Estimation of salivary and serum total sialic Acid levels in periodontal health and disease

Dental Fluorosis and Periodontium: an Original Research Report of In Vitro and In Vivo Institutional Studies

Fluorosis is one of the global problems that have persisted for a very long time now without any specific treatment and cure. Fluoride is known for its influence on the tooth structures like enamel and dentin, but little information exists on its effect on the surrounding periodontal structures and bone. With this background, we conducted multiple studies assessing etiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and clinical criteria in subjects with and without dental fluorosis in a single group of the population residing in high fluoride water areas (1.5-3.0 ppm) of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. These preliminary studies conducted are hereby elaborately presented and discussed in this comprehensive review article along with their important conclusions.

Estimation of Proinflammatory Factors in the Saliva of Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Dental Caries

Introduction: The available literature lacks data regarding the levels of resistin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, α-amylase activity, pH, and saliva buffer capacity, as well as oral health and hygiene in the group of adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the research was to assess the selected saliva parameters in patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Materials and methods: Examined group was composed of 40 patients diagnosed with CF, while the control group of 40 healthy individuals. Both groups underwent the same scheme of the assessment (DMT index, salivary pH, buffer capacity, analysis of total sialic acid, total protein estimation, lysozyme levels estimation, lactofferin levels measurement, α-amylase activity, estimation of the levels of resistin and TNF-α). Results: In the examined group, there were higher values of decayed teeth as well as values of sialic acid, total protein, lactoferrin, α-amylase, and TNF-α. However, mean lysozyme, and resistin levels, as well as pH and buffer capacity of the saliva, were lower. Conclusions: New diagnostic methods, including the evaluation of selected salivary biochemical parameters, may indicate the existence of factors predisposing to severe tooth decay in the study group. Appropriate preventive treatment to combat dental caries in adult patients with CF will significantly improve their comfort and life expectancy.

A comparative assessment of clinical parameters, sialic acid, and glycosaminoglycans levels in periodontitis patients with and without dental fluorosis: A clinical and biochemical study

Aim:

This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical parameters and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of sialic acid (SA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in dental fluorosed and nonfluorosed (NF) gingivitis and periodontitis patients.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 100 patients were divided into two control (healthy) and four test (diseased) groups of gingivitis and periodontitis patients with and without dental fluorosis. The GCF-SA and chondrotin sulphate levels were measured using the conventional method and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay, respectively.

Results:

The plaque levels (2.9 ± 0.44), gingival bleeding levels (2.75 ± 0.55), and clinical attachment loss (0.44 ± 0.45) between dental fluorosed participants with chronic periodontitis (fluorosed periodontitis [FP]) and NF participants with chronic periodontitis (nonfluorosed periodontitis [NFP]) groups showed no statistically significant difference. Higher probing pocket depth by community periodontal index (CPI) scores of 4 and clinical attachment level CPI score of 1 (75%) was found in FP group when compared to a score of 3 (FP: 24.5% and NFP: 73.5%) of the NFP group. The GCF SA levels (679.05 ± 101.06) were significantly higher in FP group than NFP group (553.80 ± 49.40) (P = 0.048). Similarly, the GCF CS showed highly significant levels in fluorosis periodontitis (48.08 ± 18.13) group than the NFP group (26.95 ± 8.69).

Conclusion:

Increased pocket depth score, GCF–SA, and CS levels in the dental fluorosed group were observed when compared with NF group. The diagnostic ability of clinical examination is most often supported by the relevant biochemical parameters that are applicable in this study. The newer diagnostic ability of SA is found to be contributory in this study. The diagnostic ability of CS representing tissue destruction served as an important GCF marker along with SA.

Clinical Relevance:

In dental fluorosis, estimation of SA and CS is recommended in periodontitis patients.

Estimation of Sialic Acid and IL10 Levels in Stage 1 and 2 Periodontitis Patients

Objective

The role of biomarkers in staging and grading periodontal disease has become detrimental in relation to the overall treatment plan. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the role of sialic acid and IL10 in the early and moderate stages of periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Patients were selected according to the assessment of pocket depth and radiographic bone loss. Bone loss was calculated as <15% for stage 1 and 15–33% for stage 2. Salivary samples were collected using spit technique 2 hrs post consumption of food. The unstimulated saliva was collected in a sterile graduated container every minute for 5–8 minutes. IL10 estimation was done using ELISA, and sialic acid estimation was done using the diphenylamine method. The variables for the three groups were assessed using ANOVA, and intragroup comparisons for quantitative data were evaluated using the post hoc Bonferroni test (P < 0.05).

Results

On comparing sialic acid levels among the three groups, stage 2 showed the highest mean (8.61) compared with the other two groups and was highly significant (P < 0.001). On the contrary, IL10 when compared to stage 1 and 2 periodontitis revealed insignificant change.

Conclusion

The value of IL10 was higher as patients progressed from health to periodontitis.

Is Salivary Sialic Acid a Reliable Biomarker in the Detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose

Glycoprotein is an important constituent of saliva, and the observed increase in salivary glycoproteins such as sialic acid in oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMDs) and OSCC has stimulated the interest of researchers to explore it as a possible biomarker.

Methods

The study used 60 subjects, who were divided into three groups: Group I-20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OSCC; Group II-20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OPMDs; and Group III-20 healthy subjects with good oral hygiene and with no systemic disorders detected. Two millilitres of unstimulated salivary samples was collected in a pre-sterilized container to analyse total salivary sialic acid (TSA) levels using a sialic acid kit and UV spectrophotometer.

