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Liu H, Ma S, Chen X, Wu H, Wang R, Du M, Nie X. Diagnostic accuracy of the Copenhagen Index in ovarian malignancy: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286650. [PMID: 37315054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic value of the Copenhagen index for ovarian malignancy. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, CBM, CNKI, and WanFang databases were searched throughout June 2021. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12, Meta-DiSc, and RevMan 5.3. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated, the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn, and the area under the curve was calculated. RESULTS Ten articles, including 11 studies with a total of 5266 patients, were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.82 [95% CI (0.80-0.83)], 0.88 [95% CI (0.87-0.89)], and 57.31 [95% CI (32.84-100.02)], respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristics curve and the Q index were 0.9545 and 0.8966, respectively. CONCLUSION Our systematic review shows that the sensitivity and specificity of the Copenhagen index are high enough for it to be used in a clinical setting to provide accurate ovarian cancer diagnosis without considering menopausal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shouye Ma
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huifang Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mengmeng Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiazi Nie
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Davenport CF, Rai N, Sharma P, Deeks J, Berhane S, Mallett S, Saha P, Solanki R, Bayliss S, Snell K, Sundar S. Diagnostic Models Combining Clinical Information, Ultrasound and Biochemical Markers for Ovarian Cancer: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3621. [PMID: 35892881 PMCID: PMC9332683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is a diagnostic challenge, with the majority diagnosed at late stages. Existing systematic reviews of diagnostic models either use inappropriate meta-analytic methods or do not conduct statistical comparisons of models or stratify test performance by menopausal status. Methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CDSR, DARE, Health Technology Assessment Database and SCI Science Citation Index, trials registers, conference proceedings from 1991 to June 2019. Cochrane collaboration review methods included QUADAS-2 quality assessment and meta-analysis using hierarchical modelling. RMI, ROMA or ADNEX at any test positivity threshold were investigated. Histology or clinical follow-up was the reference standard. We excluded screening studies, studies restricted to pregnancy, recurrent or metastatic OC. 2 × 2 diagnostic tables were extracted separately for pre- and post-menopausal women. Results: We included 58 studies (30,121 patients, 9061 cases of ovarian cancer). Prevalence of OC ranged from 16 to 55% in studies. For premenopausal women, ROMA at a threshold of 13.1 (+/−2) and ADNEX at a threshold of 10% demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity compared to RMI I at 200 (p < 0.0001) 77.8 (72.5, 82.4), 94.9 (92.5, 96.6), and 57.1% (50.6 to 63.4) but lower specificity (p < 0.002), 92.5 (90.0, 94.4), 84.3 (81.3, 86.8), and 78.2 (75.8, 80.4). For postmenopausal women, ROMA at a threshold of 27.7 (+/−2) and AdNEX at a threshold of 10% demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity compared to RMI I at a threshold of 200 (p < 0.001) 90.4 (87.4, 92.7), 97.6 (96.2, 98.5), and 78.7 (74.3, 82.5), specificity of ROMA was comparable, whilst ADneX was lower, 85.5 (81.3, 88.9), 81.3 (76.9, 85.0) (p = 0.155), compared to RMI 55.2 (51.2, 59.1) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In pre-menopausal women, ROMA and ADNEX offer significantly higher sensitivity but significantly decreased specificity. In post-menopausal women, ROMA demonstrates significantly higher sensitivity and comparable specificity to RMI I, ADNEX has the highest sensitivity of all models, but with significantly reduced specificity. RMI I has poor sensitivity compared to ROMA or ADNEX. Choice between ROMA and ADNEX as a replacement test will depend on cost effectiveness and resource implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (P.S.); (J.D.); (S.B.); (S.B.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nirmala Rai
- Southend University Hospital NHS Trust, Southend-on-Sea SS0 0RY, UK;
| | - Pawana Sharma
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (P.S.); (J.D.); (S.B.); (S.B.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jon Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (P.S.); (J.D.); (S.B.); (S.B.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah Berhane
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (P.S.); (J.D.); (S.B.); (S.B.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sue Mallett
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London NW1 2BU, UK;
| | - Pratyusha Saha
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Rita Solanki
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Susan Bayliss
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (P.S.); (J.D.); (S.B.); (S.B.)
