'Why have women not returned to use their frozen oocytes?': a 5-year follow-up of women after planned oocyte cryopreservation

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the reproductive choices and retrospective reflections of women at least 4 years after planned oocyte cryopreservation (POC)?

DESIGN

This was an internet survey, using the REDCap application, of women who underwent POC, at a single-centre university-affiliated IVF unit, 4-8 years before the survey. The questionnaire addressed reproductive choices and outcomes following POC.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine women who underwent POC during 2011-2014 were invited to participate, and 70 (89%) responded. Mean age at cryopreservation was 37.1 ± 2.4 (range 30-41) years, mean age at study participation 42.6 ± 2.6 (range 35-48) years, and mean time from first cryopreservation cycle to study participation 5.5 ± 1.3 (range 4-8) years. The main retrospectively reported reason for POC was not wanting to become pregnant without a partner (59, 84%). During the follow-up period, 44 women (63%) attempted to conceive either naturally or by assisted reproductive technology using fresh or cryopreserved oocytes. Of those, 28 women achieved a live birth (64% of those who tried to conceive). Fourteen respondents (20% of all respondents) reported using their cryopreserved oocytes, and three (21%) achieved a birth using those oocytes. Fifteen women (34%) of those who tried to conceive used donor spermatozoa.

CONCLUSIONS

The most common reasons for not using frozen oocytes were achieving pregnancy without frozen oocytes or preferring not to have a child without a partner. A considerable proportion of women who had POC and were not interested in being a single parent by choice eventually try to conceive using donor spermatozoa several years later.

P–448 Clinical outcome of social oocyte cryopreservation at advanced age

Study question

What are the success rates of social oocyte cryopreservation (SOC) at advanced age?

Summary answer

In this study, one in four women who underwent SOC above age 35 had a delivery.

What is known already

While SOC is gaining popularity, reports on delivery rates are limited due to low utilization rates.

Study design, size, duration

Retrospective data collection of all woman who underwent SOC between 2011–2018, and presented for treatment using cryopreserved oocytes until January 2021. Participants/materials, setting, methods: Review of patient records (including both IVF and antenatal/postnatal) and laboratory data in a university affiliated hospital-based IVF unit. Main results and the role of chance: A total of 448 women underwent SOC during 2011–2018. 50 (11.2%) women returned to use these oocytes until the end of January 2021. Women who returned to use their oocytes underwent cryopreservation at mean age of 38.2±2.2. 46 (92%) of participants were above 35 at time of cryopreservation. Number of oocytes cryopreserved was 11.3±9.7. Mean time from cryopreservation to thawing was 5.5±1.8years (range 1–9 years). and age at thawing was 43.4±2.1 (range 40–49). Nearly half of patients initially attempted to conceive before using their cryopreserved oocytes, mostly by ART using fresh oocytes. Mean number of oocytes thawed and oocytes survived per women was 9.7±6.2 and 6.1±4.9 respectively (post thawing survival rate 65.4±35%).

Mean number of embryos transferred, at one or more attempts was 2.6±2.1 per women. Eleven women gave birth or had an ongoing pregnancy > 20 weeks at time of analysis. All deliveries resulted from cryopreservation at age 36 and older (delivery rate 23.9% per women). Limitations, reasons for caution: We report our initial experience of women who underwent SOC at a single center. Most women who returned to use their oocytes had undergone SOC at advanced age, therefore not necessarily reflecting outcome for younger patients attempting to preserve fertility using this technology. Wider implications of the findings: Considering modest success rates of SOC in our cohort, women considering SOC are advised to do so at an earlier age.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

Early second trimester transvaginal ultrasound anomaly scan does not cause adverse perinatal outcome

OBJECTIVE

During an early second-trimester transvaginal ultrasound anomaly scan, pressure is applied to the uterus, and the fetus is often rotated manually to allow scanning of its various organs. This study was designed to determine if performing a transvaginal ultrasound anomaly scan during the early second trimester of pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcome or cord entanglement.

METHODS

During the 4.5year study period we prospectively collected cases of routine ultrasound scans at 14-17weeks gestation performed as anomaly screening, together with perinatal outcome. The study population consisted of 164 women who underwent a transvaginal approach, and the control population consisted of 224 women in which a transabdominal approach was used. Data on perinatal parameters was collected from delivery charts from the four local hospitals.

RESULTS

There were more operative deliveries (vaginal or Cesarean) in the transvaginal scan group (32% vs. 23%, p=0.05). However, on multiple logistic regression analysis vaginal scans were not associated with increased operative delivery rates with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.47 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.85-2.54. There were no other clinically significant differences in perinatal outcomes, or in cord entanglement.

CONCLUSIONS

Transvaginal ultrasound anomaly scan conducted in the early second trimester of pregnancy is a safe procedure for the fetus.

