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Krontoft ASB, Skov L, Ammitzboell E, Lomborg K. Self-management Support for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Qualitative Interview Study. J Patient Exp 2024; 11:23743735241231696. [PMID: 38464888 PMCID: PMC10921857 DOI: 10.1177/23743735241231696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with a chronic skin disease, eg, atopic dermatitis, need self-management skills to increase their quality of life. We explored patients' needs for self-management support from healthcare professionals and how these needs can be met in a dermatology setting. Interpretive description methodology was chosen for iterative data collection and analysis of qualitative interviews with patients with atopic dermatitis. Two mutually dependent themes were found to be supportive of patients' self-management. Personal and disease-related recognition was fundamental to successful support. However, guidance for agenda-setting from healthcare professionals was also needed on the wide range of topics that could be covered in the consultation based on individual needs. Patients need self-management support in addition to what can be found with family, friends, or peers. It is crucial that the support is delivered with an appreciative approach by healthcare professionals with profound knowledge of atopic dermatitis. Equally important is guidance towards agenda-setting, a way to co-construct the consultation with a clear focus on the specific patient's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sophie Belling Krontoft
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lone Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Kirsten Lomborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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ERUBAMI JOSHUAA, BEBENIMIBO PAUL, EZEAH GREGORYH, MUOBIKE OMANWAI. Newspaper depiction of mental illness in Nigeria. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:1527. [PMID: 38162332 PMCID: PMC10755510 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental illness is fast becoming a leading cause of global disease burden, yet this aspect of public health remains highly neglected in Nigeria. The public relies on newspapers for diverse information needs and the way newspapers portray mental illness-related issues tends to sway public perception of such ailments. This study examined the level of media attention and prime discursive resources utilized by newspapers to depict mental illness-related issues from 2015 to 2019. Using a qualitative approach and ethnographic design, the study analyzed the manifest contents of three major Nigerian national newspapers selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data collection was done using a coding spreadsheet that reflected relevant content categories and units of analysis. Of the 920 health articles analyzed, only 79 (8.6%) articles discussed mental illness. Also, 84.8% of all mental illness-related articles were tucked in the inside pages of the newspapers and 58.2% of the stories were reported using the conventional straight news. The negative themes of suicide (36.7%) and substance abuse (32.9%) were the prime discursive resources that echoed in many of the analyzed articles. Overall, mental illness-related issues were grossly under-reported by Nigerian newspapers when compared to other health issues, and wrong media depiction of the problem remains a risk factor. Hence, Nigerian newspapers must strive toward setting better agenda that will actuate necessary policy actions from health stakeholders by providing adequate coverage and positive representation of mental illness-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PAUL BEBENIMIBO
- Department of Mass Communication, Delta State University, Abraka
| | - GREGORY H. EZEAH
- Department of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - OMANWA I. MUOBIKE
- Department of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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3
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Jautz S, Graf EM, Fleischhacker M, Dionne F. Agenda-setting in first sessions of business coaching-a focus on coaches' practices to manage the agenda and establish the working alliance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1232090. [PMID: 37876847 PMCID: PMC10590917 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Agenda-setting is a central communicative task for professionals and a joint activity of all participants particularly at the onset of helping interactions such as coaching. Agreeing on goal(s) and assigning tasks alongside establishing a trustful bond prepare the ground for the success of the interaction. The professional agent initiates and sets the agenda as part of their professional role and responsibility, i.e., based on their professional epistemic and deontic authority. Concurrently, by orienting to clients' epistemic authority and by yielding power, control, and agency to clients to co-manage the ensuing interaction, agenda-setting is the first opportunity for client-centeredness, which is a central characteristic and success factor for the working alliance in coaching. Procedure and Methods We take first steps in filling a research gap by providing a first analysis of the interactional unfolding of agenda-setting in coaching and by showcasing that and how agenda-setting as a joint activity of coach and client contributes to their working alliance. More precisely, we investigate agenda-management practices in five first sessions of business coaching to (1) document and analyze how the joint activity 'agenda-setting' is implemented via various (coach-initiated) social actions, (2) detail their contribution to establishing the working alliance, and (3) to interpret the emerging practices of agenda-management against the concept of 'client-centeredness'. For the analysis, we draw on conceptual and methodological resources from interactional linguistics alongside linguistic pragmatics and conversation analysis. Results We found 117 instances of 'agenda-setting' in our data which can be assigned to the seven social actions "Delivering Agenda Information", "Requesting Agenda Information", "Requesting Agenda Agreement", "Requesting Agenda Action", "Suggesting Agenda Action", "Offering Agenda Action" and "Proposing Agenda Action". Discussion The social actions display that agenda-setting serves to establish a common ground regarding goals, tasks and the relational bond of coach and client, and (after this has been achieved) to negotiate future coaching actions. Thus, the joint activity of 'doing' agenda-setting can be shown to be 'doing' working alliance at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jautz