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kym Snell
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Sudha Sundar
- Pan Birmingham Gynaecological Cancer Centre, City Hospital, Birmingham B187QH, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152TT, UK
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Davenport C, Rai N, Sharma P, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, Mallett S, Saha P, Champaneria R, Bayliss SE, Snell KI, Sundar S. Menopausal status, ultrasound and biomarker tests in combination for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in symptomatic women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 7:CD011964. [PMID: 35879201 PMCID: PMC9314189 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011964.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest case fatality rate of all gynaecological cancers. Diagnostic delays are caused by non-specific symptoms. Existing systematic reviews have not comprehensively covered tests in current practice, not estimated accuracy separately in pre- and postmenopausal women, or used inappropriate meta-analytic methods. OBJECTIVES To establish the accuracy of combinations of menopausal status, ultrasound scan (USS) and biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women and compare the accuracy of different test combinations. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), five other databases and three trial registries from 1991 to 2015 and MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) form June 2015 to June 2019. We also searched conference proceedings from the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology, International Gynecologic Cancer Society, American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Gynecologic Oncology, ZETOC and Conference Proceedings Citation Index (Web of Knowledge). We searched reference lists of included studies and published systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included cross-sectional diagnostic test accuracy studies evaluating single tests or comparing two or more tests, randomised trials comparing two or more tests, and studies validating multivariable models for the diagnosis of OC investigating test combinations, compared with a reference standard of histological confirmation or clinical follow-up in women with a pelvic mass (detected clinically or through USS) suspicious for OC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed quality using QUADAS-2. We used the bivariate hierarchical model to indirectly compare tests at commonly reported thresholds in pre- and postmenopausal women separately. We indirectly compared tests across all thresholds and estimated sensitivity at fixed specificities of 80% and 90% by fitting hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) models in pre- and postmenopausal women separately. MAIN RESULTS We included 59 studies (32,059 women, 9545 cases of OC). Two tests evaluated the accuracy of a combination of menopausal status and USS findings (IOTA Logistic Regression Model 2 (LR2) and the Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa model (ADNEX)); one test evaluated the accuracy of a combination of menopausal status, USS findings and serum biomarker CA125 (Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)); and one test evaluated the accuracy of a combination of menopausal status and two serum biomarkers (CA125 and HE4) (Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA)). Most studies were at high or unclear risk of bias in participant, reference standard, and flow and timing domains. All studies were in hospital settings. Prevalence was 16% (RMI, ROMA), 22% (LR2) and 27% (ADNEX) in premenopausal women and 38% (RMI), 45% (ROMA), 52% (LR2) and 55% (ADNEX) in postmenopausal women. The prevalence of OC in the studies was considerably higher than would be expected in symptomatic women presenting in community-based settings, or in women referred from the community to hospital with a suspicion of OC. Studies were at high or unclear applicability because presenting features were not reported, or USS was performed by experienced ultrasonographers for RMI, LR2 and ADNEX. The higher sensitivity and lower specificity observed in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women across all index tests and at all thresholds may reflect highly selected patient cohorts in the included studies. In premenopausal women, ROMA at a threshold of 13.1 (± 2), LR2 at a threshold to achieve a post-test probability of OC of 10% and ADNEX (post-test probability 10%) demonstrated a higher sensitivity (ROMA: 77.4%, 95% CI 72.7% to 81.5%; LR2: 83.3%, 95% CI 74.7% to 89.5%; ADNEX: 95.5%, 95% CI 91.0% to 97.8%) compared to RMI (57.2%, 95% CI 50.3% to 63.8%). The specificity of ROMA and ADNEX were lower in premenopausal women (ROMA: 84.3%, 95% CI 81.2% to 87.0%; ADNEX: 77.8%, 95% CI 67.4% to 85.5%) compared to RMI 92.5% (95% CI 90.3% to 94.2%). The specificity of LR2 was comparable to RMI (90.4%, 95% CI 84.6% to 94.1%). In postmenopausal women, ROMA at a threshold of 27.7 (± 2), LR2 (post-test probability 10%) and ADNEX (post-test probability 10%) demonstrated a higher sensitivity (ROMA: 90.3%, 95% CI 87.5% to 92.6%; LR2: 94.8%, 95% CI 92.3% to 96.6%; ADNEX: 97.6%, 95% CI 95.6% to 98.7%) compared to RMI (78.4%, 95% CI 74.6% to 81.7%). Specificity of ROMA at a threshold of 27.7 (± 2) (81.5, 95% CI 76.5% to 85.5%) was comparable to RMI (85.4%, 95% CI 82.0% to 88.2%), whereas for LR2 (post-test probability 10%) and ADNEX (post-test probability 10%) specificity was lower (LR2: 60.6%, 95% CI 50.5% to 69.9%; ADNEX: 55.0%, 95% CI 42.8% to 66.6%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In specialist healthcare settings in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, RMI has poor sensitivity. In premenopausal women, ROMA, LR2 and ADNEX offer better sensitivity (fewer missed cancers), but for ROMA and ADNEX this is off-set by a decrease in specificity and increase in false positives. In postmenopausal women, ROMA demonstrates a higher sensitivity and comparable specificity to RMI. ADNEX has the highest sensitivity in postmenopausal women, but reduced specificity. The prevalence of OC in included studies is representative of a highly selected referred population, rather than a population in whom referral is being considered. The comparative accuracy of tests observed here may not be transferable to non-specialist settings. Ultimately health systems need to balance accuracy and resource implications to identify the most suitable test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nirmala Rai
