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Wolfson-Stofko B, Hirode G, Vanderhoff A, Karkada J, Capraru C, Biondi MJ, Hansen B, Shah H, Janssen HLA, Feld JJ. Real-world hepatitis C prevalence and treatment uptake at opioid agonist therapy clinics in Ontario, Canada. J Viral Hepat 2024; 31:240-247. [PMID: 38385850 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Widespread screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is necessary for Canada to meet its HCV elimination goals by 2030. People who currently or previously injected drugs are at high risk for HCV. Opioid agonist therapy (OAT, such as methadone and buprenorphine) has been shown to help stabilize the lives of people who are opioid-dependent. The distribution of OAT in North America typically requires daily, weekly, or monthly clinic visits and presents an opportunity for engagement, screening and treatment for those at high-risk of HCV. In this study, HCV screening was conducted by staff at OAT clinics in Ontario from 2016 to 2020 and those with chronic infections were treated on-site with direct-acting antivirals. Point-of-care or dried blood spot (DBS) testing was used for antibodies, DBS or serum for HCV RNA and serum for HCV RNA at SVR12 (sustained virological response). Clinics screened 1954 people (mean age 40 years ±12, 63% male). Forty-five percent were antibody positive, of whom 64% were HCV RNA+. Eighty percent of those RNA+ set an appointment in which 99% attended. Ninety-six percent started treatment with 87% completing treatment. Sixty-eight percent of people who completed treatment submitted a sample for SVR12 testing of which 97% achieved a virological cure. Results suggest that HCV screening and treatment at OAT clinics is feasible, effective and warrants expansion. Data suggest strong treatment adherence due to high rates of SVR12 comparable with other OAT-based HCV treatment programs. The lack of SVR12 sampling could be addressed by either on-site phlebotomy or incentivizing SVR12 sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wolfson-Stofko
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research (CDUHR), College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - G Hirode
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Vanderhoff
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Karkada
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Capraru
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M J Biondi
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Nursing, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Hansen
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Shah
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H L A Janssen
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Feld
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN), Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wong WWL, Haines A, Wong J, Hamadeh A, Krahn MD. A province-by-province cost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact analysis of one-time birth cohort screening of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Canada. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13484. [PMID: 37596309 PMCID: PMC10439170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing chronic hepatitis C is challenging, as the majority of those infected are asymptomatic. Therefore, to ensure treatments are administered before the onset of severe complications, screening is important. In Canada, uncertainty regarding the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of screening has led to conflicting recommendations. The objective of this study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness and budget-impact of one-time HCV screening. A state-transition model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget-impact between a risk-based screening strategy (current-practice) and a one-time screening strategy on three different birth-cohorts. Cost and prevalence data were obtained from administrative data. Progression and utility data were based on recent systematic reviews. We used a provincial payer-perspective, life-time time-horizon and a 1.5% discount rate for the cost-effectiveness analysis, and used a 10-year time-horizon and no discounting for the budget-impact analysis. One-time screening strategy would cost more and provide more health benefits than the risk-based screening for all birth cohorts. For those born after 1964, the incremental-cost-effectiveness-ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) of screening versus current-practice varied from $27,422/QALY to $42,191/QALY across different provinces. One-time screening of the cohort would cost an additional $2 million to $236 million across different provinces. For those born 1945-1964, the ICER of screening versus current-practice varied from $35,217/QALY to $48,197/QALY across different provinces. For the cohort born before 1945, the ICER of screening versus current-practice was not cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/QALY across all provinces. Our cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that a one-time HCV screening program for those born after 1945 is cost-effective. Considering the budget impact relative to other funded recommended health services and technologies, HCV screening could be considered affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, PHR4011, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada.