- Department of English, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Graf
- Department of English, Faculty of Humanities and Education, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Melanie Fleischhacker
- Department of English, Faculty of Humanities and Education, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Frédérick Dionne
- Department of English, Faculty of Humanities and Education, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
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Brooks C, Mirzoev T, Chowdhury D, Deuri SP, Madill A. Using evidence in mental health policy agenda-setting in low- and middle-income countries: a conceptual meta-framework from a scoping umbrella review. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:876-893. [PMID: 37329301 PMCID: PMC10394497 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to close the gap in frameworks for the use of evidence in the mental health policy agenda-setting in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Agenda-setting is important because mental health remains a culturally sensitive and neglected issue in LMICs. Moreover, effective evidence-informed agenda-setting can help achieve, and sustain, the status of mental health as a policy priority in these low-resource contexts. A scoping 'review of reviews' of evidence-to-policy frameworks was conducted, which followed preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Nineteen reviews met the inclusion criteria. A meta-framework was developed from analysis and narrative synthesis of these 19 reviews, which integrates the key elements identified across studies. It comprises the concepts of evidence, actors, process, context and approach, which are linked via the cross-cutting dimensions of beliefs, values and interests; capacity; power and politics; and trust and relationships. Five accompanying questions act as a guide for applying the meta-framework with relevance to mental health agenda-setting in LMICs. This is a novel and integrative meta-framework for mental health policy agenda-setting in LMICs and, as such, an important contribution to this under-researched area. Two major recommendations are identified from the development of the framework to enhance its implementation. First, given the paucity of formal evidence on mental health in LMICs, informal evidence based on stakeholder experience could be better utilized in these contexts. Second, the use of evidence in mental health agenda-setting in LMICs would be enhanced by involving a broader range of stakeholders in generating, communicating and promoting relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Brooks
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Lifton Terrace, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tolib Mirzoev
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Diptarup Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Sonia Pereira Deuri
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi Regional Institute of Mental Health, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Anna Madill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Lifton Terrace, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Wyld K, Hendrieckx C, Griffin A, Barrett H, D'Silva N. Agenda-setting by young adults with type 1 diabetes and associations with emotional well-being/social support: results from an observational study. Intern Med J 2023; 53:1347-1355. [PMID: 36008367 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Diabetes Psychosocial Assessment Tool (DPAT) was developed to assess the psychosocial well-being of young adults with type 1 diabetes in clinical practice. The DPAT includes three validated questionnaires (assessing diabetes distress, anxiety/depressive symptoms and emotional well-being) and an agenda-setting tool. It is currently used by the Queensland Statewide Diabetes Clinical Network (available at Clinical Excellence Queensland). AIMS To describe agenda items set by young adults with type 1 diabetes and investigate their association with emotional well-being/social support. METHODS The DPAT was completed by young adults attending routine diabetes outpatient appointments at the Mater Hospital (Brisbane) between November 2016 and January 2020. For the current analysis, data included responses on agenda-setting and outcomes from three validated questionnaires. RESULTS Responses of 277 young adults (15-26 years) were analysed. Ninety-four (34%) reported one to three agenda item(s). Common agenda items were diabetes technology and medications, but other topics raised included pregnancy, body image and eating concerns. Participants with moderate diabetes distress or anxiety symptoms were more likely to list at least one agenda item (P = 0.006; P = 0.002), as were females and older participants. CONCLUSION Several agenda items for young adults with type 1 diabetes were identified and were more likely to be raised by those with elevated diabetes distress and anxiety symptoms. The DPAT is a valuable and convenient tool that can be easily applied in routine clinical practice to enable clinicians to understand the concerns of the young adult population and deliver personalised medicine to optimise long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wyld