Retrospective analysis of 1217 IVF cycles in women aged 40 years and older

Older women comprise an increasing portion of patients entering assisted reproduction programmes. This study is a retrospective summary of the files of all patients aged 40 years and older at advent of IVF, between 1995 and 2004, in the authors' centre. In all, 381 women underwent 1217 initiated treatment cycles. Embryo transfer was performed in 62.6% of initiated cycles. Success rates declined with each year after age 40; pregnancy and delivery rates were 13.9 and 9.1% at age 40 and 2.8 and 0.7% at age 45. There were no deliveries at an older age. Logistic regression analysis showed the following factors were independently and significantly related to higher pregnancy rates: younger age, lower dose of gonadotrophins, greater number of mature follicles, endometrial thickness, and number of embryos transferred; prior pregnancy did not influence success. Retrieving more than four oocytes increased pregnancy rates in all women over 40. Transferring 3 embryos or more increased pregnancy rates in all ages, but reached statistical significance only in women aged 40-41 (P < 0.000). It is concluded that in women between 40 and 41 years of age, ovarian response is a major determinant of success, but not in women older than that. Unrealistic expectations may be avoided if accurate data are provided regarding delivery rates per year after age 40.

[Assisted reproduction technologies and the risk of fetal, chromosomal and genetic malformations]

BACKGROUND

Assisted reproduction techniques allowed thousands of otherwise infertile couples to attain pregnancy. As this technology moves into the mainstream of infertility treatment, it has become more critical to reassess its safety.

OBJECTIVE

To review the birth outcome of patients undergoing conventional in-vitro fertilization and intracyto- plasmic sperm injection regarding fetal malformations, chromosomal and genetic abnormalities.

METHODS

Selective review of the literature.

RESULTS

Most of the published data is from observational studies and is not randomized or blinded. Unfortunately, most articles are inherently biased. Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities are increased probably only as a direct corollary to the underlying parental risk and not due to the technology itself. There is a slight increase in the congenital malformations rate, but inspection of these malformations reveal no clustering of any specific abnormality.

CONCLUSIONS

Children born after assisted reproduction technologies have an increased risk of a major congenital malformation and chromosomal abnormalities compared with those born after natural conception. The risk is mainly due to paternal and maternal risk factors, which are more prevalent in couples who use assisted reproduction techniques for reproduction. Infertility-linked risk is highly probable for the observed findings. A technique-related risk, however, cannot be ruled out. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection appears to be a safe alternative for couples who otherwise would be unable to achieve pregnancy. The inherent risks associated with these genetically "at risk" couples mandate thorough evaluation and counseling before undertaking ICSI.

Induction of labor in breech presentation

OBJECTIVE

Induction of labor in breech presentation, although not contraindicated, has rarely been reported. We have undertaken to evaluate the safety and outcome of this practice in two Israeli institutions along with a literature review of this controversial subject.

METHOD

The research design was a retrospective case control study covering the years: 1980-1999. We have studied 53 term (>37 weeks) breech deliveries induced for various medical and obstetrical reasons, in two major regional hospitals in Israel. Induction was performed with prostaglandin E(2) for the unripe cervix and with oxytocin for induction or augmentation when the cervix was ripe. Six women were induced by nipple stimulation. Controls were 53 women with spontaneous labor in breech presentation that had a trial of vaginal delivery, and 54 women with breech presentation who delivered by elective cesarean section.

RESULT

No significant difference in the various maternal and fetal outcomes was observed. CS rate was comparable in both study and control groups (34% vs. 32%) and two-thirds gave birth vaginally.

CONCLUSIONS

In properly selected and carefully managed cases of breech presentation, induction of labor seems a safe and reasonable option.

Alloreactivity of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells: specific hyporesponse to noninherited maternal antigens

Earlier studies noted that patients who underwent cord blood (CB) transplantation had a lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than those who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The premise that the immune reactivity of CB mononuclear cells (CB-MNC) to HLA mismatched combinations and to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA) may be one of the factors involved in this phenomenon is still debatable. In this study we have attempted to evaluate the alloresponse and alloreactivity induced by CB-MNC by means of the standard mixed lymphocyte reaction test (SMLR) and the more sensitive, modified mixed lymphocyte reaction test (MMLR). Both techniques were used to test CB-MNC (n = 28) against HLA class II mismatched MNC from mothers (n = 26), fathers (n = 12), and unrelated individuals (n = 60) who served as controls. Alloresponse capabilities and stimulation capacities of CB-MNC in the SMLR were similar to those of control MNC: relative response (RR) = 73 vs. 65 and 58 vs. 65, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the MMLR. CB-MNC responded weakly to the maternal MNC in comparison with control MNC (RR = 47 vs. 73 [p = 0.0099]), while a stronger response was noted to the paternal than the maternal MNC (RR = 72 vs. 47 [p = 0.045]). Our results demonstrate that CB-MNC both respond to and induce alloresponse in HLA mismatched combinations. Moreover, the hyporesponse of CB-MNC to maternal cells that we observed suggests a form of tolerance to NIMA, which is probably due to the fetus's exposure to these antigens in its intrauterine life.