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Alex Haines
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Josephine Wong
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abdullah Hamadeh
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, PHR4011, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada
| | - Murray D Krahn
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Wong WWL, Wong J, Bremner KE, Saeed Y, Mason K, Phoon A, Martel-Laferrière V, Bruneau J, Feld JJ, Feng Z, Baguley E, Lee SS, Powis J, Krahn MD. Impact of direct-acting antiviral treatment on health utility in patients with chronic hepatitis C in hospital and community settings. Liver Int 2023; 43:805-818. [PMID: 36606706 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have transformed chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment. Continued affordable access to DAAs requires updated cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA). Utility is a preference-based measure of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) used in CEA. This study evaluated the impact of DAAs on utilities for patients with CHC in two clinical settings. METHODS This prospective longitudinal study included patients aged ≥18 years, diagnosed with CHC and scheduled to begin DAA treatment, from two tertiary care hospital clinics and four community clinics in Toronto, Calgary, and Montreal. Patients completed two utility instruments (EQ-5D-5L and Health Utilities Index 2/3 (HUI2/3)) before treatment, 6 weeks after treatment initiation, and 12 weeks and 1 year after treatment completion. We measured utilities for all patients, and for hospital-based and community-based groups. RESULTS Between 2017 and 2020, 209 patients (126 hospital-based, 83 community-based; average age 53 years; 65% male) were recruited, and 143 completed the 1-year post-treatment assessment. Pre-treatment, utilities were (mean ± standard deviation) 0.77 ± 0.21 (EQ-5D-5L), 0.69 ± 0.24 (HUI2) and 0.58 ± 0.34 (HUI3). The mean changes at 1-year post-treatment were 0.035, 0.038 and 0.071, respectively. While utilities for hospital-based patients steadily improved, utilities for the community-based cohort improved between baseline and 12-weeks post-treatment, but decreased thereafter. DISCUSSION This study suggests that utilities improve after DAA treatment in patients with CHC in a variety of settings. However, community-based patients may face challenges related to comorbid health and social conditions that are not meaningfully addressed by treatment. Our study is essential for valuing health outcomes in CHC-related CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josephine Wong
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen E Bremner
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yasmin Saeed
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate Mason
- Toronto Community Hepatitis C Program (TCHCP), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arcturus Phoon
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Baguley
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel S Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Powis
- Michael Garron Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Murray D Krahn
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kim JJ, Alsabbagh W, Wong WWL. Cost Effectiveness of Implementing a Universal Birth Hepatitis B Vaccination Program in Ontario. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2023; 41:413-425. [PMID: 36708500 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The World Health Organization recommends a universal hepatitis B vaccination within the first 24 h of birth. However, hepatitis B vaccines are given during adolescence in many jurisdictions including in Ontario, Canada. The objective of this study was to assess the cost effectiveness of shifting the hepatitis B vaccination timing from adolescence to birth. METHODS A state-transition model of 18 health states representing the natural history of acute and chronic hepatitis B was developed to conduct a cost-utility analysis. Most input parameters were obtained from the Canadian literature or publicly available provincial data. The model followed a lifetime model time horizon with health outcomes and costs being discounted at 1.5% annually. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model. Analyses were conducted from a public-payer perspective with all costs adjusted to 2021 Canadian dollars. RESULTS Hepatitis B vaccination in newborns dominated the current strategy of adolescent vaccination. The probabilistic analysis showed that the newborn strategy was cost effective in 100% of the iterations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000/quality-adjusted life-year and cost saving in 79.39% of the iterations. A microsimulation projected that a newborn vaccination may lead to reductions in cases by 16.1% in acute hepatitis B, 43.2% in chronic hepatitis B, 48.2% in hepatocellular carcinoma, and 51.9% in hepatitis B liver-related death. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that changing the age of the hepatitis B vaccination recommendation from adolescent to newborn is cost effective and mostly a cost-saving strategy. Newborn vaccination may lead to cost and health benefits while aligning with best available evidence and guidance from the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Wasem Alsabbagh
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, N2G 1C5, Canada.
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Tian F, Feld JJ, Feng Z, Sander B, Wong WWL. Feasibility of hepatitis B elimination in high-income countries with ongoing immigration. J Hepatol 2022; 77:947-956. [PMID: 35483535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Addressing HBV is vital to meeting the World Health Organization (WHO)'s viral hepatitis elimination goals, as 47% of viral hepatitis complications can be attributed to HBV. The objective of this study is to develop an agent-based model determining which integrated strategies involving vaccination, screening, and treatment would achieve the WHO's goals. METHODS We developed an agent-based model to characterize the HBV epidemic in a high-income country with ongoing immigration. The spread of HBV was simulated through sexual networks and perinatal transmission. Model parameters were estimated from the literature and calibrated against historical HBV data. