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Vico JP, Lorenzutti AM, Zogbi AP, Aleu G, Sánchez IC, Caffer MI, Rosmini MR, Mainar-Jaime RC. Prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella in large scale swine production in Córdoba, Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:161-169. [PMID: 32193003 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is considered a major public health concern. The growing relevance of pigs as reservoir of Salmonella spp. has prompted several countries to set up surveillance and control programs to fight Salmonella infection in swine and reduce public health risk. In the last decade, pork production in Córdoba increased significantly to become one of the most important pig production provinces in Argentina. The aim of this study was to estimate Salmonella spp. prevalence and associated risk factors in large scale-farms in this province. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 580 pigs from 20 finishing large-scale farms were collected between 2014 and 2015 to estimate Salmonella infection. A prevalence of 41.5% (95%CI: 37.6-45.6%) was observed. Two major risk factors were significantly associated with Salmonella infection, both related to the pre-slaughter period (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and lairage time), highlighting the need to pay special attention to pre-slaughter practices in the province. Shortening transport times and complying with national regulations for lairage time at slaughter may help to reduce the prevalence of infection. Sixteen different serovars were identified, being S. Anatum and S. Typhimurium the most prevalent ones. Moreover, two isolate of the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (I 4,5,12:i:-) resistant to enrofloxacin and which also displayed multidrug resistance was isolated for first time from pigs in Córdoba. The moderate to high levels of antimicrobial resistance detected for antibiotics commonly used in the pig sector suggested the need for implementing a plan to limit their use in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - A M Lorenzutti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A P Zogbi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Aleu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I C Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M I Caffer
- Servicio de Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Velez Sarfield 563, C1282AFF Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M R Rosmini
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R C Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Calle de Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Lorenzutti AM, Zarazaga MP, Sakai DM, Nejamkin P, Rosetti V, Duran V, Martin-Flores M. Context-sensitive recovery of neuromuscular function from vecuronium in dogs: Effects of dose and dosing protocol. Vet J 2019; 248:14-17. [PMID: 31113556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of neuromuscular function is a gradual phenomenon whereby function progresses from absent to normal. The speed of spontaneous recovery can be used to predict the time when neuromuscular function is expected to be restored. However, the speed of recovery might be affected by the dose of the neuromuscular blocker administered, and by the dosing regimen of that dose. The effects of both factors on the speed of spontaneous recovery from vecuronium were evaluated. Seven dogs were anesthetized three times and the train-of-four (TOF) ratio was measured with acceleromyography. Vecuronium was administered at 0.1 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, or 0.1 mg/kg followed by two doses of 0.05 mg/kg was administered each time. In the divided-dose treatment group, aliquots were administered on return of the first twitch (T1) of the TOF from the previous dose. The duration of surgical block, from injection to return of T1, was longest for the divided-dose protocol, intermediate for 0.2 mg/kg single bolus, and shortest for 0.1 mg/kg (P < 0.0001). The recovery period, from return of T1 to a TOF ratio ≥0.9, was longer for 0.2 mg/kg administered as a single bolus than for the other two groups (P = 0.007). Doubling the dose of a single bolus of vecuronium extended the time of surgical block and prolonged the duration of the recovery period. However, dividing that dose into smaller aliquots extended the period of surgical block while shortening the recovery period. Hence, the spontaneous reappearance of T1 should not be used in isolation to predict the time to complete recovery of neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lorenzutti
- Institute of Basic and Applied Science, Veterinary Medicine, National University of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M P Zarazaga
- Institute of Basic and Applied Science, Veterinary Medicine, National University of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D M Sakai
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - P Nejamkin
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of the Center of Buenos Aires Province, University Campus, Tandil, Argentina
| | - V Rosetti
- Institute of Basic and Applied Science, Veterinary Medicine, National University of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V Duran
- Institute of Basic and Applied Science, Veterinary Medicine, National University of Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Martin-Flores
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Lorenzutti AM, Litterio NJ, Himelfarb MA, Zarazaga MDP, San Andrés MI, De Lucas JJ. Pharmacokinetics, milk penetration and PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation of marbofloxacin, after intravenous and intramuscular administration to lactating goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:629-640. [PMID: 28470723 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the serum pharmacokinetic behaviour and milk penetration of marbofloxacin (MFX; 5 mg/kg), after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration in lactating goats and simulate a multidose regimen on steady-state conditions, (ii) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from caprine mastitis in Córdoba, Argentina and (iii) to make a PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation from steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of MFX by IV and IM routes to evaluate the efficacy and risk of the emergence of resistance. The study was carried out with six healthy, female, adult Anglo Nubian lactating goats. Marbofloxacin was administered at 5 mg/kg bw by IV and IM route. Serum and milk concentrations of MFX were determined with HPLC/uv. From 106 regional strains of CNS isolated from caprine mastitis in herds from Córdoba, Argentina, MICs and MPCs were determined. MIC90 and MPC90 were 0.4 and 6.4 μg/ml, respectively. MIC and MPC-based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that IV and IM administration of MFX in lactating goats may not be adequate to recommend it as an empirical therapy against CNS, because the most exigent endpoints were not reached. Moreover, this dose regimen could increase the probability of selecting mutants and resulting in emergence of resistance. Based on the results of Monte Carlo simulation, the optimal dose of MFX to achieve an adequate antimicrobial efficacy should be 10 mg/kg, but it is important take into account that fluoroquinolones are substrates of efflux pumps, and this fact may determine that assumption of linear pharmacokinetics at high doses of MFX may be incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lorenzutti
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Unidad Asociada al CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - N J Litterio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Unidad Asociada al CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Himelfarb
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Unidad Asociada al CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M D P Zarazaga
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias-Unidad Asociada al CONICET, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M I San Andrés
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J De Lucas
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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