- Queensland Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christel Hendrieckx
- Australian Centre for Behavioural Research in Diabetes, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Griffin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Barrett
- Queensland Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neisha D'Silva
- Queensland Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Chapman CM, Hornsey MJ, Fielding KS, Gulliver R. International media coverage promotes donations to a climate disaster. Disasters 2023; 47:725-744. [PMID: 35841208 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Australian bushfires in 2019-20 triggered massive amounts of charitable giving from the community. This study applied agenda-setting theory to examine if and how disaster news coverage influenced public donations in response to the crisis. A survey of 949 Australians found that people perceived news coverage of the event to be a strong influence on the amount they donated to bushfire appeals, over and above past giving levels. Furthermore, media coverage was more influential in participants' charity selection than both peer influence and direct communications from the charities. Next, a textual analysis of international news coverage of the event (N = 30,239 unique articles) was conducted. Compared to a control corpus of text, news coverage of the disaster used words related to 'money' and 'support' at disproportionately high frequencies. Together, the studies suggest that the media plays an agenda-setting role in determining how and to what extent people give to disaster appeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Chapman
- Associate Professor of Marketing at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Hornsey
- Professor of Management at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kelly S Fielding
- Professor of Communication at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robyn Gulliver
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Magnussen HJ, Kjeken I, Pinxsterhuis I, Sjøvold TA, Hennig T, Thorsen E, Feiring M. Participation in healthcare consultations: A qualitative study from the perspectives of persons diagnosed with hand osteoarthritis. Health Expect 2023; 26:1276-1286. [PMID: 36916677 PMCID: PMC10154812 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scarce health resources and differing views between persons with hand osteoarthritis (OA) and health professionals concerning care preferences contribute to sustaining a gap between actual needs and existing clinical guidelines for hand OA. The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of persons diagnosed with hand OA in their encounters with health services and how those experiences influence negotiations and decision-making in hand OA care. METHODS Data from 21 qualitative interviews with persons diagnosed with hand OA were collected, transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were developed: symptoms are perceived as ordinary ageing in everyday life, consultations are shaped by trust in healthcare and the responsibilities of prioritisation and self-care govern interactions. CONCLUSION Ideas of ageing, professional knowledge and self-management dominate hand OA health encounters and contribute to shaping illness perceptions, preferences and opportunities to negotiate decisions in consultations. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Two patient research partners with hand OA are members of the study project group. One of them is also a co-author of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Johanne Magnussen
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Rehabilitation in Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Kjeken
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Rehabilitation in Rheumatology, REMEDY, Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irma Pinxsterhuis
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Eva Thorsen
- Lillehammer Rheumatism Hospital, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Marte Feiring
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Health Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Rehabilitation in Rheumatology, REMEDY, Center for treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Lebrun L, Thiry A, Fallon C. How Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Increase Salience of Intimate Partner Violence on the Policy Agenda? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4461. [PMID: 36901471 PMCID: PMC10001504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Belgian authorities, like most authorities in European countries, resorted to unprecedented measures in response to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and May 2022. This exceptional context highlighted the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV) in an unprecedented way. At a time when many other issues are being put on hold, IPV is being brought to the fore. This article investigated the processes that have led to increasing political attention to domestic violence in Belgium. To this end, a media analysis and a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted. The materials, collected and analyzed by mobilizing the framework of Kingdon's streams theory, allowed us to present the agenda-setting process in its complexity and the COVID-19 as a policy window. The main policy entrepreneurs were NGOs and French-speaking feminist women politicians. Together, they rapidly mobilized sufficient resources to implement public intervention that had already been proposed in the preceding years, but which had been waiting for funding. By doing so, they responded during the peak of the pandemic to requests and needs that had already been expressed in a "non-crisis" context.
