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Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz B, Oleszkiewicz A, Bock MA, Hummel T. Intranasal insulin's effects on the sense of smell. Rhinology 2023; 61:404-411. [PMID: 37453136 DOI: 10.4193/rhin23.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal insulin (IN) administration is a promising way to deliver the peptide to the central nervous system (CNS), bypassing the blood-brain-barrier and gastrointestinal absorption inhibition. IN receptors are localized in the olfactory mucosa and the brain, mainly in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. The pleiotropic mechanism of insulin action is characterized by its anti-inflammatory properties, antithrombotic, vasodilatory, and antiapoptotic effects. It prevents energy failure and has regenerative properties, affects neuro-regeneration and counteracts insulin resistance. Hence, insulin has been suggested for various pathological states including neurocognitive disorders, obesity, and as a therapeutic option for smell loss. A sharply increased prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was observed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic also emphasized the lack of therapeutic options for smell loss. Intranasal insulin administration has therefore been suggested to serve as potential treatment, influencing the regenerative capacities of the olfactory mucosa. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on possible effects of intranasal insulin on the sense of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland and Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M A Bock
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Departamento de Salud Publica ORL, Hospital General Barrio Obrero, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Oleszkiewicz A, Schriever VA, Valder C, Agosin E, Altundag A, Avni H, Cao Van H, Cornejo C, Fishman G, Guarneros M, Gupta N, Kamel R, Knaapila A, Konstantinidis I, Landis BN, Larsson M, Lundström JN, Macchi A, Marino-Sanchez F, Mori E, Mullol J, Parma V, Propst EJ, Sandell MA, Sorokowska A, Vodicka J, Hummel T, Gellrich J. Hedonic perception of odors in children aged 5-8 years is similar across 18 countries: Preliminary data. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 157:111129. [PMID: 35443229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory preference emerges very early in life, and the sense of smell in children rapidly develops until the second decade of life. It is still unclear whether hedonic perception of odors is shared in children inhabiting different regions of the globe. METHODS Five-hundred ten healthy children (N = 510; ngirls = 256; nboys = 254) aged from 5 to 8 years from 18 countries rated the pleasantness of 17 odors. RESULTS The hedonic perception of odors in children aged between 5 and 8 years was rather consistent across 18 countries and mainly driven by the qualities of an odor and the overall ability of children to label odorants. CONCLUSION Conclusions from this study, being a secondary analysis, are limited to the presented set of odors that were initially selected for the development of U-Sniff test and present null findings for the cross-cultural variability in hedonic perception of odors across 18 countries. These two major issues should be addressed in the future to either contradict or replicate the results presented herewith. This research lays fundament for posing further research questions about the developmental aspects of hedonic perception of odors and opens a new door for investigating cross-cultural differences in chemosensory perception of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - V A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany.
| | - C Valder
- Systema Natura GmbH, Flintbek, Germany.
| | - E Agosin
- College of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - A Altundag
- Otorhinolaryngology Department of Biruni University Medical Faculty, Acibadem Taksim Hospital Otorhinolaryngology Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - H Avni
- Pediatric Feeding Disorders Clinic, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - H Cao Van
- Pediatric ENT Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngologie Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - C Cornejo
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - G Fishman
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - M Guarneros
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
| | - N Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India.
| | - R Kamel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A Knaapila
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - I Konstantinidis
- 2nd Otorhinolaryngology Department of Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - B N Landis
- Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngologie Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - M Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - J N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - A Macchi
- ENT Clinic, University of Insubriae Varese, ASST Settelaghi, Italy.
| | - F Marino-Sanchez
- Unidad de Rinología y Cirugía de Base de Cráneo, Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Mori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - J Mullol
- Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - V Parma
- Temple University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, USA; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - E J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - M A Sandell
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - A Sorokowska
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - J Vodicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - J Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.