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Pawana Sharma
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Berhane
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sue Mallett
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pratyusha Saha
- Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rita Champaneria
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan E Bayliss
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kym Ie Snell
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Primary, Community and Social Care, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Sudha Sundar
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
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Boegemann M, Goebell PJ, Woike M, Buncke J, Schlack K, Schrader AJ. Assessment of prognosis by established prognosis scores and physicians' judgement in mRCC patients: an analysis of the STAR-TOR registry. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:4062-4074. [PMID: 34804848 PMCID: PMC8575558 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temsirolimus is a mTOR inhibitor approved for the first-line treatment of advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (a/mRCC) with poor prognosis. In treatment of a/mRCC several prognostic scoring systems are used. We assessed the prognostic value of these scores in a large temsirolimus treated cohort and compared the results with the physician’s prognosis. Methods A German multicenter registry (STAR-TOR) for a/mRCC patients (NCT00700258) was established to evaluate the efficacy and safety of temsirolimus 25 mg weekly in a routine clinical setting. These prospective data were systematically analyzed and followed-up by an independent clinical research organization to compare established prognostic scores (MSKCC, IMDC and Hudes) with the risk assessment by treating physicians based on their medical expertise and match them with survival outcomes. Results This interim analysis included 547 patients between 02/2008 and 05/2015 in 87 centers. Either prognostic tool resulted in significant and clinically meaningful differentiation between good, intermediate and poor prognosis. However, physician’s prognosis identified more patients with good prognosis (9.1% vs. 1.3%). In patients with good physician’s prognosis and intermediate prognosis by MSKCC, overall survival was nearly doubled compared to consensual intermediate prognosis (26.6 vs. 13.6 months), albeit without reaching statistical significance (P=0.09). For poor prognosis assessed by the physician, MSKCC performed statistically better for differentiation between poor and intermediate prognosis with a median overall survival of 10.3 vs. 5.5 months (P<0.01). Conclusions Physician’s prognosis may be able to identify a subset of patients treated with temsirolimus with good prognosis when MSKCC-determines intermediate prognosis while the MSKCC score could identify patients which were falsely placed in the poor risk group by physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boegemann
- Department of Urology, Muenster University Medical Center, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 GB A1, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Katrin Schlack
- Department of Urology, Muenster University Medical Center, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 GB A1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andres Jan Schrader
- Department of Urology, Muenster University Medical Center, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 GB A1, Muenster, Germany
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Abstract
Importance Several predictive models and scoring systems have been developed to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian masses, in order to guide effective management. These models use combinations of patient characteristics, ultrasound markers, and biochemical markers. Objective The aim of this study was to describe, compare, and prioritize, according to their strengths and qualities, all the adnexal prediction models. Evidence Acquisition This was a state-of-the-art review, synthesizing the findings of the current published literature on the available prediction models of adnexal masses. Results The existing models include subjective assessment by expert sonographers, the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis models (logistic regression models 1 and 2, Simple Rules, 3-step strategy, and ADNEX [Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa] model), the Risk of Malignancy Index, the Risk of Malignancy Ovarian Algorithm, the Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System, and the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System. Overall, subjective assessment appears to be superior to all prediction models. However, the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis models are probably the best available methods for nonexpert examiners. The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System is an international approach that incorporates both the common European and North American approaches, but still needs to be validated. Conclusions Many prediction models exist for the assessment of adnexal masses. The adoption of a particular model is based on local guidelines, as well as sonographer's experience. The safety of expectant management of adnexal masses with benign ultrasound morphology is still under investigation.
