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Awasthi SP, Nagita A, Hatanaka N, Hassan J, Xu B, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S. Detection of prolong excretion of Escherichia albertii in stool specimens of a 7-year-old child by a newly developed Eacdt gene-based quantitative real-time PCR method and molecular characterization of the isolates. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30042. [PMID: 38737260 PMCID: PMC11088251 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen. The clinical significance of this bacterium has increasingly been recognized worldwide. However, diagnostic method has not yet been established and its clinical manifestations are not fully understood. Here, we show that an Eacdt gene-based quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) developed in this study is 100% specific and sensitive when tested with 39 E. albertii and 36 non-E. albertii strains, respectively. Detection limit of the real-time PCR was 10 colony forming unit (CFU) and 1 pg of genomic DNA per PCR tube. When E. albertii was spiked with 4 × 100-106 CFU per mL to stool of healthy person, detection limit was 4.0 × 103 and 4.0 CFU per mL before and after enrichment culture, respectively. Moreover, the qRT-PCR was able to detect E. albertii in five children out of 246 (2%) but none from 142 adults suffering from gastroenteritis. All five E. albertii strains isolated carried eae and paa genes, however, only one strain harbored stx2f genes. Long-term shedding of stx2f gene-positive E. albertii in a child stool could be detected because of the qRT-PCR developed in this study which might have been missed if only conventional PCR and culture methods were employed. Furthermore, E. albertii isolated from siblings with diarrhea showed clonality by PFGE analysis. Taken together, these data suggest that the Eacdt gene-based qRT-PCR developed for the detection of E. albertii is useful and will assist in determining the real burden and clinical manifestation of E. albertii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Akira Nagita
- Department of Pediatrics, Mizushima Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Bingting Xu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
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Arai S, Hirose S, Yanagimoto K, Kojima Y, Yamaya S, Yamanaka T, Matsunaga N, Kobayashi A, Takahashi N, Konno T, Tokoi Y, Sakakida N, Konishi N, Hara-Kudo Y. An interlaboratory study on the detection method for Escherichia albertii in food using real time PCR assay and selective agars. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110616. [PMID: 38325257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen. Although E. albertii-specific detection and isolation methods have been developed, their efficiency on food samples have not yet been systematically studied. To establish a series of effective methods for detecting E. albertii in food, an interlaboratory study was conducted in 11 laboratories using enrichment with modified E. coli broth supplemented with cefixime and tellurite (CT-mEC), real-time PCR assay, and plating on four kinds of selective agars. This study focused on the detection efficiency of an E. albertii-specific real-time PCR assay (EA-rtPCR) and plating on deoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar (DHL), MacConkey agar (MAC), DHL supplemented with rhamnose and xylose (RX-DHL), and MAC supplemented with rhamnose and xylose (RX-MAC). Chicken and bean sprout samples were inoculated with E. albertii either at 17.7 CFU/25 g (low inoculation level) or 88.5 CFU/25 g (high inoculation level), and uninoculated samples were used as controls. The sensitivity of EA-rtPCR was 1.000 for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with E. albertii at low and high inoculation levels. The Ct values of bean sprout samples were higher than those of the chicken samples. Analysis of microbial distribution by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in enriched cultures of bean sprout samples showed that approximately >96 % of the population comprised unidentified genus of family Enterobacteriaceae and genus Acinetobacter in samples which E. albertii was not isolated. The sensitivity of the plating methods for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with a high inoculation level of E. albertii was 1.000 and 0.848-0.970, respectively. The sensitivity of the plating methods for chicken and bean sprout samples inoculated with a low inoculation level of E. albertii was 0.939-1.000 and 0.515-0.727, respectively. The E. albertii-positive rate in all colonies isolated in this study was 89-90 % in RX-DHL and RX-MAC, and 64 and 44 % in DHL and MAC, respectively. Therefore, the sensitivity of RX-supplemented agar was higher than that of the agars without these sugars. Using a combination of enrichment in CT-mEC and E. albertii isolation on selective agars supplemented with RX, E. albertii at an inoculation level of over 17.5 CFU/25 g of food was detected with a sensitivity of 1.000 and 0.667-0.727 in chicken and bean sprouts, respectively. Therefore, screening for E. albertii-specific genes using EA-rtPCR followed by isolation with RX-DHL or RX-MAC is an efficient method for E. albertii detection in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Keita Yanagimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan
| | - Yuka Kojima
- Division of Microbiology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasakiku Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamaya
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2, Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-0836, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamanaka
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16 Kitaiioka, Morioka 020-0857, Japan
| | - Norihisa Matsunaga
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34, Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Akihito Kobayashi