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the uncertainty. RESULTS We predict that under the current strategies, the incidence of acute hepatitis B, and HBV-attributable decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma would decrease by 64.5%, 9.4%, and 10.5% between 2015-2030, respectively. However, the incidence of chronic hepatitis B and liver-related deaths would increase by 26.6% and 1.0% between 2015-2030, respectively. Results were sensitive to the number of immigrants and HBV prevalence in immigrants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the current vaccination, screening, and treatment strategies will be inadequate to achieve WHO elimination goals. Even with extensive integrated scale-up in vaccination, screening, and treatment, the morbidity and mortality targets may not be reachable, highlighting the need for a re-evaluation of the global strategy for HBV, the importance of developing curative therapy for HBV, and of establishing tailored strategies to prevent long-term sequelae and improve health in immigrants. LAY SUMMARY We have developed a model that reflects the dynamics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in a high-income country with ongoing immigration, which enabled us to forecast the epidemiology of HBV for policy-level decision making. Our analysis suggests that current vaccination, screening, and treatment strategies are inadequate to achieve the WHO goals of eliminating chronic hepatitis B. Even with extensive integrated scale-up in vaccination, screening, and treatment, the morbidity and mortality targets may not be reachable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Straus SE, Hutton B, Moher D, Kelly SE, Wells GA, Tricco AC. Providing valid evidence for decision-making: the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network Methods and Applications Group in Indirect Comparisons (DSEN MAGIC). Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Health Canada, and other stakeholders established the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network (DSEN) to address the paucity of information on drug safety and effectiveness in real-world settings. This unique network invited knowledge users (e.g., policy makers) to submit queries to be answered by relevant research teams. The research teams were launched via open calls for team grants focused in relevant methodologic areas. We describe the development and implementation of one of these collaborating centres, the Methods and Application Group for Indirect Comparisons (MAGIC). MAGIC was created to provide high-quality knowledge synthesis including network meta-analysis to meet knowledge user needs. Since 2011, MAGIC responded to 54% of queries submitted to DSEN. In the past 5 years, MAGIC produced 26 reports and 49 publications. It led to 15 trainees who entered industry, academia, and government. More than 10 000 people participated in courses delivered by MAGIC team members. Most importantly, MAGIC knowledge syntheses influenced practice and policy (e.g., use of biosimilars for patients with diabetes and use of smallpox vaccinations in people with contraindications) provincially, nationally, and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa School of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - David Moher
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa School of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Kelly
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa. Alta Vista Campus, 101-600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G5Z3, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - George A. Wells
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa. Alta Vista Campus, 101-600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON K1G5Z3, Canada
- Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7 Canada
| | - Andrea C. Tricco
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 209 Victoria Street, East Building, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Institute for Health, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 6th Floor, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Queen’s Collaboration for Health Care Quality Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, School of Nursing, Queen’s University, 92 Barrie Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Cost-utility Analysis of Second-generation Direct-acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon118646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to increased mortality, disability, and liver transplantation if left untreated, and it is associated with a possible increase in disease burden in the future, all of which would surely have a significant impact on the health system. New antiviral regimens are effective in the treatment of the disease yet expensive. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of three medication regimens, namely, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF), velpatasvir/sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (DCV/SOF) for HCV patients with genotype 1 in Iran. Methods: A Markov model with a lifetime horizon was developed to predict the costs and outcomes of the three mentioned medication therapy strategies. The final outcome of the study was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), which was obtained using the previously published studies. The study was conducted from the perspective of the Health Ministry; therefore, only direct medical costs were estimated. The results were provided as the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per QALY. Ultimately, the one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to measure the strength of study results. Results: The results showed that the QALYs for LDV/SOF, DCV/SOF, and VEL/SOF were 13.25, 13.94, and 14.61, and the costs were 4,807, 7,716, and 4,546$, respectively. The VEL/SOF regimen had lower costs and higher effectiveness than the LDV/SOF and DCV/SOF regimens, making it a dominant strategy. The tornado diagram results showed that the study results had the highest sensitivity to chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and compensated cirrhosis (CC) state costs. Moreover, the scatter plots showed that the VEL/SOF was the dominant therapeutic strategy in 73% of the simulations compared to LDV/SOF and 66% of the simulations compared to DCV/SOF; moreover, it was in the acceptable region in 92% of the simulations and below the threshold. Therefore, it was considered the most cost-effective strategy. Moreover, the results showed that DCV/SOF was in the acceptable region below the threshold in 69% of the simulations compared to LDV/SOF. Therefore, the DCV/SOF regimen was more cost-effective than LDV/SOF. Conclusions: According to the present study results, it is suggested that the VEL/SOF regimen be used as the first line of therapy in patients with HCV genotype 1. Moreover, DCV/SOF can be the second-line medication regimen.