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9
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Chen Q, Croitoru A, Crooks A. A comparison between online social media discussions and vaccination rates: A tale of four vaccines. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231155682. [PMID: 36776405 PMCID: PMC9912564 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231155682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has brought the debate around vaccinations to the forefront of public discussion. In this discussion, various social media platforms have a key role. While this has long been recognized, the way by which the public assigns attention to such topics remains largely unknown. Furthermore, the question of whether there is a discrepancy between people's opinions as expressed online and their actual decision to vaccinate remains open. To shed light on this issue, in this paper we examine the dynamics of online debates among four prominent vaccines (i.e., COVID-19, Influenza, MMR, and HPV) through the lens of public attention as captured on Twitter in the United States from 2015 to 2021. We then compare this to actual vaccination rates from governmental reports, which we argue serve as a proxy for real-world vaccination behaviors. Our results demonstrate that since the outbreak of COVID-19, it has come to dominate the vaccination discussion, which has led to a redistribution of attention from the other three vaccination themes. The results also show an apparent discrepancy between the online debates and the actual vaccination rates. These findings are in line with existing theories, that of agenda-setting and zero-sum theory. Furthermore, our approach could be extended to assess the public's attention toward other health-related issues, and provide a basis for quantifying the effectiveness of health promotion policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA,Qingqing Chen, Department of Geography,
University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Arie Croitoru
- Department of Computational & Data Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew Crooks
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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10
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Scalia P, van Deen WK, Engel JA, Stevens G, Van Citters AD, Holthoff MM, Johnson LC, Kennedy AM, Reddy SB, Nelson EC, Elwyn G. Eliciting patients' healthcare goals and concerns: Do questions influence responses? Chronic Illn 2022; 18:708-716. [PMID: 35993673 PMCID: PMC9676413 DOI: 10.1177/17423953211067417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in asking patients questions before their visits to elicit goals and concerns, which is part of the move to support the concept of coproducing care. The phrasing and delivery of such questions differs across settings and is likely to influence responses. This report describes a study that (i) used a three-level model to categorize the goals and concerns elicited by two different pre-visit questions, and (ii) describes associations between responses elicited and the phrasing and delivery of the two questions. The questions were administered to patients with rheumatic disease, and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Paper-based responses from 150 patients with rheumatic disease and 338 patients with IBD were analyzed (163 paper, 175 electronic). The goals and concerns elicited were primarily disease or symptom-specific. The specific goal and concern examples featured in one pre-visit question were more commonly reported in responses to that question, compared to the question without examples. Questions completed electronically before the visit were associated with longer responses than those completed on paper in the waiting room. In conclusion, how and when patients' goals and concerns are elicited appears to have an impact on responses and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Scalia
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Welmoed K van Deen
- Division of Health Services Research, Cedars-Sinai Center for Outcomes Research and Education, 22494Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Engel
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Gabrielle Stevens
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Aricca D Van Citters
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Megan M Holthoff
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Lisa C Johnson
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alice M Kennedy
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Swathi B Reddy
- Department of Medicine, 20115Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Division of Rheumatic Diseases, 25989UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Eugene C Nelson
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Glyn Elwyn
- 539576The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, 3728Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Abstract
