAb Potency, and Sero-Surveillance Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661379. [PMID: 34108964 PMCID: PMC8182064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause respiratory disease epidemics in humans and are therefore components of seasonal influenza vaccines. Serological methods are employed to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity prior to licensure. However, classical methods to assess influenza vaccine immunogenicity such as the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and the serial radial hemolysis assay (SRH), have been proven to have many limitations. As such, there is a need to develop innovative methods that can improve on these traditional assays and provide advantages such as ease of production and access, safety, reproducibility, and specificity. It has been previously demonstrated that the use of replication-defective viruses, such as lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with influenza A hemagglutinins in microneutralization assays (pMN) is a safe and sensitive alternative to study antibody responses elicited by natural influenza infection or vaccination. Consequently, we have produced Influenza B hemagglutinin-pseudotypes (IBV PV) using plasmid-directed transfection. To activate influenza B hemagglutinin, we have explored the use of proteases in increasing PV titers via their co-transfection during pseudotype virus production. When tested for their ability to transduce target cells, the influenza B pseudotypes produced exhibit tropism for different cell lines. The pseudotypes were evaluated as alternatives to live virus in microneutralization assays using reference sera standards, mouse and human sera collected during vaccine immunogenicity studies, surveillance sera from seals, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against IBV. The influenza B pseudotype pMN was found to effectively detect neutralizing and cross-reactive responses in all assays and shows promise as an effective and versatile tool in influenza research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences & Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Sasan Fereidouni
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Veterinary Medicine University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Craig Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Carnell
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent & University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom
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25
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Mattila JM, Vuorinen T, Waris M, Antikainen P, Heikkinen T. Oseltamivir treatment of influenza A and B infections in infants. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:618-624. [PMID: 33939270 PMCID: PMC8404048 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oseltamivir treatment is currently the only way of managing influenza in young infants for whom influenza vaccines are not licensed, but little data exist on the effectiveness of the treatment in this age group. Methods In a prospective study, we enrolled 431 newborn infants and followed them up for 10 months during their first respiratory season (September 2017‐June 2018). During each respiratory illness, we examined the infants and obtained nasopharyngeal specimens for determination of the viral etiology. Infants with influenza were re‐examined at short intervals, and additional nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained at each visit for measuring the viral load. All infants with symptoms <48 hours received oseltamivir treatment. The parents filled out daily symptom diaries. Results Among 23 infants with influenza A, the mean total duration of illness in oseltamivir recipients was 82.1 hours, compared with 253.5 hours in infants without treatment (P = .0003). For infants with influenza B, the corresponding durations were 110.0 and 173.9 hours, respectively (P = .03). In infants with influenza A, total symptom scores were significantly lower in oseltamivir‐treated infants at all time points between days 3 and 11 after the onset of therapy. In most children with either influenza A or B, viral antigen concentrations declined rapidly within 1‐2 days after the initiation of oseltamivir treatment. Conclusions Oseltamivir treatment of infants with influenza rapidly decreased the viral load in nasopharyngeal secretions and shortened the duration and severity of symptoms. The clinical effectiveness of oseltamivir appeared to be greater against influenza A than against influenza B infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna-Maija Mattila
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Waris
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Terho Heikkinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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26
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Alfassam HA, Nassar MS, Almusaynid MM, Khalifah BA, Alshahrani AS, Almughem FA, Alshehri AA, Alawad MO, Massadeh S, Alaamery M, Aldeailej IM, Alamri AA, Binjomah AZ, Tawfik EA. Development of a Colorimetric Tool for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses Detection Using Sialic Acid Fabricated Gold Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:502. [PMID: 33917625 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid that presents on the surface of lung epithelial cells is considered as one of the main binding targets for many respiratory viruses, including influenza and the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through the viral surface protein hemagglutinin. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are extensively used in the diagnostic field owing to a phenomenon known as ‘surface plasmonic resonance’ in which the scattered light is absorbed by these NPs and can be detected via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Consequently, sialic acid conjugated Au NPs (SA-Au NPs) were utilized for their plasmonic effect against SARS-CoV-2, influenza B virus, and Middle-East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS) in patients’ swab samples. The SA-Au NPs system was prepared by a one-pot synthesis method, through which the NPs solution color changed from pale yellow to dark red wine color, indicting its successful preparation. In addition, the SA-Au NPs had an average particle size of 30 ± 1 nm, negative zeta potential (−30 ± 0.3 mV), and a UV absorbance of 525 nm. These NPs have proven their ability to change the color of the NPs solutions and patients’ swabs that contain SARS-CoV-2, influenza B, and MERS viruses, suggesting a rapid and straightforward detection tool that would reduce the spread of these viral infections and accelerate the therapeutic intervention.