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Stukan M, Badocha M, Ratajczak K. Development and validation of a model that includes two ultrasound parameters and the plasma D-dimer level for predicting malignancy in adnexal masses: an observational study. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:564. [PMID: 31185938 PMCID: PMC6558858 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-operative discrimination of malignant from benign adnexal masses is crucial for planning additional imaging, preparation, surgery and postoperative care. This study aimed to define key ultrasound and clinical variables and develop a predictive model for calculating preoperative ovarian tumor malignancy risk in a gynecologic oncology referral center. We compared our model to a subjective ultrasound assessment (SUA) method and previously described models. Methods This prospective, single-center observational study included consecutive patients. We collected systematic ultrasound and clinical data, including cancer antigen 125, D-dimer (DD) levels and platelet count. Histological examinations served as the reference standard. We performed univariate and multivariate regressions, and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to assess the optimal model. Data were split into 2 subsets: training, for model development (190 observations) and testing, for model validation (n = 100). Results Among 290 patients, 52% had malignant disease, including epithelial ovarian cancer (72.8%), metastatic disease (14.5%), borderline tumors (6.6%), and non-epithelial malignancies (4.6%). Significant variables were included into a multivariate analysis. The optimal model, included three independent factors: solid areas, the color score, and the DD level. Malignant and benign lesions had mean DD values of 2.837 and 0.354 μg/ml, respectively. We transformed established formulae into a web-based calculator (http://gin-onc-calculators.com/gynonc.php) for calculating the adnexal mass malignancy risk. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for models compared in the testing set were: our model (0.977), Simple Rules risk calculation (0.976), Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) (0.972), Logistic Regression 2 (LR2) (0.969), Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) 4 (0.932), SUA (0.930), and RMI3 (0.912). Conclusions Two simple ultrasound predictors and the DD level (also included in a mathematical model), when used by gynecologist oncologist, discriminated malignant from benign ovarian lesions as well or better than other more complex models and the SUA method. These parameters (and the model) may be clinically useful for planning adequate management in the cancer center. The model needs substantial validation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5629-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Stukan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gdynia Oncology Center, Pomeranian Hospitals, Gdynia, Poland, Postal address: ul. Powstania Styczniowego 1, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Michał Badocha
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland, Postal address: ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Karol Ratajczak
- Karol Ratajczak Consulting, ul. Damroki 1A, 80-175, Gdańsk, Poland
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Adnexal lesions: Imaging strategies for ultrasound and MR imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging 2018; 100:635-646. [PMID: 30177450 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adnexal lesions are routinely encountered in general practice. Ultrasound is the first line of investigation in determining the benign or malignant potential of an adnexal lesion. In the cases of classic simple cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, endometriomas, dermoids and obviously malignant lesions, ultrasound may be sufficient for management recommendations. In cases where there is an isolated adnexal lesion, without peritoneal disease or serum CA-125 elevation, and in lesions considered indeterminate on ultrasound, MR imaging with incorporation of the ADNEx MR score can increase the specificity for the diagnosis of benignity or malignancy. This article will review the imaging evaluation of adnexal lesions and how to incorporate the ADNEx MR score to help guide clinical management.
