Facial indices of north and South Indian adults: reliability in stature estimation and sexual dimorphism

The influence of gender and ethnicity on facemasks and respiratory protective equipment fit: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) people are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) has conventionally been developed for a predominantly white male population that does not represent the healthcare workforce. The literature was reviewed to determine the protection offered to female and BAME users.

METHODS

Five databases were searched. Eligible studies related to respirator fit in the context of anthropometrics, gender and ethnicity. Meta-analysis was performed for gender-based anthropometric differences. A priori protocol registration was not performed.

RESULTS

32 studies were included and anthropometric data was extracted from 15 studies. Meta-analysis revealed 14 anthropometric measurements were significantly smaller for females. Mean differences ranged from 0.37 mm to 22.05 mm. Gender-based anthropometric differences did not always translate to lower fit factor scores, with 12 studies reporting worse performance and fit for females and 10 reporting no gender effect. No studies provided disaggregate anthropometric data by ethnic group. Pass rates (PR) were low or moderate in 12 BAME or mixed-ethnicity cohorts. 14 studies reported associations between facial dimensions (FD) and respirator fit. Three comparative studies showed lower PR among selective BAME people. 18 studies reported RPE performance differed with model and design. Most studies did not prespecify inclusion/exclusion criteria. Small sample size and lack of justification or power calculations was a concern. Significant heterogeneity in study designs limited comparisons, particularly relating to respirator selection or availability and defining study outcomes relating to RPE performance.

CONCLUSION

The literature reports on largely Caucasian or single ethnic populations, and BAME people remain under-represented, limiting comparisons between ethnic groups. Facial anthropometrics vary between gender and likely between ethnicity, which may contribute to lower PR among females and ethnic minorities, particularly Asians. There is a need for studies including a broader spectrum of ethnicities and for consideration of female and BAME users during RPE development.

3D CT scan-based study of glenoid morphology in Indian population: Clinical relevance in design of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

The knowledge of normal anatomy of glenoid in a population has relevance in terms of comparison with other regional and national population. Furthermore, it could enable clinicians to judge whether the available sizes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) prosthesis could provide optimal fit for the glenoid in Indian patients.

METHODS

We evaluated consecutive 200 3-dimensional chest CT scans of 50 male and 50 female patients which included both shoulder joints and done for non-orthopaedic diseases at a tertiary care institute. The glenoid height, width, and version were measured using commercially available computer program.

RESULTS

Mean age of the patents was 38.6 ± 13.8 years (range, 19-59 years). The mean glenoid height was 33.9 ± 3.1 mm and maximum glenoid width was 24.2 ± 2.1 mm. Mean glenoid version in the study population was a retroversion of 3.47 ± 4.7°. The maximum glenoid width of 45% female and 15% male patients was less than 25 mm which is the diameter of smallest available glenoid baseplate among the commonly used RTSA systems.

CONCLUSIONS

The normal glenoid size of a large cohort of Indian population studied was smaller than that reported in cohorts from western countries. The glenoid width of substantial proportion of patients, especially female patients, was less than the diameter of smallest available glenoid baseplate. Clinical studies are needed in future in Indian patients undergoing RTSA to evaluate the glenoid bone-baseplate mismatch and ascertain the necessity of development of smaller size glenoid baseplate for optimal prosthesis fit in Indian patients.

Aging and the Indian Face: An Analytical Study of Aging in the Asian Indian Face

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Asian Indians make up almost one-sixth of the world’s population. Although some aspects of facial beauty are universal, anthropometric morphology and age-related changes differ in all ethnic groups. Currently, there are hardly any published studies highlighting the process of aging in Asian Indians. We wanted to understand the aging patterns in different ethnic subgroups within Asian Indians and also compare the aging patterns with Caucasians.

Baseline data of facial parameters in the population of Haryana: An anthropometric study

Context:

Anthropometry plays an important role in the assessment of ethnicity and identification of an individual. There is paucity of literature on various facial parameters in Haryanvi population. Thus, the present study was an initiation to collect this database in Haryanvi population.

Aim:

The aim of the present study was to create a database of craniofacial parameters of Haryanvi population.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted on 300 individuals of Haryanvi ethnicity. A digital vernier caliper was used for the measurement of facial parameters.