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27
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Shah P, Sobash PT, Vedala K, Kakkera K, Kamoga GR. An Uncommon Case of Secondary Organizing Pneumonia Due to Influenza Type B. Clin Pract 2021; 11:174-7. [PMID: 33802037 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organizing pneumonia refers to a disease process caused by pulmonary tissue injury. Various insults can cause secondary organizing pneumonia, including multiple types of infections and cancer. The mainstay of diagnosis is a combination of imaging and lung biopsy showing inflammatory changes, specifically plugs with granulated tissue and fibrosis. Clinical suspicion needs to be raised for secondary organizing pneumonia when a patient is requiring increasing amounts of oxygen in the presence of treatment for pneumonia or another underlying lung disease. Here, we present the case of a 65-year-old male who presented with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in the setting of previously having been tested positive for influenza B. Aggressive steroids with eventual tapering of his O2 requirements led to a successful outcome. While influenza has been reported as a cause of secondary organizing pneumonia after proceeding infection, these cases are usually represented by type A, rather than B.
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28
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Todd B, Tchesnokov EP, Götte M. The active form of the influenza cap-snatching endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil is a tight binding inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100486. [PMID: 33647314 PMCID: PMC8065212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) is an FDA-approved antiviral prodrug for the treatment of influenza A and B infection and postexposure prophylaxis. The active form, baloxavir acid (BXA), targets the cap-snatching endonuclease (PA) of the influenza virus polymerase complex. The nuclease activity delivers the primer for transcription, and previous reports have shown that BXA blocks the nuclease activity with high potency. However, biochemical studies on the mechanism of action are lacking. Structural data have shown that BXA chelates the two divalent metal ions at the active site, like inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase or ribonuclease (RNase) H. Here we studied the mechanisms underlying the high potency of BXA and how the I38T mutation confers resistance to the drug. Enzyme kinetics with the recombinant heterotrimeric enzyme (FluB-ht) revealed characteristics of a tight binding inhibitor. The apparent inhibitor constant (Kiapp) is 12 nM, while the I38T mutation increased Kiapp by ∼18-fold. Order-of-addition experiments show that a preformed complex of FluB-ht, Mg2+ ions and BXA is required to observe inhibition, which is consistent with active site binding. Conversely, a preformed complex of FluB-ht and RNA substrate prevents BXA from accessing the active site. Unlike integrase inhibitors that interact with the DNA substrate, BXA behaves like RNase H inhibitors that compete with the nucleic acid at the active site. The collective data support the conclusion that BXA is a tight binding inhibitor and the I38T mutation diminishes these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Todd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Egor P Tchesnokov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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29
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Anjorin AA, Adepoju BA. Serologic evidence of seasonal influenza A and B in HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2021; 9:1048. [PMID: 33392051 PMCID: PMC7756740 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza and HIV are endemic in Nigeria but there is no epidemiological data on the co-infection of influenza A and B among HIV patients. Objective We investigated seasonal influenza A and B, and co-infection among HIV patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Lagos, Nigeria. Methods In a prospective cross-sectional study, clear sera collected from 174 HIV-positive patients between August and September 2018 were analysed for immunoglobulin M-specific antibodies to seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, and influenza B by enzyme immunoassay. Results A total of 39.7% (69/174) of HIV patients were seropositive for influenza A or B viruses with 84.1% (58/69) being positive for influenza A, 13.04% (9/69) seropositive for both influenza A and B, and only 2.9% (2/69) positive for influenza B mono-infection. Median age was 44 (mean 45, mode 40, range 18–74) years. The 41–50 years age group had the highest seroprevalence (39.1%; 27/69). Seropositivity was highest among women (65.2%; 45/69). A total of 88.4% (61/69) of HIV patients seropositive for influenza A or B were on fixed dose cART, while 73.9% (51/69) were virologically suppressed. Furthermore, 27.5% (19/69) were immunocompromised, of which 21.1% (4/19) were severely immunosuppressed (cluster of differentiation 4 < 200 cells/mm>3). Conclusion Influenza A and B was prevalent among HIV patients on cART, which may predispose them to life-threatening complications. We recommend strong advocacy on the need to reduce the risk of exposure to influenza and for the provision of an influenza vaccine in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulAzeez A Anjorin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
| | - Barakat A Adepoju
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo, Nigeria
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30
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Delgado-Sanz C, Mazagatos-Ateca C, Oliva J, Gherasim A, Larrauri A. Illness Severity in Hospitalized Influenza Patients by Virus Type and Subtype, Spain, 2010-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:220-228. [PMID: 31961295 PMCID: PMC6986827 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.181732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 caused more hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths than influenza A(H3N2) or B. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to assess the effect of influenza virus type and subtype on disease severity among hospitalized influenza patients in Spain. We analyzed the cases of 8,985 laboratory-confirmed case-patients hospitalized for severe influenza by using data from a national surveillance system for the period 2010–2017. Hospitalized patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were significantly younger, more frequently had class III obesity, and had a higher risk for pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome than patients infected with influenza A(H3N2) or B (p<0.05). Hospitalized patients with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 also had a higher risk for intensive care unit admission, death, or both than patients with influenza A(H3N2) or B, independent of other factors. Determining the patterns of influenza-associated severity and how they might differ by virus type and subtype can help guide planning and implementation of adequate control and preventive measures during influenza epidemics.