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Chan J, Kim JJ, Barrett BK, Hamadeh A, Feld JJ, Wong WWL. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir in chronic hepatitis C patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:260-267. [PMID: 33065774 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current literature indicates that direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are cost-effective to treat compensated cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C. Although already funded by public payers, it is unknown whether it is economical to reimburse DAAs within the more advanced decompensated cirrhosis population. METHODS A state-transition model was developed to conduct a cost-utility analysis of sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) plus ribavirin regimen for 12 weeks. The evaluated cohort had a mean age of 58 years and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) class B cirrhosis with decompensated symptoms. A scenario analysis was performed on CTP C patients. We used a payer perspective, a lifetime time horizon and a 1.5% annual discount rate. RESULTS While SOF/VEL plus ribavirin treatment for 12 weeks increased costs by $156 676, it provided an extra 4.00 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) compared to best supportive care (no DAA therapy). With an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $39 169 per QALY, SOF/VEL plus ribavirin was determined to be cost-effective at a willingness to pay of $50 000 per QALY. SOF/VEL reduced liver-related deaths and reduced progression to CTP C cirrhosis by 20.4% and 21.9%, respectively. On the contrary, SOF/VEL regimen resulted in increases in liver transplants and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by 54.0% and 42.5%, respectively. Similar results were found for CTP C patients. CONCLUSION This analysis informs payers that SOF/VEL should continue to be reimbursed in decompensated hepatitis C patients. It also supports the recommendations by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases to continue screening for HCC in decompensated cirrhotic patients who have achieved sustained virologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Chan
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - John J Kim
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Brett K Barrett
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Abdullah Hamadeh
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William W L Wong
- Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Wong WWL, Haines A, Bremner KE, Yao Z, Calzavara A, Mitsakakis N, Kwong JC, Sander B, Thein HH, Krahn MD. Health care costs associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Ontario, Canada: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ Open 2021; 9:E167-E174. [PMID: 33688024 PMCID: PMC8034296 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-quality estimates of health care costs are required to understand the burden of illness and to inform economic models. We estimated the costs associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from the public payer perspective in Ontario, Canada. METHODS In this population-based retrospective cohort study, we identified patients aged 18-105 years diagnosed with chronic HCV infection in Ontario from 2003 to 2014 using linked administrative data. We allocated the time from diagnosis until death or the end of follow-up (Dec. 31, 2016) to 9 mutually exclusive health states using validated algorithms: no cirrhosis, no cirrhosis (RNA negative) (i.e., cured HCV infection), compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, both decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, terminal (liver-related) and terminal (non-liver-related). We estimated direct medical costs (in 2018 Canadian dollars) per 30 days per health state and used regression models to identify predictors of the costs. RESULTS We identified 48 239 patients with chronic hepatitis C, of whom 30 763 (63.8%) were men and 35 891 (74.4%) were aged 30-59 years at diagnosis. The mean 30-day costs were $798 (95% confidence interval [CI] $780-$816) (n = 43 568) for no cirrhosis, $661 (95% CI $630-$692) (n = 6422) for no cirrhosis (RNA negative), $1487 (95% CI $1375-$1599) (n = 4970) for compensated cirrhosis, $3659 (95% CI $3279-$4039) (n = 3151) for decompensated cirrhosis, $4238 (95% CI $3480-$4996) (n = 550) for hepatocellular carcinoma, $8753 (95% CI $7130-$10 377) (n = 485) for both decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, $4539 (95% CI $3746-$5333) (n = 372) for liver transplantation, $11 202 (95% CI $10 645-$11 760) (n = 3201) for terminal (liver-related) and $8801 (95% CI $8331-$9271) (n = 5278) for terminal (non-liver-related) health states. Comorbidity was the most significant predictor of total costs for all health states. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that the financial burden of HCV infection is substantially higher than previously estimated in Canada. Our comprehensive, up-to-date cost estimates for clinically defined health states of HCV infection should be useful for future economic evaluations related to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont.
| | - Alex Haines
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Karen E Bremner
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Zhan Yao
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Andrew Calzavara
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Nicholas Mitsakakis
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Jeffrey C Kwong
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Beate Sander
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Hla-Hla Thein
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
| | - Murray D Krahn
- School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Haines, Bremner, Sander, Thein, Krahn), University Health Network; ICES Central (Wong, Yao, Calzavara, Kwong, Sander); Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Mitsakakis, Kwong, Sander, Thein) and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kwong), University of Toronto; Public Health Ontario (Kwong, Sander), Toronto, Ont
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10
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Tian F, Houle SKD, Alsabbagh MW, Wong WWL. Cost-Effectiveness of Tenofovir Alafenamide for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B in Canada. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2020; 38:181-192. [PMID: 31691902 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-019-00852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has been approved for treating chronic hepatitis B (CHB) due to a proposed better safety profile in comparison with current therapies. We evaluated the cost effectiveness of TAF and other available treatment options for hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative CHB patients from a Canadian provincial Ministry of Health perspective. METHODS A state-transition model based on the published literature was developed to compare treatment strategies involving entecavir (ETV), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and TAF. It adopted a lifetime time horizon. Outcomes measured were predicted number of liver-related deaths, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). RESULTS For HBeAg-positive patients, TAF followed by ETV generated an additional 0.16 QALYs/person at an additional cost of Can$14,836.18 with an ICER of Can$94,142.71/QALY compared with TDF followed by ETV. Of the iterations, 28.7% showed that it is the optimal strategy with a Can$50,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. For HBeAg-negative patients, ETV followed by TAF would prevent an additional 13 liver-related deaths per 1000 CHB patients compared with TDF, followed by ETV. It generated an additional 0.13 QALYs/person at an additional cost of Can$59,776.53 with an ICER of Can$461,162.21/QALY compared with TDF, followed by ETV. TAF-containing strategies are unlikely to be a rational choice in either case. The results were sensitive to the HBeAg seroconversion rates and viral suppression rates of the treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests that TAF is not cost effective at its current cost. A 33.4% reduction in price would be required to make it cost effective for HBeAg-positive patients with a Can$50,000 willingness-to-pay threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada
| | - Sherilyn K D Houle
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada
| | - Mhd Wasem Alsabbagh
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada
| | - William W L Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria Street S, Kitchener, ON, N2G1C5, Canada.