- Division of Microbiology, Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, 3684-11 Sakura-cho, Yokkaichi 512-1211, Japan
| | - Naoto Takahashi
- Shizuoka City Institute of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, 1-4-7 Oguro, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8072, Japan
| | - Takayuki Konno
- Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, 6-6, Senshukubota-machi, Akita 010-0874, Japan
| | - Yuki Tokoi
- Utsunomiya City Institute of Public Health and Environment, 972 Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya 321-0974, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sakakida
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1 Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinju-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Carter MQ, Quiñones B, He X, Pham A, Carychao D, Cooley MB, Lo CC, Chain PSG, Lindsey RL, Bono JL. Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia albertii Strains Isolated from Wild Birds in a Major Agricultural Region in California. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2803. [PMID: 38004814 PMCID: PMC10673567 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen. To better understand the pathogenesis and health risk of this pathogen, comparative genomics and phenotypic characterization were applied to assess the pathogenicity potential of E. albertii strains isolated from wild birds in a major agricultural region in California. Shiga toxin genes stx2f were present in all avian strains. Pangenome analyses of 20 complete genomes revealed a total of 11,249 genes, of which nearly 80% were accessory genes. Both core gene-based phylogenetic and accessory gene-based relatedness analyses consistently grouped the three stx2f-positive clinical strains with the five avian strains carrying ST7971. Among the three Stx2f-converting prophage integration sites identified, ssrA was the most common one. Besides the locus of enterocyte effacement and type three secretion system, the high pathogenicity island, OI-122, and type six secretion systems were identified. Substantial strain variation in virulence gene repertoire, Shiga toxin production, and cytotoxicity were revealed. Six avian strains exhibited significantly higher cytotoxicity than that of stx2f-positive E. coli, and three of them exhibited a comparable level of cytotoxicity with that of enterohemorrhagic E. coli outbreak strains, suggesting that wild birds could serve as a reservoir of E. albertii strains with great potential to cause severe diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Qiu Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Quiñones
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
| | - Antares Pham
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Diana Carychao
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Michael B. Cooley
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (B.Q.); (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.B.C.)
| | - Chien-Chi Lo
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Biosecurity and Public Health Group, U.S. Department of Energy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM 87545, USA; (C.-C.L.); (P.S.G.C.)
| | - Rebecca L. Lindsey
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - James L. Bono
- Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA;
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Leszczyńska K, Święcicka I, Daniluk T, Lebensztejn D, Chmielewska-Deptuła S, Leszczyńska D, Gawor J, Kliber M. Escherichia albertii as a Potential Enteropathogen in the Light of Epidemiological and Genomic Studies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1384. [PMID: 37510288 PMCID: PMC10379040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is a new enteropathogen of humans and animals. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pathogenicity of E. albertii strains isolated in northeastern Poland using epidemiological and genomic studies. In 2015-2018, a total of 1154 fecal samples from children and adults, 497 bird droppings, 212 food samples, 92 water samples, and 500 lactose-negative E. coli strains were tested. A total of 42 E. albertii strains were isolated. The PCR method was suitable for their rapid identification. In total, 33.3% of E. albertii isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, and 16.7% to two. Isolates were sensitive to cefepime, imipenem, levofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and did not produce ESBL β-lactamases. High genetic variability of E. albertii has been demonstrated. In the PFGE method, 90.5% of the strains had distinct pulsotypes. In MLST typing, 85.7% of strains were assigned distinct sequence types (STs), of which 64% were novel ST types. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and Paa toxin genes were found in 100% of E. albertii isolates. Genes encoding toxins, IbeA, CdtB type 2, Tsh and Shiga (Stx2f), were found in 26.2%, 9.7%, 1.7%, and 0.4% of E. albertii isolates, respectively. The chromosome size of the tested strains ranged from 4,573,338 to 5,141,010 bp (average 4,784,003 bp), and at least one plasmid was present in all strains. The study contributes to a more accurate assessment of the genetic diversity of E. albertii and the potential threat it poses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Święcicka
