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Cupido DT, de Beer C. Screening for viral pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract from cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy at the Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary. Virol J 2023; 20:281. [PMID: 38031160 PMCID: PMC10688011 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden and unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) may be triggered by an external risk or exposure. Intestinal infections with enteric viruses may disrupt the gut and enhance bacterial toxins present in SUDI cases. While diarrhoeal disease deaths have decreased worldwide, approximately half a million deaths still occur in children in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. Furthermore, the role of viral enteropathogens in SUDI cases have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe specific viral pathogens in stool samples collected from SUDI cases and age-matched, apparently healthy infants in Cape Town, South Africa. Stool samples were collected from 176 SUDI cases between June 2017 and May 2018. In addition, stool samples were collected from the nappies of 30 age-matched, apparently healthy infants as a control group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on the stool samples for viral detection. A total of 111 SUDI cases were positive for viruses, with rotavirus (38.6%; 68/176) and norovirus GI and GII (30.0%; 53/176) were prevalent in SUDI cases. Adenovirus Type F was present in only 15.9% (28/176), astrovirus in 9.7% (17/176), and sapovirus in 0.6% (1/176) of cases. In the control samples, norovirus GII was detected most frequently (36.7%; 11/30), followed by rotavirus (33.3%; 10/30), and sapovirus in 6.7% (2/30). While there was no significant association between SUDI cases and enteric viruses, the majority of viruses were significantly associated with the seasons. The study confirms the importance of rotavirus vaccination and describes the significance of norovirus infection in children, post rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Cupido
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Corena de Beer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Razizadeh MH, Khatami A, Zarei M. Global molecular prevalence and genotype distribution of Sapovirus in children with gastrointestinal complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2302. [PMID: 34626019 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sapovirus (SaV) is an emerging cause of children gastrointestinal complications such as acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of the SaV in children and association of infection with SaVs and AGE in children based on case-control studies. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar) were used to retrieve English-language studies published between January 2000 and December 2020. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was applied to estimate the overall prevalence, publication bias and heterogeneity index. The pooled prevalence of SaV infection among children with gastroenteritis was 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9%-3.9%] based on a random-effects meta-analysis. Genogroup I was the dominant genogroup of SaV in children with gastroenteritis [2.2% (95% CI: 1.6%-3.0%)], association analysis showed that SaV was associated with gastroenteritis [OR: 1.843 (95% CI: 1.27-2.66)]. Given the significant prevalence of the virus in children, it is necessary to pay more attention to this situation. Therefore, preventive health measures in children should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Khatami
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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de Oliveira-Tozetto S, Santiso-Bellón C, Ferrer-Chirivella JM, Navarro-Lleó N, Vila-Vicent S, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Buesa J. Epidemiological and Genetic Characterization of Sapovirus in Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Valencia (Spain). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020184. [PMID: 33530573 PMCID: PMC7911121 DOI: 10.3390/v13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups. Sapovirus infections are seldom investigated in Spain, and its epidemiology in the country is not well known. The use of molecular diagnostic procedures has allowed a more frequent detection of sapoviruses in patients with diarrhea. A total of 2545 stool samples from patients with acute gastroenteritis attended from June 2018 to February 2020 at the Clinic University Hospital in Valencia, Spain, were analyzed by reverse transcription (RT) and real-time multiplex PCR (RT-PCR) to investigate the etiology of enteric infections. Sapovirus was the second enteric virus detected with a positive rate of 8%, behind norovirus (12.2%) and ahead of rotavirus (7.1%), astrovirus (4.9%) and enteric adenoviruses (2.9%). Most sapovirus infections occurred in infants and young children under 3 years of age (74%) with the highest prevalence in autumn and early winter. Coinfections were found in 25% of the patients with sapovirus diarrhea, mainly with other enteric viruses. Genotyping demonstrated the circulation of seven different genotypes during the study period, with a predominance of genotypes GI.1, GI.2, and GII.1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genogroup GII strains form a cluster separated from genogroup GI and GV, being genotype GV.1 strains related to genotype GI.1 and GI.2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibele de Oliveira-Tozetto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (J.B.)
| | - Josep M. Ferrer-Chirivella
- Microbiology Service, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Noemi Navarro-Lleó
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
| | - Susana Vila-Vicent
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.d.O.-T.); (N.N.-L.); (S.V.-V.); (J.R.-D.)
- Microbiology Service, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.S.-B.); (J.B.)