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11
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Erman A, Wong WWL, Feld JJ, Grootendorst P, Krahn MD. The health impact of delaying direct-acting antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C: A decision-analytic approach. Liver Int 2020; 40:51-59. [PMID: 31509639 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are highly effective, but expensive treatments for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). To manage costs, drug plans worldwide have rationed access to DAAs in a variety of ways. This study quantifies the health impact of formulary restrictions and presents a clinical decision tool for informing treatment timing decisions. METHODS A decision-analytic model was developed to quantify the health impact of delaying DAAs for subpopulations stratified by age, fibrosis level, viral genotype, and injection drug use over their lifetime. The health impact was quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life expectancy (quality-adjusted life years, or QALYs) and life expectancy (years). RESULTS Deferring DAAs for patients with no or mild fibrosis (F0/F1) for 1-5 years is unlikely to result in life expectancy losses and leads only to marginal losses of 0.02-0.06 QALYs per year of delay. However, for 30-50-year-olds with advanced fibrosis (≥F3) delays as short as a year results in a considerable health loss (0.25-1.04 QALYs and 0.19-1.53 years). Reimbursement limits for those with substance use are associated with large health losses. People who actively inject drugs with advanced fibrosis (≥F3) may lose 0.18-1.05 QALYs and 0.13-1.16 years per year of delay, despite the risk of reinfection and competing mortality. Results are robust to parameter uncertainty and key assumptions. CONCLUSIONS We present a clinical decision tool for informing treatment timing for various CHC subpopulations. In general, findings suggest that patients with at least moderate fibrosis should be treated promptly regardless of active drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Erman
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William W L Wong
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Grootendorst
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Murray D Krahn
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Shah H, Bilodeau M, Burak KW, Cooper C, Klein M, Ramji A, Smyth D, Feld JJ. The management of chronic hepatitis C: 2018 guideline update from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver. CMAJ 2019; 190:E677-E687. [PMID: 29866893 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Shah
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Kelly W Burak
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Curtis Cooper
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Marina Klein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Alnoor Ramji
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Dan Smyth
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Shah, Feld), Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit (Bilodeau), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Burak), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Infectious diseases (Cooper), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service Glen site (Klein), McGill University Health Centre Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Ramji), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Division of Infectious Disease (Smyth), Dalhousie University, Moncton Hospital, Moncton, NB
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have been approved for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in China. However, they are substantially more expensive. The current analysis will investigate the cost-effectiveness of novel regimens compared with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR) therapies for informing Chinese decision-makers. METHODS A Markov model was developed to measure economic and health outcomes of novel regimens for genotype 1b, 2, 3, and 6 HCV infections compared with PR treatment. Clinical, cost, and utility inputs were gathered from published sources. Discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) are shown. The uncertainty was facilitated by one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS For genotype 1b HCV infection, the combination of paritaprevir, ritonavir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir was cost-saving compared with four competing alternatives. The ICERs of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for genotypes 2 and 3 were lower than the threshold ($18,234/QALY). Among available strategies for patients with genotype 6, sofosbuvir in combination with ribavirin was the cost-saving alternative compared with PR. The results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS For both genotype 1b and 6 HCV infections in the context of Chinese patients, there were combinations of DAAs that were cost-saving compared with the usual PR treatment, and cost-effective for genotypes 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- a Medical Decision and Economic Group, Department of Pharmacy , Ren Ji Hospital, South Campus , School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , Ren Ji Hospital , School of Medicine , Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- c Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital , Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
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14
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Behzadifar M, Gorji HA, Rezapour A, Bragazzi NL. The hepatitis C infection in Iran: a policy analysis of agenda-setting using Kingdon's multiple streams framework. Health Res Policy Syst 2019; 17:30. [PMID: 30917837 PMCID: PMC6438031 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes a large number of deaths annually worldwide. Policies play an important role in regulating healthcare agendas and prioritising of health-related issues. Understanding these priorities is very important in health. The objective of this study was to investigate HCV-related issues and their influence on agenda-setting in Iran. Methods A qualitative design was used. Data were collected by carrying out a review of documents and interviews. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify documents related to HCV-related policies in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with both purposive and snowball sampling of 14 interviewees related to the HCV programme in Iran, including government officials, civil society, development partnership members and academicians. Documents and interview data were analysed manually and using MAXQDA Version 10 software. Kingdon’s multiple streams framework was used to guide data analysis. Results The factors which influenced HCV-related agenda-setting were lack of proper information of the HCV epidemiology before the 1990s, lack of diagnostic facilities, neighbouring countries with high HCV prevalence, the stigma of HCV, high prevalence in prisoners, international evidence and high costs generated by HCV. The factors related to policy were effective treatment methods, drug production inside Iran, Iran Hepatitis Network, support outside government group elites and academicians. The factors related to political will were international influence, changes in the government and parliament support. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that there are various national and international factors that play a role in shaping HCV-related policies. It seems that, if HCV is put into the agenda, it can be eliminated in Iran by 2030 by supporting and implementing appropriate programmes from decision- and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Behzadifar
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Abolghasem Gorji
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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15
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Puig-Junoy J, Pascual-Argente N, Puig-Codina L, Planellas L, Solozabal M. Cost-utility analysis of second-generation direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C: a systematic review. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:1251-1263. [PMID: 30791790 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1540929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High prices of second-generation direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients led to reimbursement decisions based on cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Areas covered: We performed a systematic review of cost-utility analyses (CUA) comparing interventions with second-generation DAA therapies with no treatment, and with previous therapies for chronic HCV patients until July 2017. A total of 36 studies were included: 30 studies from the perspective of the healthcare payer, 3 from the societal perspective, and 3 did not report the perspective. For genotype 1, the highest number of ICER comparison corresponds to sofosbuvir (SOF) triple therapy and SOF-based combinations which reported a cost per QALY systematically ranging from negative to lower than US$100,000 when compared with no treatment or dual therapy or Simeprevir triple therapy. Expert commentary: Selected studies may be overestimating the true cost per QALY of second-generation DAAs in the treatment of HCV, mainly because of neglecting non-healthcare costs, using official list prices which are higher than actual transaction prices and not adopting the long run drug price in a dynamic approach. In addition, the impact of important price reductions of several DAAs in recent years on cost per QALY should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Puig-Junoy
- a Department of Economics and Business (UPF) , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain.,b UPF Barcelona School of Management , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain.,c UPF Center for Research in Health and Economics (CRES-UPF) , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Natàlia Pascual-Argente
- b UPF Barcelona School of Management , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain.,c UPF Center for Research in Health and Economics (CRES-UPF) , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Lluc Puig-Codina
- b UPF Barcelona School of Management , Pompeu Fabra University , Barcelona , Spain
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16
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Wong WWL, Haines A, Farhang Zangneh H, Shah H. Can we afford not to screen and treat hepatitis C virus infection in Canada? CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2018; 1:51-65. [PMID: 35990719 PMCID: PMC9202796 DOI: 10.3138/canlivj.1.2.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) followed by direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in individuals born between 1945 and 1964 has been shown to be both effective and cost-effective, but the question of affordability remains unresolved. We looked at long-term cost and health outcomes of HCV screening for Ontario up to 2030. METHODS We used a validated state-transition model to analyze the budget and health impact of HCV screening followed by DAA treatment in individuals born between 1945 and 1964 versus current practice. We used a payer's perspective, discounting costs at an annual rate of 1.5%. Costs, liver-related deaths, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and decompensated cirrhosis (DC) cases detected were measured over a 14-year period. RESULTS By 2030, the cost of implementing a HCV screening program for individuals born between 1945 and 1964 will add an additional $845 million to the Ontario health care budget. Sensitivity analyses showed that DAA costs had the largest effect on the budget, and decreasing DAA costs to $16,000 will lead to a significantly lower budget impact of $331 million. Regarding population health, a screen-and-treat strategy will prevent 1,199 cases of HCC, 1,565 cases of DC, and 1,665 liver-related deaths by 2030. CONCLUSIONS Contrasting the budget impact of this HCV screening strategy with other recommended health services and technologies, we conclude that HCV screening should be considered affordable. If Canada is committed to meeting the targets set out by the World Health Organization, then provinces cannot afford to not expand current screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William WL Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Haines
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (THETA), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hooman Farhang Zangneh
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hemant Shah