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bialystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Allergology and Pulmonology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chmielewska-Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequecing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kliber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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Arai S, Ooka T, Shibata M, Nagai Y, Tokoi Y, Nagaoka H, Maeda R, Tsuchiya A, Kojima Y, Ohya K, Ohnishi T, Konishi N, Ohtsuka K, Hara-Kudo Y. Development of a Novel Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Escherichia albertii in Chicken Meat. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:823-829. [PMID: 36322900 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen. Several foodborne outbreaks of E. albertii have been reported in Japan; however, foods associated with most outbreaks remain unidentified. Therefore, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays detecting E. albertii specifically and sensitively are required. Primers and probe for real-time PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific gene (EA-rtPCR) was designed. With 74 strains, including 43 E. albertii strains and several of its close relatives, EA-rtPCR specifically amplified E. albertii; therefore, the sensitivity of EA-rtPCR was then evaluated. The detection limits were 2.8 and 2.0-3.2 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL for E. albertii culture and enriched chicken culture inoculated with the pathogen, respectively. In addition, E. albertii was detected from 25 g of chicken meat inoculated with 0.1 log CFU of the pathogen by EA-rtPCR. The detection of E. albertii from chicken meat by EA-rtPCR was also evaluated by comparing with the nested-PCR assay, and 28 retail chicken meat and 193 dissected body parts from 21 chicken carcass were tested. One and three chicken meat were positive in the nested-PCR assay and EA-rtPCR, respectively. Fourteen carcasses had at least one body part that was positive for EA-rtPCR, and 36 and 48 samples were positive for the nested-PCR assay and EA-rtPCR, respectively. A total of 37 strains of E. albertii were isolated from seven PCR-positive samples obtained from six chicken carcass. All E. albertii isolates harbored eae gene, and were classified as E. albertii O-genotype (EAOg)3 or EAOg4 by EAO-genotyping. The EA-rtPCR developed in this study has potential to improve E. albertii detection in food and advance research on E. albertii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mizuha Shibata
- Shizuoka City Institute of Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhki Nagai
- Division of Microbiology, Mie Prefecture Health and Environment Research Institute, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Tokoi
- Utsunomiya City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagaoka
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Fujieda, Japan
| | - Rika Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science, Uto, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tsuchiya
- Life Science Division, Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuka Kojima
- Division of Microbiology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohya
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohnishi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
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Barmettler K, Biggel M, Treier A, Muchaamba F, Vogler BR, Stephan R. Occurrence and Characteristics of Escherichia albertii in Wild Birds and Poultry Flocks in Switzerland. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112265. [PMID: 36422334 PMCID: PMC9699108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a zoonotic pathogen, has sporadically been associated with infectious diarrhea in humans. Poultry and wild birds are considered potential reservoirs. We assessed the occurrence of E. albertii in 280 fecal samples from wild birds (n = 130) and pooled fecal samples collected at slaughterhouse level from poultry flocks (n = 150) in Switzerland. Using an E. albertii-specific PCR targeting the Eacdt gene, 23.8% (31/130) of the samples from wild birds, but not from the pooled poultry fecal samples, tested positive for Eacdt. The positive samples originated from 11 bird species belonging to eight families. Strain isolation was attempted on the PCR-positive samples by subculturing the broth cultures onto xylose–MacConkey plates. Isolation was possible on 12 of the 31 Eacdt-PCR-positive samples. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the strains belonged to nine distinct sequence types, with ST13420 and ST5967 being represented by two and three isolates, respectively. All strains harbored the eae gene, while two strains were also positive for stx2f. Our study thus shows that E. albertii is present in the Swiss wild bird population, which can potentially act as a source of this pathogen to humans, other animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Renate Vogler
- National Reference Centre for Poultry and Rabbit Diseases (NRGK), Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Naka A, Hinenoya A, Awasthi SP, Yamasaki S. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii from wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture and its prefectural borders, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1299-1306. [PMID: 35896346 PMCID: PMC9523302 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii has recently been recognized as a zoonotic enteropathogen associated with food poisoning. The reservoirs and transmission routes of this bacterium to
humans are still unclear. In this study, we performed a survey of E. albertii in fecal specimens of wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture and its prefectural
borders, Japan to understand its reservoir in the environment. Forty-two E. albertii were isolated from 10 and 31 droppings of 59 crows and 125 starlings, respectively.
Fifty-two E. albertii were isolated from 906 mammal droppings, and out of 52 isolates, origin of 33, 6 and 1 isolates were from martens, foxes, and rabbit, respectively,
however, origin of 12 isolates remained unknown. Three E. albertii were isolated from two and one feces of 159 dogs and 76 cats, respectively. Pulsed-filed gel
electrophoresis analysis grouped 97 E. albertii strains into 66 pulsotypes including 36 and 30 pulsotypes of isolates from mammals and birds, respectively. E.