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Phattanawiboon B, Nonthabenjawan N, Boonyos P, Jetsukontorn C, Towayunanta W, Chuntrakool K, Ngaopravet K, Ruchusatsawat K, Uppapong B, Sangkitporn S, Mekada E, Matsuura Y, Tatsumi M, Mizushima H. Norovirus transmission mediated by asymptomatic family members in households. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236502. [PMID: 32702014 PMCID: PMC7377487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of human norovirus excreted from infected persons occasionally causes sporadic infections and outbreaks. Both symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers have been reported to contribute to norovirus transmission, but little is known about the magnitude of the contribution of asymptomatic carriers. We carried out a 1-year survey of residents of a district of Bangkok, Thailand to determine the percentage of norovirus transmissions originating from asymptomatic individuals. We screened 38 individuals recruited from 16 families from May 2018 to April 2019 for GI and GII genotypes. Norovirus was detected every month, and 101 of 716 stool samples (14.1%) from individuals with no symptoms of acute gastroenteritis were norovirus-positive. The average infection frequency was 2.4 times per person per year. Fourteen genotypes were identified from the positive samples, with GII.4 being detected most frequently. Notably, 89.1% of the norovirus-positive samples were provided by individuals with no diarrhea episode. Similar to cases of symptomatic infections in Thailand, asymptomatic infections were observed most frequently in December. We detected 4 cases of NV infection caused by household transmission, and 3 of the 4 transmissions originated from asymptomatic individuals. We also identified a case in which norovirus derived from an asymptomatic individual caused diarrhea in a family member. These results suggest that asymptomatic individuals play a substantial role in both the maintenance and spreading of norovirus in a community through household transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjarat Phattanawiboon
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonyos
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chanya Jetsukontorn
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Kriangsak Ruchusatsawat
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ballang Uppapong
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eisuke Mekada
- Research and Education Promotion Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Tatsumi
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Hiroto Mizushima
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Makhaola K, Moyo S, Kebaabetswe LP. Distribution and Genetic Variability of Sapoviruses in Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050490. [PMID: 32349380 PMCID: PMC7291139 DOI: 10.3390/v12050490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe the distribution and genetic diversity of sapoviruses detected among humans, animals and the environment in African countries. Databases were searched for studies conducted in African countries and published between Jan 2005 and Mar 2019. Only studies where RT- PCR was used for initial detection were included in the systematic review. We identified 27 studies from 14 African countries with 18 focused on human sapoviruses, two on animal sapoviruses and seven on sapoviruses observed in the environment. Samples. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of human sapovirus infections among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals was similar at 5.0% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.0–7.0) and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.0–3.0), respectively. In environmental samples sapovirus detection rates ranged from 0% to 90% while in animal studies it was 1.7% to 34.8%. Multiple causes of gastroenteritis, sensitivity of detection method used, diversity of sapovirus strains and rotavirus vaccine coverage rate are some of the factors that could have contributed to the wide range of sapovirus detection rates that were reported. The studies reported human genogroups GI, GII, and GIV, with genogroup GI being the most prevalent. Some potential novel strains were detected from animal samples. Most studies genotyped a small portion of either the capsid and/or polymerase region. However, this is a limitation as it does not allow for detection of recombinants that occur frequently in sapoviruses. More studies with harmonized genotyping protocols that cover longer ranges of the sapovirus genome are needed to provide more information on the genomic characterization of sapoviruses circulating in African countries. Further investigations on animal to human transmission for sapoviruses are needed as inter-species transmissions have been documented for other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kgomotso Makhaola
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lemme P. Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Correspondence:
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Human Sapovirus among Outpatients with Acute Gastroenteritis in Spain: A One-Year Study. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020144. [PMID: 30744057 PMCID: PMC6409837 DOI: 10.3390/v11020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral agents of human gastroenteritis affect people of all ages across the globe. As a mainly self-limiting disease, it is difficult to evaluate the real prevalence of etiological agents circulating in each region. Many of the analyzed outbreaks are caused by viruses of the family Caliciviridae, especially the genus Norovirus (NoV). Most studies have focused on other enteric viruses, leaving sapovirus (SaV) underestimated as an important emerging human threat. This one-year study analyzed clinical samples from hospital outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Spain, with the aim of revealing the importance of human SaV as an emerging viral pathogen. A total of 2667 stools were tested using reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR to detect and quantify SaV. Sapovirus was detected in all age groups, especially in infants, children, and the elderly. The prevalence was 15.64% (417/2667), and was slightly higher in 0–2- and 3–5-year-olds (19.53% and 17.95%, respectively) and much lower in 13–18-year-olds (9.86%). Positive samples were detected throughout the year, with peaks of detection during autumn and the late winter to early spring months. The mean value for the quantified samples was 6.5 × 105 genome copies per gram of stool (GC/g) (range 2.4 × 103–6.6 × 1011 GC/g). RT-nested PCR and sequencing were used for further genotyping. Genetic characterization showed a predominance of genogroup I (GI), followed by GII and GIV. The detection of multiple genotypes suggests the circulation of different strains without any clear tendency. The results obtained suggest SaV as the second major gastroenteritis agent after NoV in the region.
