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Jeong JE, Kim JW. Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Controlling of Food Craving in Subjects With Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:92-99. [PMID: 38200635 PMCID: PMC10822738 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on food craving improvement and changes in brain function associated with craving by conducting a total of 10 sessions of tDCS over a period of 2 weeks on overweight and obese subjects. METHODS A total of 15 patients who were overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥23 kg/m2) were included. Weight, BMI, neuropsychological variables, and food craving-related variables were assessed. We measured absolute and relative power in 19 channels and analyzed quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) according to the following frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12-25 Hz), high beta (25-30 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz). RESULTS After the application of tDCS, there was no significant reduction observed in weight and BMI. However, all measures related to food and eating showed a decrease in the intensity of cravings, and there was also a significant reduction in depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. In qEEG analysis, an increase in theta waves was observed in the left frontal area (F7 and F3), an increase in alpha waves in the right parietal area (P4), and a decrease in beta waves in the frontal area (FP2) and occipital area (O1). CONCLUSION This study confirmed the beneficial effects of tDCS on food craving regulation in overweight or obese individuals and observed improved scores in psychological factors such as depression and anxiety. Furthermore, neurophysiological changes related to food craving were observed using qEEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Altun S, Alkan A, Altun H. Automatic Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Continuous Wavelet Transform and Convolutional Neural Network. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 20:715-724. [DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Altun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alkan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Hatice Altun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Kim KM, Bong SH, Byeon J, Kim JW. State and Trait Anxiety Related Gamma Oscillations in Patients With Anxiety Within the Research Domain Criteria Framework. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:443-450. [PMID: 35753683 PMCID: PMC9233952 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnosis of anxiety has relied primarily on self-report. This study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of anxiety with quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) focusing on the state and trait anxiety defined according to the Research Domain Criteria framework existing across the differential diagnosis, rather than focusing on the diagnosis. METHODS A total of 41 participants who visited a psychiatric clinic underwent resting state EEG and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The absolute power of six frequency bands were analyzed: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-10 Hz), fast alpha (10-13.5 Hz), beta (13.5-30 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz). RESULTS State anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r=-0.484) and central (Cz, r=-0.523) regions, while trait anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r= -0.523), central (Cz, r=-0.568), parietal (P7, r=-0.500; P8, r=-0.541), and occipital (O1, r=-0.510; O2, r=-0.480) regions. CONCLUSION The present study identified the significantly negative correlations between the anxiety level and gamma band power in fronto-central and posterior regions assessed at resting status. Further studies to confirm our findings and identify the neural correlates of anxiety are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Bong
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Byeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Huang J, Ahlers E, Bogatsch H, Böhme P, Ethofer T, Fallgatter AJ, Gallinat J, Hegerl U, Heuser I, Hoffmann K, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A, Schöttle D, Unterecker S, Gärtner M, Strauß M. The role of comorbid depressive symptoms on long-range temporal correlations in resting EEG in adults with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1421-1435. [PMID: 35781841 PMCID: PMC9653316 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Comorbid depression is commonly observed in ADHD-patients. Psychostimulants are recommended as first-line treatment for ADHD. Aberrant long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs) of neuronal activities in resting-state are known to be associated with disorganized thinking and concentrating difficulties (typical in ADHD) and with maladaptive thinking (typical in depression). It has yet to be examined whether (1) LRTC occur in ADHD-patients, and if so, (2) whether LRTC might be a competent biomarker in ADHD comorbid with current depression and (3) how depression affects psychostimulant therapy of ADHD symptoms. The present study registered and compared LRTCs in different EEG frequency bands in 85 adults with ADHD between groups with (n = 28) and without (n = 57) additional depressive symptoms at baseline. Treatment-related changes in ADHD, depressive symptoms and LRTC were investigated in the whole population and within each group. Our results revealed significant LRTCs existed in all investigated frequency bands. There were, however, no significant LRTC-differences between ADHD-patients with and without depressive symptoms at baseline and no LRTC-changes following treatment. However, depressed ADHD patients did seem to benefit more from the therapy with psychostimulant based on self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Eike Ahlers
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Bogatsch
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Böhme
- grid.411091.cDepartment of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Hoffmann
- grid.411091.cDepartment of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany ,grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Schöttle
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matti Gärtner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.466457.20000 0004 1794 7698MSB Medical School Berlin, 14179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030166. [PMID: 33804365 PMCID: PMC7999417 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The etiology of this condition is diverse, including environmental factors and the presence of variants of some genes. However, a great diversity exists among patients regarding the presence of these ADHD-associated factors. Moreover, there are variations in the reported neurophysiological correlates of ADHD. ADHD is often treated pharmacologically, producing an improvement in symptomatology, albeit there are patients who are refractory to the main pharmacological treatments or present side effects to these drugs, highlighting the importance of developing other therapeutic options. Different non-pharmacological treatments are in this review addressed, finding diverse results regarding efficacy. Altogether, ADHD is associated with different etiologies, all of them producing changes in brain development, leading to the characteristic symptomatology of this condition. Given the heterogeneous etiology of ADHD, discussion is presented about the convenience of personalizing ADHD treatment, whether pharmacological or non-pharmacological, to reach an optimum effect in the majority of patients. Approaches to personalizing both pharmacological therapy and neurofeedback are presented.