Universal health coverage is high up the international agenda. The majority of the West Africa's countries are seeking to define the content of their compulsory, contribution-based medical insurance system. However, very few countries apart from Mali have decided to develop a national policy for poorest population that is not based on contributions. This qualitative research examines the historical process that has permitted the emergence of this public policy. The research shows that the process has been very long, chaotic and suspended for long periods. One of the biggest challenges has been that of intersectoriality and the social construction of the poorest to be targeted by this public policy, as institutional tensions have evolved in accordance with the political issues linked to social protection. Eventually, the medical assistance scheme for the poorest saw the light of day in 2011, funded entirely by the government. Its emergence would appear to be attributable not so much to any new concern for the poorest in society but rather to a desire to give the social protection policy engaged in a guarantee of universality. This policy nonetheless remains an innovation within French-speaking West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valéry Ridde
- IRD (French Institute for Research on Sustainable Development), CEPED (IRD-Université de Paris), Universités de Paris, ERL INSERM SAGESUD, Paris, France
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12
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Abstract
Older people are especially vulnerable to COVID-19, including and especially people living in long-term care facilities. In this Perspective, we discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care policy in Canada. More specifically, we use the example of recent developments in Quebec, where a tragedy in a specific facility is acting as a dramatic "focusing event". It draws attention to the problems facing long-term care facilities, considering existing policy legacies and the opening of a "policy window" that may facilitate comprehensive reforms in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Béland
- James McGill Professor and Director of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada (MISC), Department of Political Science, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrik Marier
- Professor and Concordia University Research Chair in Aging and Public Policy, Scientific Director, Centre de recherche et d'expertise en gérontologie sociale (CREGÉS), Department of Political Science, Concordia University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Flury C, Geiss M, Guerrero Cantarell R. Building the technological European Community through education: European mobility and training programmes in the 1980s. Eur Educ Res J 2020; 20:348-364. [PMID: 36570422 PMCID: PMC9772897 DOI: 10.1177/1474904120980973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Community Action Programme for Education and Training for Technology (COMETT) played a key role in paving the way for increased cooperation between the member states of the European Community (EC) in the field of education and in the promotion of intra-Europe mobility. In this article, COMETT is considered as a non-traditional education and training programme for solving economic challenges in the context of technological change that was focused on the training of a highly skilled workforce. The process of setting the agenda for COMETT is studied through an analysis of official EC policy documents and archival material from the EU's historical archives in Florence. Our analysis suggests that the challenge posed by new information technologies acted as a catalyst for a new approach to education governance that was based on closer cooperation between European universities and industry. Promoting intra-Europe mobility among highly skilled workers and students was a key part of the programme, which defined an economic and social strategy for Europe in response to technological change. Educational and social goals were secondary in the design and implementation of the COMETT programme, which, first and foremost, was motivated by the EC agenda to boost the competitiveness of European industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Flury
- Carmen Flury, Institute of Education, University of Zürich, Freiestrasse 36, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Kolie D, Delamou A, van de Pas R, Dioubate N, Bouedouno P, Beavogui AH, Kaba A, Diallo AM, Put WVD, Van Damme W. 'Never let a crisis go to waste': post-Ebola agenda-setting for health system strengthening in Guinea. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001925. [PMID: 31908867 PMCID: PMC6936556 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Guinea is a country with a critical deficit and maldistribution of healthcare workers along with a high risk of epidemics' occurrence. However, actors in the health sector have missed opportunities for more than a decade to attract political attention. This article aims to explain why this situation exists and what were the roles of actors in the agenda-setting process of the post-Ebola health system strengthening programme. It also assesses threats and opportunities for this programme's sustainability. Methods We used Kingdon’s agenda-setting methodological framework to explain why actors promptly focused on the health sector reform after the Ebola outbreak. We conducted a qualitative explanatory study using a literature review and key informant interviews. Results We found that, in the problem stream, the Ebola epidemic caused considerable fear among national as well as international actors, a social crisis and an economic system failure. This social crisis was entertained by communities’ suspicion of an 'Ebola-business'. In response to these problems, policy actors identified three sets of solutions: the temporary external funds generated by the Ebola response; the availability of experienced health workers in the Ebola control team; and the overproduction of health graduates in the labour market. We also found that the politics agenda was dominated by two major factors: the global health security agenda and the political and financial interests of national policy actors. Although the opening of the policy window has improved human resources, finance and logistics, and infrastructures pillars of the health system, it, however, disproportionally focuses on epidemic preparedness and response. and neglects patients’ financial affordability of essential health services. Conclusion Domestic policy entrepreneurs must realise that agenda-setting of health issues in the Guinean context strongly depends on the construction of the problem definition and how this is influenced by international actors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphin Kolie