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Prevalence of Human Sapovirus in Low and Middle Income Countries. Adv Virol 2018; 2018:5986549. [PMID: 30245718 PMCID: PMC6139206 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5986549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sapovirus (SV) infection is a public health concern which plays an important role in the burden of diarrhoeal diseases, causing acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages in both outbreaks and sporadic cases worldwide. Objective/Study Design The purpose of this report is to summarise the available data on the detection of human SV in low and middle income countries. A systematic search on PubMed and ScienceDirect database for SV studies published between 2004 and 2017 in low and middle income countries was done. Studies of SV in stool and water samples were part of the inclusion criteria. Results From 19 low and middle income countries, 45 published studies were identified. The prevalence rate for SV was 6.5%. A significant difference (P=0) in SV prevalent rate was observed between low income and middle income countries. Thirty-three (78.6%) of the studies reported on children and 8 (19%) studies reported on all age groups with diarrhoea. The majority (66.7%) of studies reported on hospitalised patients with acute gastroenteritis. Sapovirus GI was shown as the dominant genogroup, followed by SV-GII. Conclusion The detection of human SV in low and middle income countries is evident; however the reports on its prevalence are limited. There is therefore a need for systematic surveillance of the circulation of SV, and their role in diarrhoeal disease and outbreaks, especially in low and middle income countries.
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Alcalá AC, Pérez K, Blanco R, González R, Ludert JE, Liprandi F, Vizzi E. Molecular detection of human enteric viruses circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Valencia, Venezuela, before rotavirus vaccine implementation. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:6. [PMID: 29483944 PMCID: PMC5822563 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of rotavirus as main etiologic agent of diarrhea has been well documented worldwide, including in Venezuela. However, information about the prevalence of gastrointestinal viruses such as calicivirus, adenovirus and astrovirus is limited and the contribution of other agents as Aichi virus and klassevirus is largely unknown. To explore the etiological spectrum of diarrhea associated with agents other than rotaviruses, 227 stool samples from children under 5 years old with acute gastroenteritis, collected in Valencia (Venezuela) from 2001 to 2005, and previously tested as rotavirus-negative, were analyzed for caliciviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, Aichi viruses, klasseviruses, picobirnaviruses and enteroviruses by specific RT-PCRs. Results At least one viral agent was detected in 134 (59%) of the samples analyzed, mainly from children under 24 months of age and most of them belonging to the lowest socioeconomic status. Overall, enterovirus was identified as the most common viral agent (37.9%), followed by calicivirus (23.3%), adenovirus (11.5%), astrovirus (3.5%), klassevirus (1.3%) and Aichi virus (0.4%), while no picobirnavirus was detected. Klasseviruses were found during 2004 and 2005 and Aichi viruses only in 2005, indicating their circulation in Venezuela; meanwhile, the rest of the viruses were detected during the whole study period. Coinfections with two or more viruses were found in 39 (29.1%) of the infected children, most under 24 months of age. Adenovirus was involved as the coinfecting agent in at least 46.9% of the cases, but no differences concerning socio-demographic variables were observed between the coinfected and the single infected children. Conclusions The results show that various enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, caliciviruses and adenoviruses, accounted for a significant proportion of infantile diarrhea cases in Venezuela before rotavirus vaccine implementation. In addition, emerging viruses as Aichi virus and klassevirus were found, indicating the need to continue monitoring their spreading into the communities. Efforts are needed to develop more accurate methods to identify the major causes of diarrhea and to provide tools for more effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Alcalá
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela.,4Present Address: Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Kriss Pérez
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Ruth Blanco
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Rosabel González
- 3Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - Juan E Ludert
- Instituto Autónomo de Biomedicina Dr. Jacinto Convit-MPPS, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
| | - Esmeralda Vizzi
- 1Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apdo. 21827, Caracas, 1020 Venezuela
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Kumthip K, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N. Molecular epidemiology and genotype distributions of noroviruses and sapoviruses in Thailand 2000-2016: A review. J Med Virol 2018; 90:617-624. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Microbiology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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Noroviruses and sapoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in Thailand: increased detection of recombinant norovirus GII.P16/GII.13 strains. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3371-3380. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shamkhali Chenar S, Deng Z. Environmental indicators for human norovirus outbreaks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2017; 27:40-51. [PMID: 27876423 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1257705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in human. While the winter seasonality of norovirus outbreaks has been widely reported, the association between norovirus outbreak epidemics and environmental factors remains not fully understood. This literature review is intended to improve understanding of environmental factors governing norovirus outbreaks and how the factors affect norovirus transmission. To that end, a large number of studies (67) from countries around the world were critically reviewed and discussed. Results of the literature review show that temperature, humidity, and rainfall are the most important environmental variables governing the norovirus epidemic cycle. It was found that low temperature between -6.6 and 20 °C, relative humidity between 10 and 66 %, and rainfall from 1 day to 3 months before an outbreak are effective ranges of the environmental factors, which favor the prevalence of norovirus. Some other environmental factors might have an association with the cycle of norovirus epidemics. However, further investigations are needed to understand effects of the other factors on norovirus incidence. The findings of this literature review improve our understanding of the relationship between norovirus outbreaks and environmental factors and provide the direction for future research on norovirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Shamkhali Chenar
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
| | - Zhiqiang Deng
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , USA
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