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Oleszkiewicz A, Abriat A, Doelz G, Azema E, Hummel T. Beyond olfaction: Beneficial effects of olfactory training extend to aging-related cognitive decline. Behav Neurosci 2021; 135:732-740. [PMID: 34110862 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies on olfactory training (OT) outcomes have mostly been limited to olfactory performance, while direct neural connections between olfactory system and amygdala-hippocampal complex allow expecting OT to have psychological effects. To address this hypothesis, we examined olfactory, cognitive and emotional effects of OT in the group of 68 subjects aged between 50 and 88 years (Mage = 62.8 ± 8.9 years; 28 males) who are likely to experience an age-related decline in olfactory and cognitive performance. We diversified stimuli used in the OT to verify whether odor mixtures result in more effective activation of olfactory receptor neurons than single molecule odors. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions: (a) simple OT utilizing single-molecule odors; (b) mixtures OT using odor mixtures; (c) control group without OT. Results indicate beneficent effects of the simple OT on cognitive assessment, cognitive decline symptoms, and olfactory sensitivity. OT can be adapted from otorhinolaryngological practice to successfully serve neurocognitive research and in supporting the cognitive-related aging process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Liu DT, Pellegrino R, Sabha M, Aytug A, Aytug A, Damm M, Poletti SC, Croy I, Hohner A, Oleszkiewicz A, Mandy C, Hummel T. Factors associated with relevant olfactory recovery after olfactory training: a retrospective study including 601 participants. Rhinology 2021; 59:91-97. [PMID: 33544097 DOI: 10.4193/rhin20-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory training (OT) represents a therapeutic option for multiple etiologies of olfactory dysfunction (OD) that also benefits normosmic subjects. In this retrospective study, we report the effectiveness of OT and factors associated with relevant changes in olfactory function (OF) in large groups of normosmic participants and patients with OD, including a control group that performed no training. METHODS This was a retrospective pooled analysis including 2 treatment cohorts of 8 previously published studies. Adult participants that either presented with the major complaint of quantitative OD or normosmic volunteers were recruited at various ENT clinics and received OT or no training. The outcome was based on changes in objective olfactory test scores after OT. RESULTS A total of 601 patients with OD or normosmic subjects were included. OT was more effective compared to no training. No interaction was found between OT and OF. In multivariate analysis, higher baseline OF (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 0.93) and posttraumatic (aOR, 0.29) or idiopathic OD (aOR, 0.18) compared to postinfectious causes were significantly associated with lower odds of relevant improvements in patients with OD receiving OT. Subgroup analysis of normosmic participants receiving OT further revealed a significant association of lower age and baseline olfactory function with improvements of overall OF. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that OT was more effective than no training in patients with various causes of OD. Additionally, baseline olfactory performance and etiology of OD were identified as important factors associated with relevant improvements after OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Liu
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Pellegrino
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Department of Food Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - M Sabha
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Aytug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biruni University Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Aytug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biruni University Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Damm
- ENT-Medicine Cologne (HNO-Heilkunde Koln) and University Hospitals of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S C Poletti
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Croy
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Hohner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany and Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - C Mandy
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Liu DT, Pellegrino R, Sabha M, Altundag A, Damm M, Poletti SC, Croy I, Hähner A, Oleszkiewicz A, Cuevas M, Hummel T. Factors associated with relevant olfactory recovery after olfactory training: a retrospective study including 601 participants. Rhinology 2020; 0:2651. [PMID: 32901616 DOI: 10.4193/rhin20.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory training (OT) represents a therapeutic option for multiple etiologies of olfactory dysfunction (OD) that also benefits normosmic subjects. In this retrospective study, we report the effectiveness of OT and factors associated with relevant changes in olfactory function (OF) in large groups of normosmic participants and patients with OD, including a control group that performed no training. METHODS This was a retrospective pooled analysis including 2 treatment cohorts of 8 previously published studies. Adult partici- pants that either presented with the major complaint of quantitative OD or normosmic volunteers were recruited at various ENT clinics and received OT or no training. The outcome was based on changes in objective olfactory test scores after OT. RESULTS A total of 601 patients with OD or normosmic subjects were included. OT was more effective compared to no training. No interaction was found between OT and OF. In multivariate analysis, higher baseline OF (adjusted odds ratio, aOR, 0.93) and posttraumatic (aOR, 0.29) or idiopathic OD (aOR, 0.18) compared to postinfectious causes were significantly associated with lower odds of relevant improvements in patients with OD receiving OT. Subgroup analysis of normosmic participants receiving OT further revealed a significant association of age and baseline olfactory function with improvements of overall OF. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that OT was more effective than no training in patients with various causes of OD. Additi- onally, baseline olfactory performance and etiology of OD were identified as important factors associated with relevant improve- ments after OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Liu
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Pellegrino
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - M Sabha
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Altundag
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biruni University Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Damm
- ENT-Medicine Cologne (HNO-Heilkunde Köln) and University Hospitals of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S C Poletti
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Croy
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Hähner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Cuevas