albertii strains isolated in this study were genetically diverse. Although clonal relationship was not observed between mammal and bird isolates, there were intra- and
inter-species relationship in mammalian isolates. All E. albertii strains were positive for eae and Eacdt virulence genes. Furthermore, 20
and 7 strains also carried Eccdt-I and stx2f genes, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate that genetically diverse and potentially virulent
E. albertii are distributed among various wild and safeguarded animals in Okayama Prefecture, and the animals could also be reservoirs of E. albertii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Naka
- Inspection Division, Okayama Prefectural Bizen Public Healthcare Center
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University
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8
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Muchaamba F, Barmettler K, Treier A, Houf K, Stephan R. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Escherichia albertii—An Emerging Elusive Foodborne Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050875. [PMID: 35630320 PMCID: PMC9145129 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a close relative of E. coli, is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with watery diarrhea mainly in children and immunocompromised individuals. E. albertii was initially classified as eae-positive Hafnia alvei, however, as more genetic and biochemical information became available it was reassigned to its current novel taxonomy. Its infections are common under conditions of poor hygiene with confirmed transmission via contaminated water and food, mainly poultry-based products. This pathogen has been isolated from various domestic and wild animals, with most isolates being derived from birds, implying that birds among other wild animals might act as its reservoir. Due to the absence of standardized isolation and identification protocols, E. albertii can be misidentified as other Enterobacteriaceae. Exploiting phenotypes such as its inability to ferment rhamnose and xylose and PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific genes such as the cytolethal distending toxin and the DNA-binding transcriptional activator of cysteine biosynthesis encoding genes can be used to accurately identify this pathogen. Several gaps exist in our knowledge of E. albertii and need to be bridged. A deeper understanding of E. albertii epidemiology and physiology is required to allow the development of effective measures to control its transmission and infections. Overall, current data suggest that E. albertii might play a more significant role in global infectious diarrhea cases than previously assumed and is often overlooked or misidentified. Therefore, simple, and efficient diagnostic tools that cover E. albertii biodiversity are required for effective isolation and identification of this elusive agent of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
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Arai S, Yamaya S, Ohtsuka K, Konishi N, Obata H, Ooka T, Hirose S, Kai A, Hara-Kudo Y. Detection of Escherichia albertii in Retail Oysters. J Food Prot 2022; 85:173-179. [PMID: 34591074 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen. Owing to its distribution in river water, it is important to determine the presence of E. albertii in aquaculture-related foods. In this study, we investigated the distribution of E. albertii in retail oyster samples. A total of 427 raw oyster samples (385 Pacific oysters and 42 Japanese rock oysters) were enriched in modified Escherichia coli broth (mEC) or mEC supplemented with novobiocin (NmEC) at 42°C. The cultures were used for E. albertii-specific nested PCR assay, as well as for E. albertii isolation using deoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar (DHL), DHL supplemented with rhamnose and xylose, and MacConkey agar supplemented with rhamnose and xylose. The population of E. albertii in nested PCR-positive samples was determined using the most-probable-number (MPN) method. E. albertii isolates were subjected to biochemical and genetic characterization. E. albertii was detected in 5 (1.6%) of 315 Pacific oyster samples (one piece each), 2 (2.9%) of 70 Pacific oyster samples (25 g each), and 2 (4.8%) of 42 Japanese rock oyster samples procured from four geographically distinct regions. A total of 64 E. albertii strains were isolated from eight of the nine nested PCR assay-positive oyster samples, and the MPN value was under the detection limit (<3 MPN/10 g). A specific season or month for detecting E. albertii was not observed in this study, suggesting that the pathogen is present in seawater. All the E. albertii isolates, except one, were positive for the virulence factor eae, indicating that these isolates have the potential to infect humans. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Satoko Yamaya
- Miyagi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, 4-7-2, Saiwai-cho, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-0836, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ohtsuka
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1, Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiromi Obata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima city, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akemi Kai
- Japan Food Hygiene Association, 2-5-47, Tadao, Machida-city, Tokyo 194-0035, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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10
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Hinenoya A. [Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia albertii, emerging zoonotic enteropathogen]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2021; 76:175-185. [PMID: 34789594 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.76.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic enteric pathogen, closely related to E. coli. Several foodborne outbreaks caused by E. albertii accounting for >100 patients have recently occurred in Japan. This bacterium carries eae gene, similar to enteropathogenic E. coli. Some of them harbor Shiga toxin 2 (stx2a, stx2f) genes, primary virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), suggesting that the Stx2 producers could cause severe diseases such as HUS in humans. However, due to lack of the knowledges about its bacteriological characteristics and of the diagnostic methods, E. albertii-related infections might have been underestimated, and the infection sources and routes have not yet been understood. We had continuously performed molecular epidemiological studies targeting for cytolethal distending toxin-producing E. coli, and unexpectedly found that cdt-II gene-positive isolates were not E. coli but E. albertii. This finding led us to initiate research more focusing on E. albertii. We have constructed simple, efficient and reliable methods for the detection, isolation and identification of this bacterium by developing an E. albertii-specific PCR assay targeting Eacdt genes and E. albertii-selective isolation medium named XRM-MacConkey agar. We have also identified raccoons as a potential natural reservoir of E. albertii through wildlife survey using these methods. Here, I describe what I have studied with my colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University