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Vanneste S, De Ridder D. Chronic pain as a brain imbalance between pain input and pain suppression. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab014. [PMID: 33758824 PMCID: PMC7966784 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is pain that persists beyond the expected period of healing. The subjective experience of chronic pain results from pathological brain network interactions, rather than from persisting physiological sensory input of nociceptors. We hypothesize that pain is an imbalance between pain evoking dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and somatosensory cortex and pain suppression (i.e. pregenual anterior cingulate cortex). This imbalance can be measured objectively by current density ratios between pain input and pain inhibition. A balance between areas involved in pain input and pain suppression requires communication, which can be objectively identified by connectivity measures, both functional and effective connectivity. In patients with chronic neuropathic pain, electroencephalography is performed with source localization demonstrating that pain is reflected by an abnormal ratio between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Functional connectivity demonstrates decreased communication between these areas, and effective connectivity puts the culprit at the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting that the problem is related to abnormal behavioral relevance attached to the pain. In conclusion, chronic pain can be considered as an imbalance between pain input and pain suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Vanneste
- Global Brain Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Neurosurgery, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, 9016 Dunedin, New Zealand
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Zink N, Mückschel M, Beste C. Resting-state EEG Dynamics Reveals Differences in Network Organization and its Fluctuation between Frequency Bands. Neuroscience 2020; 453:43-56. [PMID: 33276088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional connectivity in EEG resting-state is not stable but fluctuates considerably. The aim of this study was to investigate how efficient information flows through a network, i.e. how resting-state EEG networks are organized and whether this organization it also subject to fluctuations. Differences of the network organization (small-worldness), degree of clustered connectivity, and path length as an indicator of how information is integrated into the network across time was compared between theta, alpha and beta bands. We show robust differences in network organization (small-worldness) between frequency bands. Fluctuations in network organization were larger in the theta, compared to the alpha and beta frequency. Variation in network organization and not the frequency of fluctuations differs between frequency bands. Furthermore, the degree of clustered connectivity and its modulation across time is the same across frequency bands, but the path length revealed the same modulatory pattern as the small-world metric. It is therefore the interplay of local processing efficiency and global information processing efficiency in the brain that fluctuates in a frequency-specific way. Properties of how information can be integrated is subject to fluctuations in a frequency-specific way in the resting-state. The possible relevance of these resting-state EEG properties is discussed including its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Zink
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Wang H, Sun Y, Lan F, Liu Y. Altered brain network topology related to working memory in internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:325-338. [PMID: 32644933 PMCID: PMC8939409 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The working memory (WM) ability of internet addicts and the topology underlying the WM processing in internet addiction (IA) are poorly understood. In this study, we employed a graph theoretical framework to characterize the topological properties of the IA brain network in the source cortical space during WM task. METHODS A sample of 24 subjects with IA and 23 matched healthy controls (HCs) performed visual 2-back task. Exact Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography was adopted to project the pre-processed EEG signals into source space. Subsequently, Lagged phase synchronization was calculated between all pairs of Brodmann areas, the graph theoretical approaches were then employed to estimate the brain topological properties of all participants during the WM task. RESULTS We found better WM behavioral performance in IA subjects compared with the HCs. Moreover, compared to the HC group, more integrated and hierarchical brain network was revealed in the IA subjects in alpha band. And altered regional centrality was mainly resided in frontal and limbic lobes. In addition, significant relationships between the IA severity and the significant altered graph indices were found. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these findings provide evidence to support the notion that altered topological configuration may underline changed WM function observed in IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China,Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China,Corresponding author’s e-mail:
| | - Fan Lan
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Da Lian, 116029, China