- Research, Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Alexandre Delamou
- Research, Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Forécariah, Guinea.,Department of Public Health, University of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Remco van de Pas
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nafissatou Dioubate
- Research, Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Patrice Bouedouno
- Research, Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Abdoul Habib Beavogui
- Research, Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Forécariah, Guinea
| | - Abdoulaye Kaba
- Bureau de Stratégie et de Développement, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Willem Van De Put
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Damme
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
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15
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Moghimi E, Wiktorowicz ME. Regulating the Fast-Food Landscape: Canadian News Media Representation of the Healthy Menu Choices Act. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E4939. [PMID: 31817581 PMCID: PMC6950394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid rise of fast food consumption in Canada, Ontario was the first province to legislate menu labelling requirements via the enactment of the Healthy Menu Choice Act (HMCA). As the news media plays a significant role in policy debates and the agenda for policymakers and the public, the purpose of this mixed-methods study was to clarify the manner in which the news media portrayed the strengths and critiques of the Act, and its impact on members of the community, including consumers and stakeholders. Drawing on data from Canadian regional and national news outlets, the major findings highlight that, although the media reported that the HMCA was a positive step forward, this was tempered by critiques concerning the ineffectiveness of using caloric labelling as the sole measure of health, and its predicted low impact on changing consumption patterns on its own. Furthermore, the news media were found to focus accountability for healthier eating choices largely on the individual, with very little consideration of the role of the food industry or the social and structural determinants that affect food choice. A strong conflation of health, weight and calories was apparent, with little acknowledgement of the implications of menu choice for chronic illness. The analysis demonstrates that the complex factors associated with food choice were largely unrecognized by the media, including the limited extent to which social, cultural, political and corporate determinants of unhealthy choices were taken into account as the legislation was developed. Greater recognition of these factors by the media concerning the HMCA may evoke more meaningful and long-term change for health and food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Moghimi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON 223, Canada
| | - Mary E Wiktorowicz
- School of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON 4700, Canada;
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16
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Chua PL, Dorotan MM, Sigua JA, Estanislao RD, Hashizume M, Salazar MA. Scoping Review of Climate Change and Health Research in the Philippines: A Complementary Tool in Research Agenda-Setting. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16142624. [PMID: 31340512 PMCID: PMC6679087 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on human health have been observed and projected in the Philippines as vector-borne and heat-related diseases have and continue to increase. As a response, the Philippine government has given priority to climate change and health as one of the main research funding topics. To guide in identifying more specific research topics, a scoping review was done to complement the agenda-setting process by mapping out the extent of climate change and health research done in the country. Research articles and grey literature published from 1980 to 2017 were searched from online databases and search engines, and a total of 34 quantitative studies were selected. Fifty-three percent of the health topics studied were about mosquito-borne diseases, particularly dengue fever. Seventy-nine percent of the studies reported evidence of positive associations between climate factors and health outcomes. Recommended broad research themes for funding were health vulnerability, health adaptation, and co-benefits. Other notable recommendations were the development of open data and reproducible modeling schemes. In conclusion, the scoping review was useful in providing a background for research agenda-setting; however, additional analyses or consultations should be complementary for added depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lester Chua
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines.