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31
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Duev-Cohen A, Isaacson B, Berhani O, Charpak-Amikam Y, Friedman N, Drori Y, Mandelboim M, Mandelboim O. Altered NKp46 Recognition and Elimination of Influenza B Viruses. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010034. [PMID: 33375516 PMCID: PMC7824211 DOI: 10.3390/v13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of people worldwide are infected with influenza, causing enormous health and economic problems. The most common type of influenza is influenza A. It is known that Natural Killer (NK) cells play an important role in controlling influenza A infection, mostly through the recognition of the viral protein hemagglutinin (HA) by the activating receptor, NKp46. In contrast, little is known regarding NK cell recognition of influenza B viruses, even though they are responsible for a third of all pediatric influenza deaths and are therefore included in the seasonal vaccine each year. Here we show that NKp46 also recognizes influenza B viruses. We show that NKp46 binds the HA protein of influenza B in a sialic acid-dependent manner, and identified the glycosylated residue in NKp46, which is critical for this interaction. We discovered that this interaction has a binding affinity approximately seven times lower than NKp46 binding of influenza A’s HA. Finally, we demonstrated, using mice deficient for the mouse orthologue of NKp46, named NCR1, that NKp46 is not important for influenza B elimination. These findings enable us to better understand the interactions between the different influenza viruses and NK cells that are known to be crucial for viral elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Duev-Cohen
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.D.-C.); (B.I.); (O.B.); (Y.C.-A.)
| | - Batya Isaacson
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.D.-C.); (B.I.); (O.B.); (Y.C.-A.)
| | - Orit Berhani
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.D.-C.); (B.I.); (O.B.); (Y.C.-A.)
| | - Yoav Charpak-Amikam
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.D.-C.); (B.I.); (O.B.); (Y.C.-A.)
| | - Nehemya Friedman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (N.F.); (Y.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Yaron Drori
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (N.F.); (Y.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat-Gan 5265601, Israel; (N.F.); (Y.D.); (M.M.)
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (A.D.-C.); (B.I.); (O.B.); (Y.C.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Coutinho A, Riaz A, Makan A, Crawford E, Dev D, Srinivasan K, Ahmad N, Moudgil H. Lessons of the month: Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza B virus in a patient with community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Med (Lond) 2020; 20:e262-e263. [PMID: 33199333 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Why we only infrequently detect or report two or more respiratory viruses co-infecting an adult host is poorly understood. We report a rare case where influenza B and SARS-CoV-2 caused viral pneumonia in a 74-year-old man diagnosed during the UK winter epidemic/pandemic for these organisms and discuss concepts of co-infection.
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33
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Kirkpatrick E, Henry C, McMahon M, Jiang K, Strohmeier S, van Bakel H, Wilson PC, Krammer F. Characterization of Novel Cross-Reactive Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin Head Specific Antibodies That Lack Hemagglutination Inhibition Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:e01185-20. [PMID: 32907980 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01185-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immune responses to influenza virus vaccines in elderly individuals are poorly adapted toward new antigenically drifted influenza virus strains. Instead, older individuals respond in an original antigenic sin fashion and produce much more cross-reactive but less potent antibodies. Here, we investigated four influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA) head specific, hemagglutination inhibition-inactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from elderly individuals. We found that they were broadly reactive within the B/Victoria/2/1987-like lineage, and two were highly cross-reactive with B/Yamagata/16/1988-like lineage viruses. The MAbs were found to be neutralizing, to utilize Fc effector functions, and to be protective against lethal viral challenge in a mouse model. In order to identify residues on the influenza B virus hemagglutinin interacting with the MAbs, we generated escape mutant viruses. Interestingly, escape from these MAbs led to numerous HA mutations within the head domain, including in the defined antigenic sites. We observed that each individual escape mutant virus was able to avoid neutralization by its respective MAb along with other MAbs in the panel, although in many cases binding activity was maintained. Point mutant viruses indicated that K90 is critical for the neutralization of two MAbs, while escape from the other two MAbs required a combination of mutations in the hemagglutinin. Three of four escape mutant viruses had increased lethality in the DBA2/J mouse model. Our work indicates that these cross-reactive antibodies have the potential to cause antigenic drift in the viral population by driving mutations that increase virus fitness. However, binding activity and cross-neutralization were maintained by a majority of antibodies in the panel, suggesting that this drift may not lead to escape from antibody-mediated protection.IMPORTANCE Understanding the immune response that older individuals mount to influenza virus vaccination and infection is critical in order to design better vaccines for this age group. Here, we show that older individuals make broadly neutralizing antibodies that have no hemagglutination-inhibiting activity and are less potent than strain-specific antibodies. These antibodies could drive viral escape from neutralization but did not result in escape from binding. Given their different mechanisms of action, they might retain protective activity even against escape variants.