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Oleszkiewicz A, Kunkel F, Larsson M, Hummel T. Consequences of undetected olfactory loss for human chemosensory communication and well-being. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190265. [PMID: 32306872 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception has implications for human chemosensory communication and in a broader context, it affects well-being. However, most of the studies investigating the consequences of olfactory loss have recruited patients who have already been categorized as having a dysfunctional sense of smell and sought help in an ENT clinic. We revisit these findings by distinguishing subjects with olfactory impairment from a group of subjects who all declared a normal sense of smell when enrolling for this study. In the initial sample of 203 individuals, we found 59 to have impaired olfaction and four with marginal olfactory performance, not useful in daily life. Interestingly, we found a significant between-group difference in cognitive functioning, further supporting the notion of the relationship between cognition and olfactory performance. However, their chemosensory communication and well-being appeared not to be different from subjects with normosmia. Impaired olfactory function certainly has a severe impact on daily life but more so in individuals who are bothered with it and decide to seek treatment. The limited-to-no olfactory perception in the fraction of subjects who neither complain about it nor seek help in ENT clinics does not seem to have a major effect on their social, cognitive, emotional and health functioning. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50527 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - F Kunkel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Larsson
- Gösta Ekmans Laboratory, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Oleszkiewicz A, Schriever VA, Croy I, Hähner A, Hummel T. Updated Sniffin' Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 276:719-728. [PMID: 30554358 PMCID: PMC6411676 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-5248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide up-to-date and detailed normative data based on a large-scale sample, increasing diagnostic validity by reference to narrow age groups as previous normative values were based upon smaller sample sizes—especially in the group of older subjects. Method Data were obtained from 9139 healthy subjects (4928 females aged 5–96 years and 4211 males aged 5–91 years). The standard “Sniffin’ Sticks” test was applied, comprising threshold (T), discrimination (D) and identification (I) subtests, and yielding a TDI sum score. Results Hyposmia was established at a TDI score of less than 30.75. Age-related changes were found in each domain, most pronounced for thresholds. Individuals aged 20–30 years performed best, whereas children below the age of 10 and adults above the age of 71 scored only half as well. Sex-related differences were in favor of women. Conclusions Data provide guidance for assessing individual olfactory performance in relation to specific age groups. Significant gender and age effects were observed, with a most pronounced increase of olfactory test scores between age 5 through 20 years and a dramatic decrease at the age of 60 through 71 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Dawida 1, 50527, Wrocław, Poland
| | - V A Schriever
- Department of Neuropediatric Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - I Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Hähner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Oleszkiewicz A, Rambacher L, Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. The confounding effect of background odors on olfactory sensitivity testing. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 306:88-91. [PMID: 29782885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human olfactory sensitivity is known to vary significantly across subjects. Furthermore, environmental factors such as background noise and odor are known to affect target odor threshold scores but have not yet been fully delineated. We aimed to determine whether congruent and non-congruent background odor impaired target odor threshold scores. NEW METHOD We performed odor threshold testing in 103 normosmic adults, using phenylethylalcohol (PEA) or linalool as target odors, under three conditions: (a) congruent target and background odors (e.g., PEA in the test and PEA in the background), (b) non-congruent target and background odors (e.g. PEA in the test and Linalool in the background) and (c) no background odor. Background odor was applied to the investigator's glove and testing was performed in an otherwise odorless room. RESULTS We found that congruent background odors significantly impaired target odor threshold scores. Non-congruent background odors also impaired target odor threshold, but significantly more so with PEA as target and Linalool as background odor. The best threshold scores were obtained with no background odor. Comparison with Existing Method(s). At present, many testing environments may be contaminated with ambient background odors. We have shown that this may negatively affect odor threshold scores, particularly where background and target odors are congruent. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that investigators performing odor threshold testing do so in well ventilated, odor free environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; University of Wroclaw, Institute of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - L Rambacher
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - K L Whitcroft
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany; UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK; Centre for the Study of the Senses, Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, UK; Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - T Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Germany
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Oleszkiewicz A, Meusel T, Güpfert M, Westermann B, Hummel T, Welge-Lüssen A. Olfactory deficits decrease the time resolution for trigeminal lateralization. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 121:18-21. [PMID: 28918916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date the temporal resolution of the detection of almost simultaneously applied intranasal trigeminal stimuli is unknown. The aim of our study was to examine this temporal resolution in an/hyposmic subjects, who are known to have reduced trigeminal sensitivity and compare it with healthy controls. METHODS Participants were 20 posttraumatic an/hyposmic patients, and 23 healthy controls (matched with regard to sex and age). Olfactory function was tested psychophysically using the Sniffin´ Sticks test battery. Bilateral trigeminal stimulation was carried out using a birhinal high-precision olfactometer. The trigeminal stimulus used was CO₂ 60% v/v, the interstimulus interval ranged from 28 to 32s, stimulus duration was 200ms. Time-lags tested between right and left side of stimulation were at 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200ms. Subjects raised their left or right hand to indicate the side on which the stimulus had been perceived first. RESULTS In both groups the accuracy in the trigeminal lateralization task increased with the time-lag but normosmic subjects significantly outperformed an/hyposmics in the 200ms time-lag condition. Normosmics significantly exceeded 50% chance level at the time-lag of 80ms, whereas an/hyposmics were only able to score above chance starting from 120ms time-lag. Lateralization scores significantly decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS At a time lag of 200ms intranasal trigeminal stimuli can be lateralized. The reduced trigeminal sensitivity in patients with anosmia or hyposmia leads to an increased time lag required for correct perception of intranasal, almost simultaneously, applied stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - T Meusel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen Medical School, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Güpfert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Westermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Welge-Lüssen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sorokowski P, Sorokowska A, Oleszkiewicz A, Frackowiak T, Huk A, Pisanski K. Selfie posting behaviors are associated with narcissism among men. Personality and Individual Differences 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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