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11
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Hinenoya A, Awasthi SP, Yasuda N, Nagano K, Hassan J, Takehira K, Hatanaka N, Saito S, Watabe T, Yoshizawa M, Inoue H, Yamasaki S. Detection, isolation and molecular characterization of Escherichia albertii in wild birds in West Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:156-163. [PMID: 34470969 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen. Several outbreaks of E. albertii have occurred particularly in Japan. Although birds have been considered as one of the most important reservoirs of this bacterium, information regarding the prevalence in birds is still scanty. We performed a survey of E. albertii in wild birds in Japan, and examined characteristics of the isolates. E. albertii specific gene was detected in 5 cloacal swabs out of 156 birds by PCR. Four E. albertii were isolated from a swallow with 2 different E. albertii strains and 2 pigeons in a flock by XRM-MacConkey agar. These isolates were assigned to biogroup 3, shown no resistance to any antimicrobials tested, and classified into 2 EAO-genotypes (EAOg2 and EAOg33) and untypable. Similar to clinical E. albertii strains, these isolates carried virulence genes including eae (n=4), paa (n=4), Eccdt-I (n=2) and stx2f (n=1) in addition to Eacdt. Interestingly, stx2f genes in a strain were located on an inducible bacteriophage, which can confer the ability to produce Stx2f to E. coli. In conclusion, Japanese wild birds carried E. albertii at the similar levels to the reported prevalence in birds. These isolates may have a potential to cause gastroenteritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Noritomo Yasuda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Keigo Nagano
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Keiji Takehira
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan.,Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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12
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Arai S, Ohtsuka K, Konishi N, Ohya K, Konno T, Tokoi Y, Nagaoka H, Asano Y, Maruyama H, Uchiyama H, Takara T, Hara-Kudo Y. Evaluating Methods for Detecting Escherichia albertii in Chicken Meat. J Food Prot 2021; 84:553-562. [PMID: 33159453 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Escherichia albertii is an emerging foodborne pathogen. The source of the E. albertii infection in most foodborne outbreaks is unknown because E. albertii is difficult to isolate from suspected food or water. E. albertii has a broad host range among birds and can be isolated from chicken meat. In this study, PCR assay, enrichment, and isolation conditions for detecting E. albertii in chicken meat were evaluated. The growth of 47 E. albertii strains isolated in Japan between 1994 and 2018 and a type strain was evaluated in modified EC broth (mEC) and mEC supplemented with novobiocin (NmEC) and on media containing carbohydrates. The enzyme used for the nested PCR, the enrichment conditions, the most-probable-number (MPN) method, and agar media were also evaluated with chicken meat. To distinguish E. albertii from presumptive non-E. albertii bacteria, desoxycholate hydrogen sulfide lactose agar (DHL), MacConkey agar (MAC), and these agars supplemented with rhamnose and xylose (RX-DHL and RX-MAC, respectively) were used. All E. albertii strains grew in mEC and NmEC at both 36 and 42°C and did not utilize rhamnose, sucrose, or xylose. Both the first and nested PCRs with TaKaRa Ex Taq, which was 10 to 100 times more active than the other enzymes, produced positive results in enrichment culture of 25 g of chicken meat inoculated with >20 CFU of E. albertii and incubated in mEC and NmEC at 42°C for 22 ± 2 h. Thus, the first PCR was sensitive enough to detect E. albertii in chicken meat. The MPN values in mEC and NmEC were 0.5- and 2.3-fold higher than the original inoculated bacterial levels, respectively. E. albertii in chicken meat was more efficiently isolated with enrichment in NmEC (70.1 to 100%) and plating onto RX-DHL (85.4%) and RX-MAC (100%) compared with enrichment in mEC (53.5 to 83.3%) and plating onto DHL (70.1%) and MAC (92.4%). Thus, optimized conditions for the surveillance of E. albertii contamination in food and investigations of E. albertii outbreaks, including the infectious dose, were clarified. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Arai
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-1800 [S.A.])
| | - Kayoko Ohtsuka
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, 410-1, Ewai, Yoshimi-machi, Hiki-gun, Saitama 355-0133, Japan
| | - Noriko Konishi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohya
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Konno
- Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment, 6-6, Senshukubota-machi, Akita 010-0874, Japan
| | - Yuki Tokoi
- Utsunomiya City Institute of Public Health and Environment, Takebayashi-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0974, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagaoka
- Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene, 4-27-2, Kitaandou, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8637, Japan
| | - Yukiko Asano
- Ehime Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 8-234, Sanbancho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maruyama
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and Environment, 2-1-34 Jigyohama, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Uchiyama
- Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, 2-3-2 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Takara
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, 17-1 Kanekadan, Uruma-shi, Okinawa 904-2241, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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13
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Foroughi A, Namdari A, Rahimian-Zarif B. Detection of Escherichia Albertii in Urinary and Gastrointestinal Infections in Kermanshah, Iran. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2021.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Escherichia albertii has been recently isolated from the feces of people with gastroenteritis as a pathogen that causes diarrhea. Due to insufficient information on the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of E. albertii, it is difficult to distinguish it from other species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and, therefore, it is mistakenly identified as Escherichia coli or even Hafnia alvei. Objective: The present study which was conducted for the first time in Iran aimed to identify E. albertii in samples from individuals afflicted with urinary and gastrointestinal infections by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The required samples were obtained from clinical laboratories in Kermanshah. Materials and Methods: Firstly, a total of 60 urinary and 40 fecal samples identified as E. coli in clinical laboratories were re-evaluated in terms of specific phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of E. coli. Then, two lysP and mdh genes were detected for E. albertii, and the uidA gene was found for E. coli by PCR using specific primers pairs. Results: The results from phenotypic and biochemical tests indicated that all samples shared common characteristics with E. coli. However, PCR findings demonstrated that out of 100 samples, 6 samples (6%) contained specific genes of E. coli while 94 remaining samples (94%) showed the uidA gene. Out of the given 6 samples, 5 samples carried urinary tract infections and only one showed gastrointestinal infection. Conclusion: Our study findings revealed that E. albertii could have been considered as one of the causes for urinary and gastrointestinal infections in Iran, and that it was mistakenly identified as E. coli in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Foroughi