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34
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Mayuramart O, Nimsamer P, Rattanaburi S, Chantaravisoot N, Khongnomnan K, Chansaenroj J, Puenpa J, Suntronwong N, Vichaiwattana P, Poovorawan Y, Payungporn S. Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza viruses based on CRISPR-Cas12a. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:400-405. [PMID: 33153299 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220963793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the common symptoms of COVID-19, patients are similar to influenza-like illness. Therefore, the detection method would be crucial to discriminate between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus-infected patients. In this study, CRISPR-Cas12a-based detection was applied for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, and influenza B virus which would be a practical and attractive application for screening of patients with COVID-19 and influenza in areas with limited resources. The limit of detection for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A, and influenza B detection was 10, 103, and 103 copies/reaction, respectively. Moreover, the assays yielded no cross-reactivity against other respiratory viruses. The results revealed that the detection of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 by using RT-RPA and CRISPR-Cas12a technology reaches 96.23% sensitivity and 100% specificity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The sensitivity for influenza virus A and B detections was 85.07% and 94.87%, respectively. In addition, the specificity for influenza virus A and B detections was approximately 96%. In conclusion, the RT-RPA with CRISPR-Cas12a assay was an effective method for the screening of influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 which could be applied to detect other infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Mayuramart
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattaraporn Nimsamer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somruthai Rattanaburi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Khongnomnan
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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35
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Abed Y, Saim-Mamoun A, Boivin G. Fitness of influenza A and B viruses with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir: A mini-review. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:e2175. [PMID: 32975358 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), that currently include oseltamivir (Tamiflu® ), zanamivir (Relenza® ), peramivir (Rapivab® ) and laninamivir (Inavir® ), constitute an important class of antivirals recommended against seasonal influenza A and B infections. NAIs target the surface NA protein whose sialidase activity is responsible for virion release from infected cells. Because of their pivotal role in the transcription/translation process, the polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 and 2 (PB1 and PB2, respectively) internal proteins also constitute targets of interest for the development of additional anti-influenza agents. Baloxavir marboxil (BXM), an inhibitor of the cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the influenza PA protein, was approved in the United States and Japan in 2018. Baloxavir acid (BXA), the active compound of BXM, demonstrated a potent in vitro activity against different types/subtypes of influenza viruses including seasonal influenza A/B strains as well as avian influenza A viruses with a pandemic potential. A single oral dose of BXM provided virological and clinical benefits that were respectively superior or equal to those displayed by the standard (5 days, twice daily) oseltamivir regimen. Nevertheless, BXM-resistant variants have emerged at relatively high rates in BXM-treated children and adults. Consequently, there is a need to study the fitness (virulence and transmissibility) characteristics of mutants with a high potential to emerge as such variants can compromise the clinical usefulness of BXM. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the fitness properties of influenza A and B isolates harbouring mutations of reduced susceptibility to BXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Abed
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec, Canada
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36
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Korem M, Orenbuch-Harroch E, Ben-Chetrit E, Israel S, Cohen MJ, Sviri S, Levin PD, Mandelboim M, Wolf DG. Intensive Care Admissions and Associated Severity of Influenza B Versus A During Influenza B Vaccine-mismatched Seasons. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1049-1052. [PMID: 30715225 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients admitted to hospital with influenza B and A in Jerusalem, Israel, during the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 influenza seasons demonstrated similar rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and associated disease severity. Most (63%) influenza B ICU patients received influenza B-mismatched trivalent vaccine. These findings call into question the equivalence of trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines in preventing severe influenza B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Korem
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Efrat Orenbuch-Harroch
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.,Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
| | | | - Sarah Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Mount-Scopus Hebrew University Medical Center
| | - Matan J Cohen
- Clalit Health Services, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem
| | - Sigal Sviri
- Intensive Care Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center
| | - Phillip D Levin
- General Intensive Care Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.,The Lautenberg Center, the Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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37
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Shaath H, Alajez NM. Computational and Transcriptome Analyses Revealed Preferential Induction of Chemotaxis and Lipid Synthesis by SARS-CoV-2. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:E260. [PMID: 32882823 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continuous and rapid emergence of new viral strains calls for a better understanding of the fundamental changes occurring within the host cell upon viral infection. In this study, we analyzed RNA-seq transcriptome data from Calu-3 human lung epithelial cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to five other viruses namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-MERS), influenzavirus A (FLUA), influenzavirus B (FLUB), and rhinovirus (RHINO) compared to mock-infected cells and characterized their coding and noncoding RNA transcriptional portraits. The induction of interferon, inflammatory, and immune response was a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comprehensive bioinformatics revealed the activation of immune response and defense response to the virus as a common feature of viral infection. Interestingly however, the degree of functional categories and signaling pathways activation varied among different viruses. Ingenuity pathways analysis highlighted altered conical and casual pathways related to TNF, IL1A, and TLR7, which are seen more predominantly during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, the activation of chemotaxis and lipid synthesis was prominent in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Despite the commonality among all viruses, our data revealed the hyperactivation of chemotaxis and immune cell trafficking as well as the enhanced fatty acid synthesis as plausible mechanisms that could explain the inflammatory cytokine storms associated with severe cases of COVID-19 and the rapid spread of the virus, respectively.
