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Osman A, Imbabi TA, El-Hadary A, Sabeq II, Edris SN, Merwad AR, Azab E, Gobouri AA, Mohammadein A, Sitohy M. Health Aspects, Growth Performance, and Meat Quality of Rabbits Receiving Diets Supplemented with Lettuce Fertilized with Whey Protein Hydrolysate Substituting Nitrate. Biomolecules 2021; 11:835. [PMID: 34205142 PMCID: PMC8227087 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was grown using a foliar spray with whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) as opposed to normal nitrate fertilization. Lettuce juice was prepared from lettuce cultivated without any fertilization, nitrate fertilization, or WPH. Sixty weaned, 4-week-old male V-line rabbits with an average 455 ± 6 g body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15) and administered different lettuce juices. Rabbits administered WPH-fertilized lettuce showed significantly higher (n = 5, p < 0.05) body weight and carcass weight than those receiving nitrate-fertilized lettuce. Rabbits administered nitrate-fertilized lettuce were associated with significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT, and ALP), bilirubin (total, direct, and indirect), and kidney biomarkers (creatinine, urea, and uric acid). Rabbits administered WPH-fertilized lettuce avoided such increases and exhibited normal levels of serum proteins. Rabbits administered nitrate-fertilized lettuce manifested significantly (p < 0.05) lower RBCs and Hb levels than that of the other groups, while those receiving WPH-fertilized lettuce showed the highest levels. Liver and kidney sections of rabbits receiving WPH-fertilized lettuce witnessed the absence of the histopathological changes induced by feeding on nitrate-fertilized lettuce and produced higher quality meat. WPH-lettuce can substitute nitrate-fertilized lettuce in feeding rabbits for better performance and health aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Osman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Tharwat A. Imbabi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha Univerisity, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Abdalla El-Hadary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Islam Ibrahim Sabeq
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (I.I.S.); (S.N.E.)
| | - Shimaa N. Edris
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (I.I.S.); (S.N.E.)
| | - Abdel-Rahaman Merwad
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Ehab Azab
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amaal Mohammadein
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud Sitohy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Bampidis V, Cottrill B, Frutos MJ, Furst P, Parker A, Binaglia M, Christodoulidou A, Gergelova P, Guajardo IM, Wenger C, Hogstrand C. Risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite in feed. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06290. [PMID: 33173543 PMCID: PMC7610142 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to animal health related to nitrite and nitrate in feed. For nitrate ion, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) identified a BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg body weight (bw) per day for adult cattle, based on methaemoglobin (MetHb) levels in animal's blood that would not induce clinical signs of hypoxia. The BMDL 10 is applicable to all bovines, except for pregnant cows in which reproductive effects were not clearly associated with MetHb formation. Since the data available suggested that ovines and caprines are not more sensitive than bovines, the BMDL 10 could also be applied to these species. Highest mean exposure estimates of 53 and 60 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in grass silage-based diets for beef cattle and fattening goats, respectively, may raise a health concern for ruminants when compared with the BMDL 10 of 64 mg nitrate/kg bw per day. The concern may be higher because other forages might contain higher levels of nitrate. Highest mean exposure estimates of 2.0 mg nitrate/kg bw per day in pigs' feeds indicate a low risk for adverse health effects, when compared with an identified no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 410 mg nitrate/kg bw per day, although the levels of exposure might be underestimated due to the absence of data on certain key ingredients in the diets of this species. Due to the limitations of the data available, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the health risk in species other than ruminants and pigs from nitrate and in all livestock and companion animals from nitrite. Based on a limited data set, both the transfer of nitrate and nitrite from feed to food products of animal origin and the nitrate- and nitrite-mediated formation of N-nitrosamines and their transfer into these products are likely to be negligible.
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