- Department of Pathobiology & Basic Science, Veterinary Science Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Afshin Namdari
- MSc Graduated in Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
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14
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Akbari A, Razmjoo M, Foroughi A. Isolation and Identification of Escherichia albertii in Broiler Chickens From Kermanshah. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2021.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: F Escherichia albertii is generally recognized as a human pathogen with a limited number of strains. It has also been identified as a cause of mortality among birds. The clinical significance and prevalence of E. albertii are somewhat unknown. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify E. albertii as a causative agent of respiratory infections in broilers. Materials and Methods: During a three-month period (Winter 2018), 200 samples of the air sacs of 100 chickens with suspected colibacillosis were collected. Routine biochemical tests were performed and suspected isolates of E. albertii were selected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 68 suspected samples of E. albertii and Escherichia coli were isolated. Further, E. coli was detected in all the suspected samples using species-specific sequences of E. coli (uidA) and E. albertii (mdh and lysP). Conclusion: Escherichia albertii was not identified as a cause of respiratory infection in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Akbari
- Department of Pathobiology and Basic Science, Veterinary School, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Razmjoo
- Department of Clinical Science, School, Veterinary School, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azadeh Foroughi
- Department of Pathobiology and Basic Science, Veterinary School, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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15
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The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: " Enterobacterales"): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00174-20. [PMID: 33627443 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Enterobacteriaceae has undergone significant morphogenetic changes in its more than 85-year history, particularly during the past 2 decades (2000 to 2020). The development and introduction of new and novel molecular methods coupled with innovative laboratory techniques have led to many advances. We now know that the global range of enterobacteria is much more expansive than previously recognized, as they play important roles in the environment in vegetative processes and through widespread environmental distribution through insect vectors. In humans, many new species have been described, some associated with specific disease processes. Some established species are now observed in new infectious disease settings and syndromes. The results of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetics studies suggest that the current family Enterobacteriaceae should possibly be divided into seven or more separate families. The logarithmic explosion in the number of enterobacterial species described brings into question the relevancy, need, and mechanisms to potentially identify these taxa. This review covers the progression, transformation, and morphogenesis of the family from the seminal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication (J. J. Farmer III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, et al., J Clin Microbiol 21:46-76, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985) to the present.
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16
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Hinenoya A, Li XP, Zeng X, Sahin O, Moxley RA, Logue CM, Gillespie B, Yamasaki S, Lin J. Isolation and characterization of Escherichia albertii in poultry at the pre-harvest level. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:213-225. [PMID: 33528112 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, often misidentified as Escherichia coli, has become an emerging foodborne human enteric pathogen. However, the prevalence and major animal reservoirs of this significant pathogen are still not clear. Here, we performed comprehensive microbiological, molecular, comparative genomics and animal studies to understand the status and features of E. albertii in the US domestic and food animals. Although no E. albertii was identified in a total of 1,022 diverse E. coli strains isolated from pets and food animals in a retrospective screening, in a pilot study, E. albertii was successfully isolated from a broiler farm (6 out of 20 chickens). The chicken E. albertii isolates showed clonal relationship as indicated by both pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequence analysis. The isolated chicken E. albertii displayed multidrug resistance; all the resistance determinants including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase gene, carried by plasmids, could be conjugatively transferred to E. coli, which was further confirmed by S1-PFGE and Southern hybridization. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogenetic analysis showed the chicken E. albertii strains were phylogenetically close to those of human origins. Challenge experiment demonstrated that the E. albertii strains isolated from human and wild bird could successfully colonize in the chicken intestine. Together, this study, for the first time, reported the isolation of E. albertii in poultry at the pre-hrvest level. The findings from multi-tier characterization of the chicken E. albertii strains indicated the importance of chickens as a reservoir for E. albertii. A large scale of E. albertii survey in poultry production at the pre-harvest level is highly warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xing-Ping Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Catherine M Logue
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Gillespie
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Asian Health Science Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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17