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38
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Nyasimi FM, Owuor DC, Ngoi JM, Mwihuri AG, Otieno GP, Otieno JR, Githinji G, Nyiro JU, Nokes DJ, Agoti CN. Epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of influenza B virus in coastal Kenya as revealed by genomic analysis of strains sampled over a single season. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa045. [PMID: 33747542 PMCID: PMC7959010 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic epidemiology of influenza B virus (IBV) remains understudied in Africa despite significance to design of effective local and global control strategies. We undertook surveillance throughout 2016 in coastal Kenya, recruiting individuals presenting with acute respiratory illness at nine outpatient health facilities (any age) or admitted to the Kilifi County Hospital (<5 years old). Whole genomes were sequenced for a selected 111 positives; 94 (84.7%) of B/Victoria lineage and 17 (15.3%) of B/Yamagata lineage. Inter-lineage reassortment was detected in ten viruses; nine with B/Yamagata backbone but B/Victoria NA and NP segments and one with a B/Victoria backbone but B/Yamagata PB2, PB1, PA, and MP segments. Five phylogenomic clusters were identified among the sequenced viruses; (i), pure B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 93, 83.8%), (ii), reassortant B/Victoria clade 1A (n = 1, 0.9%), (iii), pure B/Yamagata clade 2 (n = 2, 1.8%), (iv), pure B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 6, 5.4%), and (v), reassortant B/Yamagata clade 3 (n = 9, 8.1%). Using divergence dates and clustering patterns in the presence of global background sequences, we counted up to twenty-nine independent IBV strain introductions into the study area (∼900 km2) in 2016. Local viruses, including the reassortant B/Yamagata strains, clustered closely with viruses from neighbouring Tanzania and Uganda. Our study demonstrated that genomic analysis provides a clearer picture of locally circulating IBV diversity. The high number of IBV introductions highlights the challenge in controlling local influenza epidemics by targeted approaches, for example, sub-population vaccination or patient quarantine. The finding of divergent IBV strains co-circulating within a single season emphasises why broad immunity vaccines are the most ideal for influenza control in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festus M Nyasimi
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David Collins Owuor
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Joyce M Ngoi
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Alexander G Mwihuri
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Grieven P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - James R Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - George Githinji
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - Joyce U Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
| | - David James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL, UK
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195, Kilifi-80108, Kenya
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39
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Konala VM, Adapa S, Naramala S, Chenna A, Lamichhane S, Garlapati PR, Balla M, Gayam V. A Case Series of Patients Coinfected With Influenza and COVID-19. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2020; 8:2324709620934674. [PMID: 32522037 PMCID: PMC7290261 DOI: 10.1177/2324709620934674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, also called COVID-19, is a global pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, influenza infection occurs mainly during winter and several factors influence the burden of the disease, including circulating virus characteristics, vaccine effectiveness that season, and the duration of the season. We present a case series of 3 patients with coinfection of COVID-19 and influenza, with 2 of them treated successfully and discharged home. We reviewed the literature of patients coinfected with both viruses and discussed the characteristics, as well as treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Avantika Chenna
- Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Albany, GA, USA.,Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Mamtha Balla
- University of Toledo, OH, USA.,Promedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Vijay Gayam
- Interfaith Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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40
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Rao GK, Prell RA, Laing ST, Burleson SCM, Nguyen A, McBride JM, Zhang C, Sheinson D, Halpern WG. In Vivo Assessment of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Influenza B Infection. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:409-421. [PMID: 30796434 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical safety concern proposed in the influenza literature is that therapeutic antiviral antibodies could have the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection and disease. ADE may occur when virus-specific antibodies at subtherapeutic, nonneutralizing concentrations facilitate virus uptake and, in some cases, enhance replication, which can lead to an exacerbation of virus-mediated disease. Alternatively, ADE may occur due to antibody-dependent complement activation exacerbating virus-mediated disease in the absence of increased replication. As a result of this theoretical safety concern, safety assessment of anti-influenza antibodies may include an in vivo evaluation of ADE of infection and/or disease. These studies were conducted to investigate the potential of MHAB5553A, a broadly specific, neutralizing therapeutic anti-influenza B antibody, to elicit ADE of infection and disease in mouse models of influenza B infection. In parallel studies, female DBA/2J mice were infected with either influenza B/Victoria/504/2000 or influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 representing distinct lineages. Assessment of ADE was based on an integration of results from multiple endpoints, including infectious lung viral titers and genomes, body weight, mortality, lung weight, and histopathology. In these studies, the high dose of 15 mg/kg MHAB5553A resulted in substantial attenuation of influenza pneumonia, with more modest effects at 1.5 mg/kg; whereas MHAB5553A treatment at 0.15 or 0.015 mg/kg was generally comparable to vehicle-treated controls. Our results demonstrate that MHAB5553A across a broad range of doses did not enhance primary influenza B infection or disease in this model, and represent a nonclinical de-risking of the ADE potential with this antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham K Rao