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Yaya I, Roux P, Marcellin F, Wittkop L, Esterle L, Spire B, Dominguez S, Elegbe BA, Piroth L, Sogni P, Salmon-Ceron D, Carrieri MP. Evolution of patients' socio-behavioral characteristics in the context of DAA: Results from the French ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort of HIV-HCV co-infected patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199874. [PMID: 29975764 PMCID: PMC6033422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have dramatically increased HCV cure rates with minimal toxicity in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. This study aimed to compare the socio-behavioral characteristics of patients initiating pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN)-based HCV treatment with those of patients initiating DAA-based treatment. METHODS ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH is a national multicenter prospective cohort started in 2005, which enrolled 1,859 HIV-HCV co-infected patients followed up in French hospital outpatient units. Both clinical/biological and socio-behavioral data were collected during follow-up. We selected patients with socio-behavioral data available before HCV treatment initiation. RESULTS A total of 580 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 347 initiated PEG-IFN-based treatment, and 233 DAA-based treatment. There were significant differences regarding patient mean age (45 years±6 for the PEG-IFN group vs. 52 years±8 for the DAA group, p<0.001), unstable housing (21.4% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.0016), drug use (44.7% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.0003), regular or daily use of cannabis (24.3% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.0002), a history of drug injection (68.9% vs 39.0%, p<0.0001) and significant liver fibrosis (62.4% vs 72.3%, p = 0.0293). In multivariable analysis, patients initiating DAA-based treatment were older than their PEG-IFN-based treatment counterparts (aOR = 1.17; 95%CI [1.13; 1.22]). Patients receiving DAA treatment were less likely to report unstable housing (0.46 [0.24; 0.88]), cannabis use (regular or daily use:0.50 [0.28; 0.91]; non-regular use: 0.41 [0.22; 0.77]), and a history of drug injection (0.19 [0.12; 0.31]). CONCLUSION It is possible that a majority of patients who had socio-economic problems and/or a history of drug injection and/or a non-advanced disease stage were already treated for HCV in the PEG-IFN era. Today, patients with unstable housing conditions are prescribed DAA less frequently than other populations. As HCV treatment is prevention, improving access to DAA remains a major clinical and public health strategy, in particular for individuals with high-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issifou Yaya
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Perrine Roux
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Wittkop
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pole de sante publique, Service d’information medicale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Esterle
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team MORPH3EUS, UMR 1219, CIC-EC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Spire
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Dominguez
- INSERM U955, AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | - Boni Armand Elegbe
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Piroth
- Département d'Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire and INSERM CIC 1432, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Sogni
- Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U-1223, Institut Pasteur, Service d'Hépatologie, hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon-Ceron
- Université Paris Descartes, Service Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Maria Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
- ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Marseille, France
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Cipriano LE, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Population Health and Cost-Effectiveness Implications of a "Treat All" Recommendation for HCV: A Review of the Model-Based Evidence. MDM Policy Pract 2018; 3:2381468318776634. [PMID: 30288448 PMCID: PMC6157435 DOI: 10.1177/2381468318776634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization HCV Guideline Development Group is considering a "treat all" recommendation for persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We reviewed the model-based evidence of cost-effectiveness and population health impacts comparing expanded treatment policies to more limited treatment access policies, focusing primarily on evaluations of all-oral directly acting antivirals published after 2012. Searching PubMed, we identified 2,917 unique titles. Sequentially reviewing titles and abstracts identified 226 potentially relevant articles for full-text review. Sixty-nine articles met all inclusion criteria-42 cost-effectiveness analyses and 30 models of population-health impacts, with 3 articles presenting both types of analysis. Cost-effectiveness studies for many countries concluded that expanding treatment to people with mild liver fibrosis, who inject drugs (PWID), or who are incarcerated is generally cost-effective compared to more restrictive treatment access policies at country-specific prices. For certain patient subpopulations in some countries-for example, elderly individuals without fibrosis-treatment is only cost-effective at lower prices. A frequent limitation is the omission of benefits and consequences of HCV transmission (i.e., treatment as prevention; risks of reinfection), which may underestimate or overestimate the cost-effectiveness of a "treat all" policy. Epidemiologic modeling studies project that through a combination of prevention, aggressive screening and diagnosis, and prompt treatment for all fibrosis stages, it may be possible to virtually eliminate HCV in many countries. Studies show that if resources are not available to diagnose and treat all HCV-infected individuals, treatment prioritization may be needed, with alternative prioritization strategies resulting in tradeoffs between reducing mortality or reducing incidence. Notably, because most new HCV infections are among PWID in many settings, HCV elimination requires unrestricted treatment access combined with injection transmission disruption strategies. The model-based evidence suggests that a properly constructed strategy that substantially expands HCV treatment could achieve cost-effective improvements in population health in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Cipriano
- Ivey Business School and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Goldhaber-Fiebert
- Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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19