Results

The TSA levels in OSCC (545.45 ± 100.04) were much higher when compared to the level in OPMDs (169.80 ± 66.43) and in healthy subjects (25.45 ± 16.07). Statically significant correlation was observed between different grades of OSCC. Moreover, sialic acid showed 100% sensitivity and specificity between all the three groups. Statistical analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Mann-Whitney post hoc test at P < 0.05. The results suggested the utility of sialic acid as an efficient biomarker.

Salivary antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and sialic acid levels among smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis-A clinico-biochemical study

Background

Pathogenesis of most of the inflammatory process are associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from various metabolic sources and which may lead to direct or indirect tissue damage due to oxidative stress, resulting in periodontal diseases. Usually antioxidant systems are capable of removing free radicals, thereby preventing tissue damage from free radical. ROS can result in tissue damage, involving lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and sialic acid (SA) in periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis among nonsmokers and smokers and to determine their value as diagnostic markers for chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

A total of 90 male patients aged 20--60 years were recruited and grouped as Group 1: 30 Healthy nonsmokers, who had never smoked. Group 2: 30 nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Group 3: 30 smokers with chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated saliva was collected for at least 5 min and clinical measurements; SOD, GPx, MDA and SA were assessed using a spectrophotometric method.

Results

Data showed a significant correlation between salivary SOD, GPx, MDA, and SA in group 1, group 2, and group 3. SOD and GPx were found to be lower and MDA and SA levels were found to be higher among smokers with chronic periodontitis.

Conclusion

Reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation product MDA as well as increased levels of SA could be used as diagnostic markers to measure oxidative stress in periodontal disease associated with risk factor such as smoking.

Evaluation of Total and Lipid Bound Sialic Acid in Serum in Oral Leukoplakia

INTRODUCTION

Oral cancer has become the most common cause of cancer related mortality which may be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders. Altered glycosylation of glycoconjugates, such as sialic acid are one of the most important molecular changes accompanied during malignant transformation in precancerous lesions like Oral Leukoplakia (OL), and correlating them histopathologically with grades of epithelial dysplasia which will serve clinical significance.

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of serum Total Sialic Acid (TSA) and serum Lipid Bound Sialic Acid (LSA) as a prognostic serum marker in Oral Leukoplakia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected from 30 patients diagnosed with OL and 30 healthy controls. Serum sialic acid (total and lipid bound) levels were measured using spectrophotometer. Tissue samples were histopathologically typed and were graded for epithelial dysplasia. Data were analysed using Independent t-test and Kruskal Wallis method.

RESULTS

Serum levels of both total and lipid bound sialic acids were found to be increased in OL when compared to healthy controls. The mean TSA levels among those in the OL group (45.3±4.2) were significantly greater than healthy controls (29±2.2). On multiple comparison the highest mean TSA level was found in severe OL compared to moderate and mild OL (p<0.05). The mean levels of LSA were found to be statistically non-significant between the groups.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed that the serum levels of both TSA and LSA were found to be increased in OL when compared to apparently healthy controls. We also found that with increasing grades of epithelial dysplasia TSA levels were found to be gradually increasing which was significant for this study serving as an early indicator for the detection of malignant transformation in OL.

[Application of saliva in disease diagnosis]

Saliva is secreted by salivary glands and performs a variety of functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial activity, and digestion. With the rapid progress in salivaomics, saliva became recognized as a potential pool of biological markers. Being a non-invasive and safe source, saliva is a potential substitute for blood in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancement in saliva-related studies and presents the potential value of saliva in early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, cancer, diabetes, and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers can reveal changes ranging from changes in biochemical index, DNA, RNA, and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structure. By integrating recent data, this paper discusses the clinical significance and application prospect of saliva in early diagnosis of diseases and in translational and precision medicine.

Saliva in the diagnosis of diseases

Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.

Plasma Content Variation and Correlation of Plasmalogen and GIS, TC, and TPL in Gastric Carcinoma Patients: A Comparative Study

Background

We studied the variation in plasma content of plasmalogen and ganglioside, total cholesterol (TC), and total phospholipid (TPL) in gastric carcinoma patients. The plasma plasmalogen levels were determined according to the vinyl ester bond method.

Material/Methods

Plasma ganglioside level was determined according to the method of Sevennerholm. The total cholesterols and total phospholipid were determined by routine methods.

Results

The plasma plasmalogen level of gastric carcinoma patients was significantly higher than in the control (normal) group, and the difference was markedly significant (p<0.01). The plasma total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) of gastric carcinoma patients were higher than those of the normal control group (p<0.05). The total cholesterol content was higher than those in the normal control group (p<0.02), but the total phospholipid content was lower than in the normal control group and the difference was markedly significant (p<0.05). In the gastric carcinoma patients group, the plasmalogen and ganglioside-TSA levels were positively correlated (r=0.01, P<0.01). Plasmalogen and total cholesterols were also positively correlated (r=0.82, P<0.01), and plasmalogen and total phospholipid were negatively correlated (r=−0.82, p<0.01).

Conclusions

In gastric carcinoma patients, the plasma plasmalogen content was significantly elevated and was positively correlated with elevated level of gangliosides and total cholesterols, but it was negatively correlated with level of total phospholipids.