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Chatthong W, Khemthong S, Wongsawat Y. Neuropsychological classification based on brain mapping performance in Thai children with and without ADHD. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:18-24. [PMID: 32078777 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1729155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients by using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to analyze brain mapping outcomes in relation to neuropsychological assessments. A total of 305 participants with and without ADHD were recruited. The theta relative power of QEEG was analyzed using stepwise multiple regression, and twelve scalp regions were compared between groups using independent t-tests. Increased power was found at the T5 scalp region in the ADHD group and at the F4 region in the non-ADHD group. Decreased power was found at the F7 region in the ADHD group and at the F3 region in the non-ADHD group. Six of the twelve brain locations had significantly higher theta relative power in the ADHD group than in the non-ADHD group. These brain mapping outcomes can be easily translated to neuropsychological functions, such as attention, executive function, memory, spatial ability, and language, to better understand or predict the potential behavior of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winai Chatthong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Supalak Khemthong
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Yodchanan Wongsawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
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10
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Jung W, Jang KI, Lee SH. Heart and Brain Interaction of Psychiatric Illness: A Review Focused on Heart Rate Variability, Cognitive Function, and Quantitative Electroencephalography. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:459-474. [PMID: 31671483 PMCID: PMC6852682 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.4.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects beat-to-beat variability in the heart rate due to the dynamic interplay of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. HRV is considered an index of the functional status of the autonomic nervous system. A decrease in HRV is thus observed in individuals with autonomic dysfunction. Abnormal HRV has been reported in a range of mental disorders. In this review, we give an overview of HRV in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), one of whose core symptoms is cognitive dysfunction. The association between HRV and cognitive function is highlighted in this review. This review consists of three main sections. In the first section, we examine how HRV in patients with MDD, schizophrenia, and PTSD is characterized, and how it is different when compared to that in healthy controls. In the second section, beyond the heart itself, we discuss the intimate connection between the heart and the brain, focusing on how HRV interacts with quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in the context of physiological changes in the sleep cycle. Lastly, we finish the review with the examination of the association between HRV and cognitive function. The overall findings indicate that the reduction in HRV is one of main manifestations in MDD, schizophrenia, and PTSD, and also more generally HRV is closely linked to the change in qEEG and also to individual differences in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wookyoung Jung
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kuk-In Jang
- 2Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea.,Institute of Biomedical Industry, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry,Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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11
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Huang J, Ulke C, Strauss M. Brain arousal regulation and depressive symptomatology in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:43. [PMID: 31429702 PMCID: PMC6701141 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of brain arousal in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) outpatients with and without depressive symptomatology, and its association with depressive symptom severity and absolute electroencephalogram (EEG) power in different frequency bands. METHODS We included 31 outpatient adults (45.16% females), who were diagnosed according to DSM-IV and received no medication. Their arousal stability score (index of the steepness of arousal decline during a 15-min EEG under resting conditions), the absolute EEG power and self-reports, including depressive and ADHD-related symptoms, were analyzed. Participants were split into an unstable and stable arousal group based on the median (= 6) of the arousal stability score. RESULTS ADHD patients in the stable group reported more severe depressive symptoms (p = 0.018) and showed reduced absolute EEG power in the delta (0.002 ≤ p ≤ 0.025) and theta (0.011 ≤ p ≤ 0.034) bands compared to those in the unstable group. There was no correlation between the arousal stability score and self-report-scales concerning ADHD-related symptoms (0.214 ≤ p ≤ 0.989), but a positive association with self-reported depressive severity (p = 0.018) and negative association with powers in the EEG delta and theta bands (0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.033). CONCLUSIONS In view of high comorbidity of depression and ADHD in adult patients, these findings support the assumption that brain arousal regulation could be considered as a helpful marker for the clinical differentiation between ADHD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstrasse 10, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Kirkland AE, Holton KF. Measuring Treatment Response in Pharmacological and Lifestyle Interventions Using Electroencephalography in ADHD: A Review. Clin EEG Neurosci 2019; 50:256-266. [PMID: 30626211 DOI: 10.1177/1550059418817966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity with associations to short- and long-term aversive life events. The exact etiology of the disorder is still unknown. ADHD is heterogeneous in symptomology and a single consistent, reliable biomarker has not been found. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a potential way to differentiate those with ADHD from typically developing controls; however, the data on the diagnostic utility of this approach have been variable. Quantitative EEG has been employed in prognostic ways to assess differences in baseline spectral power profiles and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment effects on electrocortical activity within the ADHD population. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature investigating the degree of normalization of resting-state EEG profiles in individuals with ADHD through various interventions, including stimulant and nonstimulant medication, exercise, and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kirkland
- 1 Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kathleen F Holton
- 2 Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC, USA.,3 Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Hong JS, Kim SM, Bae S, Han DH. Impulsive Internet Game Play Is Associated With Increased Functional Connectivity Between the Default Mode and Salience Networks in Depressed Patients With Short Allele of Serotonin Transporter Gene. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:125. [PMID: 29692741 PMCID: PMC5902486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Problematic Internet game play is often accompanied by major depressive disorder (MDD). Depression seems to be closely related to altered functional connectivity (FC) within (and between) the default mode network (DMN) and salience network. In addition, serotonergic neurotransmission may regulate the symptoms of depression, including impulsivity, potentially by modulating the DMN. We hypothesized that altered connectivity between the DMN and salience network could mediate an association between the 5HTTLPR genotype and impulsivity in patients with depression. A total of 54 participants with problematic Internet game play and MDD completed the research protocol. We genotyped for 5HTTLPR and assessed the DMN FC using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of Internet game play, depressive symptoms, anxiety, attention and impulsivity, and behavioral inhibition and activation were assessed using the Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), Beck Depressive Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Korean Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder scale, and the Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scales (BIS-BAS), respectively. The SS allele was associated with increased FC within the DMN, including the middle prefrontal cortex (MPFC) to the posterior cingulate cortex, and within the salience network, including the right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to the right rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC), right anterior insular (AInsular) to right SMG, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to left RPFC, and left AInsular to right RPFC, and between the DMN and salience network, including the MPFC to the ACC. In addition, the FC from the MPFC to ACC positively correlated with the BIS and YIAS scores in the SS allele group. The SS allele of 5HTTLPR might modulate the FC within and between the DMN and salience network, which may ultimately be a risk factor for impulsive Internet game play in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sujin Bae
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Nam B, Bae S, Kim SM, Hong JS, Han DH. Comparing the Effects of Bupropion and Escitalopram on Excessive Internet Game Play in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:361-368. [PMID: 29073748 PMCID: PMC5678483 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Several studies have suggested the efficacy of bupropion and escitalopram on reducing the excessive internet game play. We hypothesized that both bupropion and escitalopram would be effective on reducing the severity of depressive symptoms and internet gaming disorder (IGD) symptoms in patients with both major depressive disorder and IGD. However, the changes in brain connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network were different between bupropion and escitalopram due to their different pharmacodynamics. Methods This study was designed as a 12-week double blind prospective trial. Thirty patients were recruited for this research (15 bupropion group+15 escitalopram group). To assess the differential functional connectivity (FC) between the hubs of the DMN and the salience network, we selected 12 regions from the automated anatomical labeling in PickAtals software. Results After drug treatment, the depressive symptoms and IGD symptoms in both groups were improved. Impulsivity and attentional symptoms in the bupropion group were significantly decreased, compared to the escitalopram group. After treatment, FC within only the DMN in escitalopram decreased while FC between DMN and salience network in bupropion group decreased. Bupropion was associated with significantly decreased FC within the salience network and between the salience network and the DMN, compared to escitalopram. Conclusion Bupropion showed greater effects than escitalopram on reducing impulsivity and attentional symptoms. Decreased brain connectivity between the salience network and the DMN appears to be associated with improved excessive IGD symptoms and impulsivity in MDD patients with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomwoo Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Sujin Bae
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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