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Ragusa R, Bertino G, Bruno A, Frazzetto E, Cicciu F, Giorgianni G, Lupo L. Evaluation of health status in patients with hepatitis c treated with and without interferon. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16:17. [PMID: 29343250 PMCID: PMC5773186 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of technology in healthcare has increased the health care’s costs and, the universal healthcare systems, in developed countries, need to ensure proper allocation of resources. Thus, the major issue is assessing the effectiveness of new medical technologies. The evaluation of quality of life in response to new treatments has become a key indicator in chronic conditions for which medical interventions are evaluated not only in terms of increasing the number of expected life years but also in terms of increasing quality of life. The aim of this observational study was to verify whether a simple instrument (EQ-5D-5 L) can capture variations in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and allow us to evaluate the impact of different drug treatment protocols in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) on daily activities. Methods Sixty six patients with HCV were consecutively enrolled in the Hepatology Unit at the University Hospital of Catania “G. Rodolico”. Sixteen patients received new direct-acting-antiviral agents (DAAs) plus pegylated alpha interferon (Peg-α-IFN) protocol (Group A) and 50 DAAs IFN free protocol (Group B). The EQ-5D-5 L® questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS) were given to both groups to calculate coefficient’s utility. We used the EQ-5D-5 L Crosswalk Index Value Calculator to obtain the utility EQIndex and both parametric and non parametric tests for the statistical analysis. Results The biopsy taken at the beginning of treatment showed comparable cell damage in both groups. The difference in the VAS results was negative for patients who received protocols containing IFN (indicating decreased quality of life),whereas it was positive in patients treated with IFN-free protocols. The baseline EQIndex did not reveal any differences between the two treatment groups. The post-treatment EQIndex was statistically better in the groups that received IFN-free therapy. Conclusions When innovative treatments are introduced into clinical practice, assessing quality of life is mandatory to determine their benefits. The instruments used in the present study are effective in detecting the areas in which improvement has occurred. These instruments can be easily managed by general practitioners for follow up of progression of the disease and referred to the specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ragusa
- Health Technology Assessment Committee, University Hospital "G. Rodolico", Via Rosso di San Secondo 3, 95128, Catania, Italy.
| | - G Bertino
- Hepatology Unit-Department of clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "G. Rodolico", Catania, Italy
| | - A Bruno
- Science of Health Professions Technical Diagnostic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - E Frazzetto
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F Cicciu
- School of Specialization in Hygiene, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Giorgianni
- School of Specialization in Hygiene, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - L Lupo
- Medical Statistic - Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and advanced technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Wong WWL, Erman A, Feld JJ, Krahn M. Model-based projection of health and economic effects of screening for hepatitis C in Canada. CMAJ Open 2017; 5:E662-E672. [PMID: 28851700 PMCID: PMC5621948 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because most hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are asymptomatic and often unrecognized, screening for hepatitis C has been proposed as a plausible public health strategy. We examined the health and economic consequences of a selective one-time hepatitis C screening program for specific populations in the context of current treatment patterns. METHODS We used a state-transition model to evaluate 2 general strategies: no screening, and screen and treat with direct-acting antiviral agents. We examined these strategies for 4 different target populations (scenarios): 1) asymptomatic people not at high risk for HCV infection, 2) immigrant populations with high prevalence, 3) a birth cohort of people aged 25-64 years and 4) a birth cohort of people aged 45-64 years of age. We obtained model data from the published literature and expert opinions. We used a payer perspective, a lifetime time horizon and a 5% discount rate. RESULTS Screening would prevent 49.7%, 57.4%, 64.1% and 49.6% of HCV-related deaths over the lifetime of the cohort for scenarios 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Screening would produce incremental-cost-effectiveness ratios between $31 468/quality-adjusted life-year and $50 490/quality-adjusted life-year. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicated that the chance that screening would be cost-effective at $50 000 willingness-to-pay threshold was 39.5%, 63.2%, 58.4% and 58.1% for scenarios 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. INTERPRETATION Our analyses suggest that a one-time hepatitis C screening and treatment program in Canada is likely to be cost-effective for scenarios 2, 3 and 4. The screening programs we have evaluated would identify asymptomatic people with chronic HCV infection and would enable medical treatment to be offered if needed before the development of advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W L Wong
- Affiliations: School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Erman, Krahn), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Feld), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Aysegul Erman
- Affiliations: School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Erman, Krahn), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Feld), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Affiliations: School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Erman, Krahn), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Feld), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Murray Krahn
- Affiliations: School of Pharmacy (Wong), University of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ont.; Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative (Wong, Erman, Krahn), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Toronto Centre for Liver Disease (Feld), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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