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Gomes TAT, Ooka T, Hernandes RT, Yamamoto D, Hayashi T. Escherichia albertii Pathogenesis. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0015-2019. [PMID: 32588811 PMCID: PMC11168576 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0015-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging enteropathogen of humans and many avian species. This bacterium is a close relative of Escherichia coli and has been frequently misidentified as enteropathogenic or enterohemorrhagic E. coli due to their similarity in phenotypic and genetic features, such as various biochemical properties and the possession of a type III secretion system encoded by the locus of enterocyte effacement. This pathogen causes outbreaks of gastroenteritis, and some strains produce Shiga toxin. Although many genetic and phenotypic studies have been published and the genome sequences of more than 200 E. albertii strains are now available, the clinical significance of this species is not yet fully understood. The apparent zoonotic nature of the disease requires a deeper understanding of the transmission routes and mechanisms of E. albertii to develop effective measures to control its transmission and infection. Here, we review the current knowledge of the phylogenic relationship of E. albertii with other Escherichia species and the biochemical and genetic properties of E. albertii, with particular emphasis on the repertoire of virulence factors and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and we hope this provides a basis for future studies of this important emerging enteropathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Yamamoto
- Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Hinenoya A, Nagano K, Okuno K, Nagita A, Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Yamasaki S. Development of XRM-MacConkey agar selective medium for the isolation of Escherichia albertii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 97:115006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Hatanaka N, Awasthi SP, Hinenoya A, Ueda O, Yamasaki S. Accurate identification of Escherichia albertii by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 173:105916. [PMID: 32277976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A specific identification protocol for Escherichia albertii by using a MALDI-TOF/MS method was developed. For this purpose, a novel database was established which can differentiate E. albertii from E. coli by combining the mass spectra obtained from 58 E. albertii and 36 E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Ueda
- Diagnostics Marketing of Microbiology, Beckman Coulter K.K., Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Asian Health Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.
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20
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Lima MP, Yamamoto D, Santos ACDM, Ooka T, Hernandes RT, Vieira MAM, Santos FF, Silva RM, Hayashi T, Gomes TAT. Phenotypic characterization and virulence-related properties of Escherichia albertii strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Brazil. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5379300. [PMID: 30865776 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii are emerging enteropathogens, whose identification is difficult, as they share biochemical characteristics and some virulence-related genes with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC). Studies on phylogeny, phenotypic characteristics and potential virulence factors of human E. albertii strains are scarce. In this study, we identified by multiplex PCR five E. albertii among 106 strains isolated from diarrheic children in São Paulo, Brazil, which were previously classified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli. All strains were investigated regarding their phylogeny, biochemical properties, virulence-related properties, antimicrobial resistance and presence of putative virulence-related genes. All strains belonged to different E. albertii lineages and adhered to and produced attaching and effacing lesions on HeLa cells. Three strains invaded Caco-2 cells, but did not persist intracellularly, and three formed biofilms on polystyrene surfaces. All strains were resistant to few antibiotics and only one carried a self-transmissible resistance plasmid. Finally, among 38 DEC and 18 extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence-related genes searched, six and three were detected, respectively, with paa and cdtB being found in all strains. Despite the limited number of strains, this study provided additional knowledge on human E. albertii virulence potential, showing that they share important virulence factors with DEC and ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Yamamoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), 340 CEP 04829-300-São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Mello Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tadasuke Ooka
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rodrigo T Hernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Jr. CEP 18618-691, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica A M Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maedashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862, 3° andar, CEP 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Draft Genome Sequence of Escherichia albertii Strain Mex-12/320a, Isolated from an Infant with Diarrhea and Harboring Virulence Genes Associated with Diarrheagenic Strains of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/27/e00208-19. [PMID: 31270186 PMCID: PMC6606900 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00208-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is an emerging human enteropathogen. We report the draft genome sequence of E. albertii strain Mex-12/320a, isolated from an infant with diarrhea. The presence of the pathogenic island O122/IE6 and the nleA gene, previously found in diarrheagenic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, suggests that E. albertii may cause acute diarrhea.
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22
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Development of a specific cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) gene (Eacdt)-based PCR assay for the detection of Escherichia albertii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:119-124. [PMID: 31272742 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many Escherichia albertii isolates, an emerging pathogen of human and birds, might have been misidentified due to the difficulty of differentiating this bacterium from Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. by routine biochemical tests, resulting in underestimation of E. albertii infections. We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that targets E. albertii cytolethal distending toxin (Eacdt) genes, which include the genes previously identified as Escherichia coli cdt-II. This assay could generate a single 449-bp PCR product in each of 67 confirmed E. albertii strains but failed to produce PCR product from any of the tested non-E. albertii enteric strains belonging to 37 different species, indicating 100% sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay. The detection limit was 10 CFU per PCR tube and could detect 105 CFU E. albertii per gram of spiked healthy human stool. The Eacdt gene-based PCR could be useful for simple, rapid, and accurate detection and identification of E. albertii.
