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Sreeja SR, Seo SS, Kim MK. Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Carbohydrate with the Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3742. [PMID: 33291721 PMCID: PMC7761966 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the risk of cervical cancer has never been investigated. Thus, we aimed to find evidence of any association of GI and GL with the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. METHODS In this hospital-based case-control study, we included 1340 women (670 controls and 262, 187 and 221 patients with CIN1, CIN2/3, and cervical cancer, respectively) from the Korean human papillomavirus cohort study. Completed demographic questionnaires and semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaires were collected. The association of dietary GI and GL with CIN and cervical cancer was estimated using a logistic regression model. RESULTS The multivariate odds ratios (OR) of the highest compared with the lowest quintile of GL for CIN1 were 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33-5.88). Dietary GI and GL were not associated with CIN2/3 and cervical cancer. Stratified analyses by body mass index (BMI) indicated a positive association between GI and GL and CIN 1 risk among women with a BMI (in kg/m2) <23 (OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.32-6.53; p for trend = 0.031 for GI and OR = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.53-6.52; p for trend = 0.013 for GL), but not among those with a BMI of ≥23. A stratification analysis by menopausal status showed that the highest quintile of GI and GL was significantly associated with the risk of CIN1 (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.43-5.96; p for trend = 0.005) (OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.53-5.69; p for trend = 0.023) among premenopausal women. Also, in HPV positive women, dietary GL showed significant CIN1 risk (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.09-6.24; p for trend = 0.087). CONCLUSION Our case-control study supports the hypothesized associations of dietary GI and GL with increased risk of CIN1. Thus, the consumption of low GI and GL foods plays a significant role in the prevention of cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundara Raj Sreeja
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
| | - Sang Soo Seo
- Center for Uterine Cancer, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10408, Korea;
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Lin JG, Lin SZ, Lin LH, Wu CC, Tsai WT, Harn HJ, Su LH, Ho WY, Hsieh CJ, Ho TJ. Effects of Moxibustion on the Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1: A Pilot Study. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:551-556. [PMID: 29692183 PMCID: PMC6038048 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717724795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moxibustion (艾灸) is a traditional Chinese medicine therapy performed using Artemisia argyii. Zusanli (足三里, ST36) is an acupoint in the stomach meridian, long associated in ancient Chinese medical practices with the extension of life span when moxibustion is applied to it. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels after application of moxibustion to ST36. Four healthy men and women participated in this 28-day trial and were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A received moxibustion treatment from days 1 to 14, while group B received moxibustion treatment from days 15 to 28. Blood samples were taken 5 times during this study to measure serum IGF-1 (s-IGF-1) levels. The s-IGF-1 levels increased in both groups after 7 and 14 d of moxibustion therapy (group A: 11.02% [7 d] and 29.65% [14 d]; group B: 169.12% [7 d] and 274.85% [14 d]). After moxibustion therapy had been completed (day 14), s-IGF-1 levels continued to increase in group A (increases on day 21 and day 28 were 53.19% and 61.45%, respectively). There were no adverse events in either group. The s-IGF-1 levels were significantly raised in both groups after 7 and 14 d of moxibustion therapy. Moreover, once therapy had been completed, s-IGF-1 levels continued to increase in group A up to 14 d after the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaung-Geng Lin
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- 2 Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Lin
- 3 Division of Chinese Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Tainan, Taiwan.,4 Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chang Wu
- 5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Tsai
- 5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- 6 Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Su
- 7 Department of Nursing, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Ho
- 8 Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan.,9 Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Che-Jui Hsieh
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- 1 School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang Shi, Taichung, Taiwan.,3 Division of Chinese Medicine, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Sheng, Tainan, Taiwan.,5 Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin County, Taiwan
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