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Rodney A Prell
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Steven T Laing
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Sheinson
- Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wendy G Halpern
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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41
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Abstract
Reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME) was recently proposed to replace the term Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP)-induced rash and mucositis to account for the fact that non-MP pathogens may also cause rash and mucositis. In this report, we describe a unique case of recurrent RIME featuring a total of three episodes. As two of the episodes demonstrated contemporaneous infection with MP and group A streptococcus or influenza B, this case lends further support to use of the term RIME. In addition, although RIME typically involves at least two mucous membranes, this case shows that recurrent episodes may fall into the rare exception in which mucositis is limited to one site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Mazori
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sairaman Nagarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sharon A Glick
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
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42
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Rivas MJ, Alegretti M, Cóppola L, Ramas V, Chiparelli H, Goñi N. Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of Circulating Influenza B Viruses in Uruguay, 2012-2019. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040591. [PMID: 32325860 PMCID: PMC7232498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBV) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality during interpandemic periods in the human population. Two phylogenetically distinct IBV lineages, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, co-circulate worldwide and they present challenges for vaccine strain selection. Until the present study, there was little information regarding the pattern of the circulating strains of IBV in Uruguay. A subset of positive influenza B samples from influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatients and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) inpatients detected in sentinel hospitals in Uruguay during 2012–2019 were selected. The sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes showed substitutions at the amino acid level. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the co-circulation of both lineages in almost all seasonal epidemics in Uruguay, and allows recognizing a lineage-level vaccine mismatch in approximately one-third of the seasons studied. The epidemiological results show that the proportion of IBV found in ILI was significantly higher than the observed in SARI cases across different groups of age (9.7% ILI, 3.2% SARI) and patients between 5–14 years constituted the majority (33%) of all influenza B infection (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we found that individuals >25 years were particularly vulnerable to Yamagata lineage infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Rivas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Miguel Alegretti
- Departamento de Vigilancia en Salud, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay;
| | - Leticia Cóppola
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Viviana Ramas
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Héctor Chiparelli
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
| | - Natalia Goñi
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Influenza, Unidad de Virología, Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública, Ministerio de Salud, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; (M.J.R.); (L.C.); (V.R.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +598-99191211
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43
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Plant EP, Manukyan H, Sanchez JL, Laassri M, Ye Z. Immune Pressure on Polymorphous Influenza B Populations Results in Diverse Hemagglutinin Escape Mutants and Lineage Switching. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010125. [PMID: 32168968 PMCID: PMC7157493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations arise in the genomes of progeny viruses during infection. Mutations that occur in epitopes targeted by host antibodies allow the progeny virus to escape the host adaptive, B-cell mediated antibody immune response. Major epitopes have been identified in influenza B virus (IBV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, IBV strains maintain a seasonal presence in the human population and changes in IBV genomes in response to immune pressure are not well characterized. There are two lineages of IBV that have circulated in the human population since the 1980s, B-Victoria and B-Yamagata. It is hypothesized that early exposure to one influenza subtype leads to immunodominance. Subsequent seasonal vaccination or exposure to new subtypes may modify subsequent immune responses, which, in turn, results in selection of escape mutations in the viral genome. Here we show that while some mutations do occur in known epitopes suggesting antibody escape, many mutations occur in other parts of the HA protein. Analysis of mutations outside of the known epitopes revealed that these mutations occurred at the same amino acid position in viruses from each of the two IBV lineages. Interestingly, where the amino acid sequence differed between viruses from each lineage, reciprocal amino acid changes were observed. That is, the virus from the Yamagata lineage become more like the Victoria lineage virus and vice versa. Our results suggest that some IBV HA sequences are constrained to specific amino acid codons when viruses are cultured in the presence of antibodies. Some changes to the known antigenic regions may also be restricted in a lineage-dependent manner. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying these results. The presence of amino acid residues that are constrained within the HA may provide a new target for universal vaccines for IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan P. Plant
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-402-7319
| | - Hasmik Manukyan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jose L. Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Public Health Division, Assistant Director for Combat Support (AD-CS), Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA;
| | - Majid Laassri
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhiping Ye
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (M.L.); (Z.Y.)