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Hinenoya A, Ichimura H, Awasthi SP, Yasuda N, Yatsuyanagi J, Yamasaki S. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Escherichia albertii: Further surrogates to avoid potential laboratory misidentification. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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The Evasive Enemy: Insights into the Virulence and Epidemiology of the Emerging Attaching and Effacing Pathogen Escherichia albertii. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00254-18. [PMID: 30373891 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00254-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The diarrheic attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogen Escherichia albertii was first isolated from infants in Bangladesh in 1991, although the bacterium was initially classified as Hafnia alvei Subsequent genetic and biochemical interrogation of these isolates raised concerns about their initial taxonomic placement. It was not until 2003 that these isolates were reassigned to the novel taxon Escherichia albertii because they were genetically more closely related to E. coli, although they had diverged sufficiently to warrant a novel species name. Unfortunately, new isolates continue to be mistyped as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) owing to shared traits, most notably the ability to form A/E lesions. Consequently, E. albertii remains an underappreciated A/E pathogen, despite multiple reports demonstrating that many provisional EPEC and EHEC isolates incriminated in disease outbreaks are actually E. albertii Metagenomic studies on dozens of E. albertii isolates reveal a genetic architecture that boasts an arsenal of candidate virulence factors to rival that of its better-characterized cousins, EPEC and EHEC. Beyond these computational comparisons, studies addressing the regulation, structure, function, and mechanism of action of its repertoire of virulence factors are lacking. Thus, the paucity of knowledge about the epidemiology, virulence, and antibiotic resistance of E. albertii, coupled with its misclassification and its ability to develop multidrug resistance in a single step, highlights the challenges in combating this emerging pathogen. This review seeks to synthesize our current but incomplete understanding of the biology of E. albertii.
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Hassan J, Awasthi SP, Hatanaka N, Okuno K, Hoang PH, Nagita A, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S. Development of a multiplex PCR targeting eae, stx and cdt genes in genus Escherichia and detection of a novel cdtB gene in Providencia rustigianii. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5290315. [PMID: 30657893 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to develop a multiplex PCR (m-PCR) for the detection of Escherichia coli attaching and effacing (eae), Shiga toxin (stx) and cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes encoding important virulence factors of diarrheagenic E. coli such as EPEC, STEC, and Escherichia albertii. For this purpose, the m-PCR was designed to detect eae, all the subtypes of stx (stx1, stx2a-g except stx2f) and cdt (I-V) genes. The m-PCR was validated with 58 and 55 target gene-positive and negative strains of different sources, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of the m-PCR were 100%. The m-PCR could also detect the eae, stx and cdt genes in bacteria spiked into stool specimens with or without enrichment culture. Clinical specimens collected from children with diarrhea were tested by the m-PCR, and 27 eae and 32 cdt genes were detected. Among them, three cdt-II and one untypable cdt gene-positive bacteria were isolated and identified as E. albertii and Providencia rustigianii, respectively. This is the first report demonstrating the presence of cdtB gene in P. rustigianii. These results indicate that the m-PCR is useful for surveillance of eae, stx and cdt gene-positive bacteria, not only EPEC, STEC and E. albertii but also P. rustigianii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Sharda Prasad Awasthi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Hatanaka
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okuno
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Phuong Hoai Hoang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Akira Nagita
- Department of Pediatrics, Mizushima Central Hospital, 4-5, Mizushima Aobacho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8064, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinkuourai-kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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26
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Grillová L, Sedláček I, Páchníková G, Staňková E, Švec P, Holochová P, Micenková L, Bosák J, Slaninová I, Šmajs D. Characterization of four Escherichia albertii isolates collected from animals living in Antarctica and Patagonia. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:138-146. [PMID: 29249728 PMCID: PMC5797873 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is a recently discovered species with a limited number of well characterized strains. The aim of this study was to characterize four of the E. albertii strains, which were among 41 identified Escherichia strains isolated from the feces of living animals on James Ross Island, Antarctica, and Isla Magdalena, Patagonia. Sequencing of 16S rDNA, automated ribotyping, and rep-PCR were used to identify the four E. albertii isolates. Phylogenetic analyses based on multi-locus sequence typing showed these isolates to be genetically most similar to the members of E. albertii phylogroup G3. These isolates encoded several virulence factors including those, which are characteristic of E. albertii (cytolethal distending toxin and intimin) as well as bacteriocin determinants that typically have a very low prevalence in E. coli strains (D, E7). Moreover, E. albertii protein extracts caused cell cycle arrest in human cell line A375, probably because of cytolethal distending toxin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grillová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sedláček
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Páchníková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Staňková
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Švec
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Holochová
- Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Micenková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Bosák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Slaninová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Association of cytolethal distending toxin-II gene-positive Escherichia coli with Escherichia albertii , an emerging enteropathogen. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:564-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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