Statistical Analysis:

Chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson's correlation test were used for finding the difference between the measurements for various parameters.

Results:

In the present study, mesoprosopic was the predominant facial phenotype in both males and females. A significant sexual dimorphism was found between all the facial parameters measured in the study. However, upper facial height and facial index did not follow the same pattern in relation to gender determination.

Conclusion:

Based on the present study findings, we conclude that craniofacial parameters could be used as an important tool to assess the ethnicity and gender of an individual. In addition, our data could be used as a baseline for further studies in the identification of a Haryanvi individual.

Patterns of chlamydia testing in different settings and implications for wider STI diagnosis and care: a probability sample survey of the British population

Background

Following widespread rollout of chlamydia testing to non-specialist and community settings in the UK, many individuals receive a chlamydia test without being offered comprehensive STI and HIV testing. We assess sexual behaviour among testers in different settings with a view to understanding their need for other STI diagnostic services.

Methods

A probability sample survey of the British population undertaken 2010–2012 (the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles). We analysed weighted data on chlamydia testing (past year), including location of most recent test, and diagnoses (past 5 years) from individuals aged 16–44 years reporting at least one sexual partner in the past year (4992 women, 3406 men).

Results

Of the 26.8% (95% CI 25.4% to 28.2%) of women and 16.7% (15.5% to 18.1%) of men reporting a chlamydia test in the past year, 28.4% of women and 41.2% of men had tested in genitourinary medicine (GUM), 41.1% and 20.7% of women and men respectively tested in general practice (GP) and the remainder tested in other non-GUM settings. Women tested outside GUM were more likely to be older, in a relationship and to live in rural areas. Individuals tested outside GUM reported fewer risk behaviours; nevertheless, 11.0% (8.6% to 14.1%) of women and 6.8% (3.9% to 11.6%) of men tested in GP and 13.2% (10.2% to 16.8%) and 9.6% (6.5% to 13.8%) of women and men tested in other non-GUM settings reported ‘unsafe sex’, defined as two or more partners and no condom use with any partner in the past year. Individuals treated for chlamydia outside GUM in the past 5 years were less likely to report an HIV test in that time frame (women: 54.5% (42.7% to 65.7%) vs 74.1% (65.9% to 80.9%) in GUM; men: 23.9% (12.7% to 40.5%) vs 65.8% (56.2% to 74.3%)).

Conclusions

Most chlamydia testing occurred in non-GUM settings, among populations reporting fewer risk behaviours. However, there is a need to provide pathways to comprehensive STI care to the sizeable minority at higher risk.

Outer Circle Versus Inner Circle: Special Considerations While Rejuvenating an Indian Face Using Fillers

Introduction:

An oval face, pronounced cheek bones, a defined jaw line and a smooth Ogee curve are global aesthetic beauty goals. Though criteria are similar the Indian face poses some unique challenges because of the innate differences in skeletal shape, size, and soft tissue disposition. Width of the malar prominences and mandibular angles along with height are smaller compared to the other Asian and Caucasian populations along with a much heavier soft tissue disposition. This creates unique deficits and places unique demands on aesthetic intervention.

Objectives:

The evolution of practice patterns has lead to a variety of newer approaches; however, it is still common to target the nasolabial and mid-face volumizing as basic intervention for facial beautifying and rejuvenation. As aging progresses, Indian faces tend to get fuller and the tissue then descends downwards similar to other ethnic groups albeit more aggressive due to higher volumes of facial fat pad and smaller bone framework. Any excess correction in the inner circle zones will further add to the bulk along with cumulative remnants of previously administered fillers.

Methods:

In a younger face when the goal is beautification the attempt is to address the specific structural deficit on the outer bony framework along with the chin. This enhances the appearance immediately as well as holds up the tissue descent as they age. When the goal is youthful transition of an aging face, then again the bony changes further enhance the deficit in framework and the loss of fat pads along the periphery that is lateral forehead, temples and lateral cheek. Fat pad correction will give the most natural and best results as against working on the anterior mid cheek, nasolabials and angle of the mouth in a soft tissue heavy center zone of the face. Botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers remain the most popular facial injectables used for facial rejuvenation and structural enhancement.

Results:

Naturally enhanced faces, and gracefully addressed aging changes are important. Fillers administered on the outer zones of the face rather than the inner zone gives better aesthetic results.