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44
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Abed Y, Fage C, Lagüe P, Carbonneau J, Papenburg J, Vinh DC, Boivin G. Reduced Susceptibility to Neuraminidase Inhibitors in Influenza B Isolate, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:838-840. [PMID: 30882323 PMCID: PMC6433030 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified an influenza B isolate harboring a Gly407Ser neuraminidase substitution in an immunocompromised patient in Canada before antiviral therapy. This mutation mediated reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir, most likely by preventing interaction with the catalytic Arg374 residue. The potential emergence of such variants emphasizes the need for new antivirals.
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45
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Goyal A, Hook K. Two pediatric cases of influenza B-induced rash and mucositis: Stevens-Johnson syndrome or expansion of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash with mucositis (MIRM) spectrum? Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:929-931. [PMID: 31576583 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present two pediatric cases of recurrent mucositis associated with influenza B infection, both in patients with prior episodes of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) due to Mycoplasma. Influenza B is an uncommon cause of both rash and mucosistis and SJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Goyal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kristen Hook
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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46
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Chan WM, Wong LH, So CF, Chen LL, Wu WL, Ip JD, Lam AHY, Yip CCY, Yuen KY, To KKW. Development and evaluation of a conventional RT-PCR for differentiating emerging influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses with hemagglutinin amino acid deletion from B/Yamagata lineage viruses. J Med Virol 2019; 92:382-385. [PMID: 31608480 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent influenza B/Victoria lineage viruses contain amino acid deletions at positions 162 to 164 of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. These amino acid deletions have affected the detection of B/Victoria lineage viruses by the lineage-specific conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that was recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop and evaluate a novel lineage-specific RT-PCR for rapid differentiation of the contemporary B/Victoria lineage from B/Yamagata lineage viruses. STUDY DESIGN Primers of our in-house RT-PCR were designed to avoid amino acid positions 162 to 164 and to target conserved regions of the HA gene that are specific for B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in-house RT-PCR and WHO RT-PCR were evaluated using influenza B positive clinical specimens or virus culture isolates. Influenza B virus lineage was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A total of 105 clinical specimens or virus culture isolates were retrieved, including 83 with B/Victoria lineage and 22 with B/Yamagata lineage viruses. Our in-house RT-PCR correctly identified B/Victoria lineage viruses in all 83 samples, including 82 samples with double or triple amino acid deletion in the HA protein. Conversely, the WHO lineage-specific conventional RT-PCR failed to detect any of the 82 samples with HA amino acid deletions. For the 22 samples with B/Yamagata lineage viruses, both RT-PCR assays have correctly identified B/Yamagata lineage in all samples. CONCLUSIONS Our novel lineage-specific RT-PCR has successfully detected all contemporary B/Victoria lineage viruses with amino acid deletions in HA. This protocol is especially useful for laboratories without the equipment for real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lok-Hin Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chun-Fung So
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai-Lan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jonathan D Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Athene Hoi-Ying Lam
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin K W To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Emukule GO, Otiato F, Nyawanda BO, Otieno NA, Ochieng CA, Ndegwa LK, Muturi P, Bigogo G, Verani JR, Muthoka PM, Hunsperger E, Chaves SS. The Epidemiology and Burden of Influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata Lineages in Kenya, 2012-2016. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz421. [PMID: 31660376 PMCID: PMC6804754 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of influenza B virus circulation in Sub-Saharan Africa is not well described. Methods We analyzed data from acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Kenya. We assessed clinical features and age-specific hospitalization and outpatient visit rates by person-years for influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata and the extent to which circulating influenza B lineages in Kenya matched the vaccine strain component of the corresponding season (based on Northern Hemisphere [October–March] and Southern Hemisphere [April–September] vaccine availability). Results From 2012 to 2016, influenza B represented 31% of all influenza-associated ARIs detected (annual range, 13–61%). Rates of influenza B hospitalization and outpatient visits were higher for <5 vs ≥5 years. Among <5 years, B/Victoria was associated with pneumonia hospitalization (64% vs 44%; P = .010) and in-hospital mortality (6% vs 0%; P = .042) compared with B/Yamagata, although the mean annual hospitalization rate for B/Victoria was comparable to that estimated for B/Yamagata. The 2 lineages co-circulated, and there were mismatches with available trivalent influenza vaccines in 2/9 seasons assessed. Conclusions Influenza B causes substantial burden in Kenya, particularly among children aged <5 years, in whom B/Victoria may be associated with increased severity. Our findings suggest a benefit from including both lineages when considering influenza vaccination in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon O Emukule