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A systematic approach to adnexal masses discovered on ultrasound: the ADNEx MR scoring system. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2018; 43:679-695. [PMID: 28900696 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adnexal lesions are a common occurrence in radiology practice and imaging plays a crucial role in triaging women appropriately. Current trends toward early detection and characterization have increased the need for accurate imaging assessment of adnexal lesions prior to treatment. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for assessing adnexal lesions; however, approximately 20% of lesions are incompletely characterized after ultrasound evaluation. Secondary assessment with MR imaging using the ADNEx MR Scoring System has been demonstrated as highly accurate in the characterization of adnexal lesions and in excluding ovarian cancer. This review will address the role of MR imaging in further assessment of adnexal lesions discovered on US, and the utility of the ADNEx MR Scoring System.
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Sadowski EA, Paroder V, Patel-Lippmann K, Robbins JB, Barroilhet L, Maddox E, McMahon T, Sampene E, Wasnik AP, Blaty AD, Maturen KE. Indeterminate Adnexal Cysts at US: Prevalence and Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer. Radiology 2018; 287:1041-1049. [PMID: 29480762 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018172271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the prevalence of indeterminate adnexal cysts in women presenting to academic medical centers for pelvic ultrasonography (US), determine the incidence of malignancy, and identify cyst and patient characteristics that are predictive of malignancy. Materials and Methods A multicenter study of US-detected adnexal cysts with appropriate follow-up (surgical pathologic examination, imaging and/or clinical examination) was conducted from January 2008 to June 2012. Indeterminate cysts were classified as category 1 (typical benign appearing cysts >5 cm) or category 2 (cysts with avascular solid components) on the basis of a combination of definitions in the existing literature. The incidence of neoplasms and malignant tumors was calculated. Patient and cyst characteristics associated with neoplasm and malignant tumors were evaluated with the χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the t test for continuous variables. A backward stepwise logistic regression model was performed for two outcomes: (a) the presence of any neoplasm (benign or malignant) and (b) the presence of a malignant tumor. Results There were 1637 women with an adnexal cyst at US; 391 (mean age = 41.8 years ± 13.5.1; range = 17-91 years) had an indeterminate adnexal cyst at US. The prevalence of indeterminate adnexal cysts was 23.9% (391 of 1637; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22, 0.26). Three hundred three indeterminate cysts in 280 women (mean age = 42.9 years ± 14.1; range = 17-88 years) had adequate follow-up. The incidence of ovarian neoplasms (benign and malignant) was 24.8% (75 of 303 cysts; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.30), and the incidence of malignant tumors was 3.6% (11 of 303 cysts; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06). The proportion of ovarian neoplasms differed between category 1 and category 2 cysts (17.5% [25 of 143 cysts; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.25] vs 31.3% [50 of 160 cysts; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.39], respectively; P = .001). The proportion of malignant tumors differed between categories 1 and 2 cysts (0% [0 of 143 cysts] vs 6.9% [11 of 160 cysts; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.12]; P < .001). The presence of an avascular nodular component was a significant predictor of malignancy at stepwise logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 2.83; P ≤ .0001; 95% CI: 1.69, 4.70). Conclusion The presence of an avascular nodular component was the most significant predictor of the presence of malignancy in indeterminate adnexal cysts. The risk of malignancy is higher with category 2 cysts than with category 1 cysts. © RSNA, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Sadowski
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Viktoriya Paroder
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Krupa Patel-Lippmann
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jessica B Robbins
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Lisa Barroilhet
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Elizabeth Maddox
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Timothy McMahon
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Emmanuel Sampene
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Ashish P Wasnik
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Alexander D Blaty
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Katherine E Maturen
- From the Departments of Radiology (E.A.S., J.B.R., E.M.), Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.A.S., L.B.), and Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (E.S.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Clinical Science Center, E3/372, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792-3252; Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (V.P., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (K.P.L.); Department of Radiology (A.P.W., A.D.B., K.E.M.) and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.E.M.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Mich
