Comparison of knowledge between Italian and Spanish parents about the oral health of their preschool children

AIM

To evaluate and compare baseline knowledge between Italian and Spanish parents with regards to the oral and dental health of their preschool children.

METHODS

Study design epidemiological descriptive observational cross-sectional study. The research data was collected through an anonymous bilingual survey, generated through Google Forms and distributed either in paper form or through several digital channels together with a QR code to drive the participants to the questionnaire. In order to assess the differences between Italy and Spain, t-Student (with confidence interval) or Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the independent numerical variables, and the Chi-Square test was used to compare the independent categorical variables.

CONCLUSION

Independently of the differences identified among the two countries, the results show that parents from both nationalities have limited knowledge about their preschool children's oral health and are not fully informed about child's oral hygiene practices.

[Decolonization for Staphylococcus aureus carriers in arthroplasty surgery after hip fracture]

OBJECTIVE

Staphylococcus aureus is the main causative agent of joint prosthesis infections. The decolonization of the carriers is effective in the prevention of the infections of the elective arthroplasties. The aim of this study is to evaluate if it is also in arthroplasties after hip fracture.

METHODS

Study in patients with hip fracture who underwent joint prosthesis from January 2011 to December 2015 with a protocol of S. aureus detection-decolonization with intranasal mupirocin and chlorhexidine baths. Patients between January 2009 and December 2010 were the comparison group.

RESULTS

In the intervention period, the study of colonization of S. aureus was performed in 307 patients, of whom 87 were positive (28.3%). The study period was completed by 267 patients, of whom two developed S. aureus infection, compared to six of 138 in the control group (0.7% vs 4.3%, RR 0.1, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, S. aureus decolonization in patients with hip fracture decreased the incidence of joint prosthesis infection by this microorganism.

[Prosthetic joint infection in patients with hip fracture. Differences from infection of elective prosthesis]

OBJECTIVE

Most publications about prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are referred to elective prosthesis and they exclude arthroplasties due to hip fracture.

METHODS

We conducted a descriptive study about prosthetic joint infections after joint fracture in Alcalá de Henares Hospital (Madrid) between 2009 and 2014 and we compared with elective prosthetic infections in the same period.

RESULTS

There were 30 PJI after hip fracture and 14 elective PJI. The incidence of infection was 4.7% in arthroplasties due to hip fracture from 1.3% in elective prosthesis (RR 3.8, p=0.005). The PJI after fracture affected older patients (82.5 years vs 71.5, p=0.006), with greater comorbidity (5.4 vs 3.6, p=0.003), higher anesthetic risk (ASA>2 70% vs 21.4%, p=0.004) and higher incidence of dementia (50% vs 0%, p=0.02). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative agent in both groups, but there was higher incidence of Gram negative-cases in PJI after fracture group (43.3% vs 21.4%, p no significance) and cefazolin-resistance (63.3% vs 28.6%, p=0.03). In logistic regression analysis the treatment had less chance of success in PJI after fracture than elective PJI (33.3% vs 78.6%, OR 0.09, p=0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

The PJI after fracture are more frequent than elective PJI, affect older patients, with poor general condition, are produced by more resistant bacteria and have worst evolution than EPJI.

Generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a Bragg reflection waveguide

We demonstrate experimentally that spontaneous parametric down-conversion in an AlxGa(1-x)As semiconductor Bragg reflection waveguide can make for paired photons highly entangled in the polarization degree of freedom at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. The pairs of photons show visibility higher than 90% in several polarization bases and violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell-like inequality by more than 3 standard deviations. This represents a significant step toward the realization of efficient and versatile self pumped sources of entangled photon pairs on-chip.

[Organizational models for the hematology areas of the district hospitals of Catalonia]

PURPOSE

The haematological assistance in Catalonia is based upon the district hospitals, in the first step, and the stage III hospitals located usually in higher population nuclei, in the second step. The purpose of this work was to analyse the resources of the "primary haematological assistance" network provided by the district hospitals, to evaluate them and to propose a model for their organisation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An enquiry was carried out to all members of the Grup de Treball d'Hospitals Comarcals de Catalunya (Catalonia's District Hospitals Task Force). The evaluable data included demographic figures of the population assisted, personnel of each haematological area, organising structure, clinical activity, cytomorphology, blood banks, laboratories and continuous formation activities.

RESULTS

The enquiry was answered by 15 of the 21 district hospitals (71.4%) with haematologists in Catalonia. The population assisted in those hospitals is 2,100,000 (ranging between 55,000 an 450,000). All centres are integrated in the National Health network. Eleven of the hospitals analysed have only one haematologist (73.3%). If his dedication is 100% of the time, this would represent a doctor for 105,000 people. The time devoted to work is 690 hours a week for all the population, with a mean of 3,043. Four patients assisted per hour. The total number of hospital beds is 3,353 (50-450), with a mean number of 1 haematologist for every 167.6 beds. The number of patients hospitalized due to blood diseases ranges between 3 and 13 per month. Six of the 15 centres are adjunct to the outpatient clinic. Two centres have a blood bank and 7 have developed an autotransfusion programme. All the centres but one perform oral anticoagulant treatment follow-up, the number of patients assisted ranging from 20 to 210 per week. None of the hospitals has a separate Haematology Service; in most of them haematology is structurally and functionally dependent from Laboratories and in some there is a mixed Laboratory/Internal Medicine functional organisation, depending of the Medical Direction. No haematologist is ever on call specifically for his specialty. Continuous formation activities are carried out in 9 of the 15 centres (60%).

COMMENT

Several measures are proposed to improve the haematological assistance, acting on different levels: continuous formation, patient flows and circuits, resident doctors training, anticoagulant treatment network, organisation models, credit cards from the Spanish Association of Haematology.

High adenosine deaminase level in pleural effusion due to Waldenström's macroglobulinemia

A case with a high adenosine deaminase (ADA) level in pleural effusion due to Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is reported. This is the first case of this disease which is described as a cause of an increased pleural ADA.

[The radiology demand in primary care]

AIM

To contribute a preliminary study, which allows the best use of the demand criteria and acceptance mechanisms of radiological explorations at the primary care level.

DESIGN

Retrospective and observational study. SITE. Public Health Care Center Poblenou, in the Barcelona area.

PATIENTS

A random sample of patients covering 15,000 X-Ray explorations.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

The parameters evaluated were: the type of x-ray; the existence of otherwise of pathology; the physician requesting the x-ray; and the patient's age and sex. Results show greater use by the feminine sex (56%), with statistically significant differences (p less than 0.0008) (1 degree of freedom). The overall pathology rate was 43%, also with significant differences between different groups of doctors (p less than 0.0001) (3 degrees of freedom). 52% of the investigations were on patients over 50.

CONCLUSIONS

In general, the high percentage in primary care of pathological explorations should be noted; as should the variation in pathology rates between different groups of doctors, which suggests possible differences of criteria in the use of radiological indicators. The high percentage of patients of an advanced age will have to be considered in the planning of radiological services.