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Nancy A Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu and Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Linus K Ndegwa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu and Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer R Verani
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Kenya Country Office, Nairobi, Kenya.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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48
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Motta FC, Born PS, Resende PC, Brown D, Siqueira MM. An Inexpensive and Accurate Reverse Transcription-PCR-Melting Temperature Analysis Assay for Real-Time Influenza Virus B Lineage Discrimination. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:e00602-19. [PMID: 31554673 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00602-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe a SYBR-Green one-step reverse transcription-PCR protocol coupled with a melting temperature analysis (RT-PCR-Tm ), which allows the discrimination of influenza B lineages Yamagata and Victoria. The assay is performed using a regular real-time thermocycler and is based on differences in melting temperature (Tm ) of a 131-bp amplicon, obtained from a conserved region of hemagglutinin gene. A total of 410 samples collected during the 2004, 2008, and 2010-2017 influenza seasons in Brazil were tested, and the lineages were correctly characterized using their melting profiles. The temperature range is significantly different between both lineages throughout the time (Mann-Whitney test; P < 0.0001, confidence interval = 95%), and the Tm is not affected by viral load (Spearman correlation test; r = 0.287, P = 2.245 × 10-9). The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this protocol make it an option for influenza B lineage surveillance worldwide.
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Abstract
In winter 2018, schools in Hong Kong were closed 1 week before the scheduled Chinese New Year holiday to mitigate an influenza B virus epidemic. The intervention occurred after the epidemic peak and reduced overall incidence by ≈4.2%. School-based vaccination programs should be implemented to more effectively reduce influenza illnesses.
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McMahon M, Kirkpatrick E, Stadlbauer D, Strohmeier S, Bouvier NM, Krammer F. Mucosal Immunity against Neuraminidase Prevents Influenza B Virus Transmission in Guinea Pigs. mBio 2019; 10:e00560-19. [PMID: 31113896 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00560-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the protective effect of anti-neuraminidase immunity has been highlighted by several studies in humans and animal models. However, so far the role that anti-neuraminidase immunity plays in inhibition of virus transmission has not been explored. In addition, neuraminidase has been ignored as an antigen for influenza virus vaccines. We show here that neuraminidase-based vaccines can inhibit the transmission of influenza virus. Therefore, neuraminidase should be considered as an antigen for improved influenza virus vaccines that not only protect individuals from disease but also inhibit further spread of the virus in the population. Despite efforts to control influenza virus infection and transmission, influenza viruses still cause significant morbidity and mortality in the global human population each year. Most of the current vaccines target the immunodominant hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein of the virus. However, reduced severity of disease and viral shedding have also been linked to antibodies targeting the second viral surface glycoprotein, the neuraminidase. Importantly, antineuraminidase immunity was shown to be relatively broad, in contrast to vaccine-induced antibodies to the hemagglutinin head domain. In this study, we assessed recombinant neuraminidase protein vaccination for its ability to prevent or limit virus transmission. We vaccinated guinea pigs either intramuscularly or intranasally with a recombinant influenza B virus neuraminidase to assess whether neuraminidase vaccination via these routes could prevent transmission of the homologous virus to a naive recipient. Guinea pigs vaccinated with neuraminidase showed reduced virus titers; however, only vaccination via the intranasal route fully prevented virus transmission to naive animals. We found high levels of antineuraminidase antibodies capable of inhibiting neuraminidase enzymatic activity in the nasal washes of intranasally vaccinated animals, which may explain the observed differences in transmission. We also determined that mucosal immunity to neuraminidase impaired the transmission efficiency of a heterologous influenza B virus, although to a lesser extent. Finally, we found that neuraminidase-vaccinated animals were still susceptible to infection via the airborne and contact transmission routes. However, significantly lower virus titers were detected in these vaccinated recipients. In summary, our data suggest that supplementing vaccine formulations with neuraminidase and vaccinating via the intranasal route may broadly prevent transmission of influenza B viruses.
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