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龚 时, 陈 咏, 张 雅, 姚 威, 陈 莉, 刘 士, 吴 焕. [Diagnostic value of CA125, HE4 and Copenhagen Index in differentiating benign from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:628-632. [PMID: 28539285 PMCID: PMC6780478 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.05.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze diagnostic value of Copenhagen Index based on pretreatment serum CA125, HE4 and age in differentiating benign and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors. METHODS The clinical data were analyzed for 208 consecutive patients with epithelial ovarian tumors (including 100 with malignant and 108 with benign tumors) treated in our department between September, 2014 and September, 2016. The receiver-operating characteristic curve was drawn based on the golden standard of pathological diagnosis for calculation of the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CA125, HE4 and the Copenhagen Index. RESULTS In the overall cases, early stage cases and advanced stage cases, the prediction probabilities of CA125, HE4 and Copenhagen Index were all significantly higher for malignant than in benign tumors (P<0.001). The sensitivities of CA125, HE4, Copenhagen Index for differentiating benign and malignant tumors were 81.0%, 86.0% and 91.0% in the overall cases, 64.0%, 68.0% and 72.0% in early stage cases, and 86.7%, 92.0% and 97.3% in advanced stage cases, and their diagnostic specificities were 88.0%, 93.5% and 96.3%, respectively. Copenhagen Index had the highest diagnostic sensitivity (but not in early stage cases) and specificity followed by HE4 and then by CA125 (P<0.001) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Copenhagen Index combined with CA125, HE4 and age hase better diagnostic value than HE4 or CA125 alone for differentiation between benign and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors, and can be used clinically to improve the early diagnostic rate of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 时鹏 龚
- 南方医科大学南方医院 妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 咏宁 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院 妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 雅迪 张
- 南方医科大学南方医院 妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 威 姚
- 南方医科大学南方医院 妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 莉 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院 PET 中心,广东 广州 510515PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 士三 刘
- 南方医科大学南方医院 妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 焕 吴
- 重庆医科大学附属第二医院妇产科,重庆 400010Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Wójtowicz A, Żywica P, Stachowiak A, Dyczkowski K. Solving the problem of incomplete data in medical diagnosis via interval modeling. Appl Soft Comput 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Analysis of falsely elevated risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm in women with ovarian endometrioma. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2016; 59:295-302. [PMID: 27462596 PMCID: PMC4958675 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2016.59.4.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the incidence of falsely elevated risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) in a group of women with pathologically confirmed endometrioma and to investigate the associated factors. Methods One hundred premenopausal women surgically diagnosed with ovarian endometrioma were selected. Preoperative clinical, laboratory, and surgical characteristics were compared between the elevated-risk group (ROMA-premenopausal value, ≥7.4%) and normal-risk group (ROMA-premenopausal value, <7.4%). Results Elevated ROMA was observed in 15 women (false positive rate, 15%). Excluding one woman with known chronic renal failure, we compared the characteristics of 99 women between the elevated-risk group (n=14) and the normalrisk group (n=85). None of the clinical and surgical variables distinguished the two groups. Serum level of CA 125 >82.3 U/mL and serum level of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) >46 pmol/L could predict an elevated ROMA test with a statistical significance. When serum level of HE4 ≤46 pmol/L, none of the women showed an elevated ROMA test, regardless of serum level of CA 125; however, 55.6% of the women showed an elevated ROMA test when serum level of HE4 >46 pmol/L and CA 125 ≤82.3 U/mL and all women showed an elevated ROMA test when serum level of HE4 >46 pmol/L and CA 125 >82.3 U/mL. Conclusion The incidence of falsely elevated ROMA was 15% in the group of women with pathologically confirmed endometrioma. Interpretation of the ROMA results should be cautious when serum level of HE4 >46 pmol/L and CA 125 >82.3 U/mL in women with suspicious ovarian endometrioma.
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Subjective assessment versus ultrasound models to diagnose ovarian cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2016; 58:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Benacerraf BR. Ultrasonic diagnosis of ovarian masses: can the playing field be leveled and raised at the same time? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214:419-421. [PMID: 27017322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beryl R Benacerraf
- Departments of Radiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Żywica P, Dyczkowski K, Wójtowicz A, Stachowiak A, Szubert S, Moszyński R. Development of a fuzzy-driven system for ovarian tumor diagnosis. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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