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan.
| | - Miguel Manuel Dorotan
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines
| | - Jemar Anne Sigua
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines
| | - Rafael Deo Estanislao
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Miguel Antonio Salazar
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Rm. 406, Veria I Bldg., 62 West Avenue, Barangay West Triangle, Quezon City 1104, Philippines
- Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Behzadifar M, Gorji HA, Rezapour A, Bragazzi NL. The hepatitis C infection in Iran: a policy analysis of agenda-setting using Kingdon's multiple streams framework. Health Res Policy Syst 2019; 17:30. [PMID: 30917837 PMCID: PMC6438031 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes a large number of deaths annually worldwide. Policies play an important role in regulating healthcare agendas and prioritising of health-related issues. Understanding these priorities is very important in health. The objective of this study was to investigate HCV-related issues and their influence on agenda-setting in Iran. Methods A qualitative design was used. Data were collected by carrying out a review of documents and interviews. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify documents related to HCV-related policies in Iran. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with both purposive and snowball sampling of 14 interviewees related to the HCV programme in Iran, including government officials, civil society, development partnership members and academicians. Documents and interview data were analysed manually and using MAXQDA Version 10 software. Kingdon’s multiple streams framework was used to guide data analysis. Results The factors which influenced HCV-related agenda-setting were lack of proper information of the HCV epidemiology before the 1990s, lack of diagnostic facilities, neighbouring countries with high HCV prevalence, the stigma of HCV, high prevalence in prisoners, international evidence and high costs generated by HCV. The factors related to policy were effective treatment methods, drug production inside Iran, Iran Hepatitis Network, support outside government group elites and academicians. The factors related to political will were international influence, changes in the government and parliament support. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that there are various national and international factors that play a role in shaping HCV-related policies. It seems that, if HCV is put into the agenda, it can be eliminated in Iran by 2030 by supporting and implementing appropriate programmes from decision- and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Behzadifar
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Abolghasem Gorji
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Mauti J, Gautier L, De Neve JW, Beiersmann C, Tosun J, Jahn A. Kenya's Health in All Policies strategy: a policy analysis using Kingdon's multiple streams. Health Res Policy Syst 2019; 17:15. [PMID: 30728042 PMCID: PMC6366019 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-019-0416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health in All Policies (HiAP) is an intersectoral approach that facilitates decision-making among policy-makers to maximise positive health impacts of other public policies. Kenya, as a member of WHO, has committed to adopting HiAP, which has been included in the Kenya Health Policy for the period 2014-2030. This study aims to assess the extent to which this commitment is being translated into the process of governmental policy-making and supported by international development partners as well as non-state actors. METHODS To examine HiAP in Kenya, a qualitative case study was performed, including a review of relevant policy documents. Furthermore, 40 key informants with diverse backgrounds (government, UN agencies, development agencies, civil society) were interviewed. Analysis was carried out using the main dimensions of Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach (problems, policy, politics). RESULTS Kenya is facing major health challenges that are influenced by various social determinants, but the implementation of intersectoral action focusing on health promotion is still arbitrary. On the policy level, little is known about HiAP in other government ministries. Many health-related collaborations exist under the concept of intersectoral collaboration, which is prominent in the country's development framework - Vision 2030 - but with no specific reference to HiAP. Under the political stream, the study highlights that political commitment from the highest office would facilitate mainstreaming the HiAP strategy, e.g. by setting up a department under the President's Office. The budgeting process and planning for the Sustainable Development Goals were found to be potential windows of opportunity. CONCLUSION While HiAP is being adopted as policy in Kenya, it is still perceived by many stakeholders as the business of the health sector, rather than a policy for the whole government and beyond. Kenya's Vision 2030 should use HiAP to foster progress in all sectors with health promotion as an explicit goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mauti
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lara Gautier
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health (ESPUM), University of Montreal, 7101, avenue du Parc, 3rd floor, Montreal, Quebec H3N 1X9 Canada
- Centre d’Etudes en Sciences Sociales sur les Mondes Africains, Américains et Asiatiques (CESSMA), Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Case courrier 7017, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jan-Walter De Neve
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Beiersmann
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jale Tosun
- Institute of Political Science, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Jahn
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Gurman TA, Clark T. #ec: Findings and implications from a quantitative content analysis of tweets about emergency contraception. Digit Health 2016; 2:2055207615625035. [PMID: 29942548 PMCID: PMC6001247 DOI: 10.1177/2055207615625035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Twitter, a popular social media, helps users around the world quickly share and receive information. The way in which Twitter frames health issues - especially controversial issues like emergency contraception (EC) - can influence public opinion. The current study analyzed all English-language EC-related tweets from March 2011 (n = 3535). Variables measured user characteristics (e.g. gender), content (e.g. news, humor), Twitter-specific strategy (e.g. retweet), and certain time periods (e.g. weekends). The analysis applied chi-square and regression analyses to the variables. Tweets most frequently focused on content related to news (27.27%), accessing EC (27.27%), and humor (25.63%). Among tweets that were shared, however, the most common content included humor, followed by personal/vicarious experience. Although only 5.54% of shared tweets mentioned promiscuity, this content category had the strongest odds for being shared (OR = 1.51; p = 0.031). The tweet content with lowest odds of being shared were side effects (OR = 0.24; p < 0.001), drug safety (OR = 0.44; p < 0.001), and news (OR = 0.44; p < 0.001). Tweets with the greatest odds of having been sent on a weekend sought advice (OR = 1.94; p = 0.012), addressed personal or vicarious experience (OR = 1.91; p < 0.001), or contained humor (OR = 1.56; p < 0.001). Similar patterns occurred in tweets sent around St. Patrick's Day. Only a few differences were found in the ways in which male and female individuals discussed EC on Twitter. In particular, when compared to males, females mentioned birth control (p = 0.002), EC side effects (p = 0.024), and issues related to responsibility (p = 0.003) more often than expected. Study findings offer timely and practical suggestions for public health professionals wanting to communicate about EC via Twitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilly A Gurman
- Johns Hopkins University Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Vos B, Lagasse R, Levêque A. Putting newborn hearing screening on the political agenda in Belgium: local initiatives toward a community programme - a qualitative study. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12:32. [PMID: 24986647 PMCID: PMC4086284 DOI: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kingdon model, based on the convergence of three streams (problem, policy, and politics) and the opening of a policy window, analyses the process by which a health issue is placed on the political agenda. We used this model to document the political agenda-setting process of the newborn hearing screening programme in Belgium. METHODS A qualitative study based on a document review and on semi-directed interviews was carried out. The interviews were conducted with nine people who had played a role in putting the issue in question on the political agenda, and the documents reviewed included scientific literature and internal reports and publications from the newborn hearing screening programme. The thematic analysis of the data collected was carried out on the basis of the Kingdon model's three streams. RESULTS The political agenda-setting of this screening programme was based on many factors. The problem stream included factors external to the context under study, such as the technological developments and the contribution of the scientific literature which led to the recommendation to provide newborn hearing screening. The two other streams (policy and politics) covered factors internal to the Belgian context. The fact that it was locally feasible with financial support, the network of doctors convinced of the need for newborn hearing screening, the drafting of various proposals, and the search for financing were all part of the policy stream. The Belgian political context and the policy opportunities concerning preventive medicine were identified as significant factors in the third stream. When these three streams converged, a policy window opened, allowing newborn hearing screening onto the political agenda and enabling the policy decision for its introduction. CONCLUSIONS The advantage of applying the Kingdon model in our approach was the ability to demonstrate the political agenda-setting process, using the three streams. This made it possible to identify the many factors involved in the process. However, the roles of the stakeholders and of the context were somewhat inexplicit in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Vos
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Research Center Health Policy and Systems – International Health, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre d’Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Lagasse
- Centre d’Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Levêque
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Research Center Health Policy and Systems – International Health, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Centre d’Epidémiologie Périnatale (CEpiP), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Université libre de Bruxelles, School of Public Health, Research Center Epidemiology, Biostatistic and Clinical Research, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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