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Olds T, Singh B, Miatke A, Eglitis E, Maher C, Dumuid D. The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Use of Time in Australian Children and Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:1068-1076. [PMID: 37665307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are well-known socioeconomic status (SES) gradients in children and adolescents' health which may be associated with time use. Our aim was to evaluate the association between Australian children's 24-hour time use and SES using four separate surveys from 2005 to 2021. METHODS Time use was assessed in 4526 8-19-year-olds from the 2005 Health of Young Victorians, 2007 National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2015 Child Health CheckPoint, and 2019-21 Life on Holidays study. Each survey used the same reliable, valid, 24-hour recall instrument. SES was quantified using tertiles of household income, education, and postcode-level measures. Compositional data analysis was used to compare 24-hour time use between SES categories, adjusting for age, sex, and puberty. RESULTS Time-use compositions differed significantly by SES in each survey. Relative to the lowest SES, children from the highest SES accumulated on average 31 min/day more School-related time, 6 min/day more Passive Transport and 6 min/day more Self-care. Conversely, they accumulated 30 min/day less Screen Time (which included computer time), 11 min/day less sleep, and spent 7 min/day less in Domestic/Social activities. There were only small differences in Quiet Time and Physical Activity. DISCUSSION SES-related differences in time use were robust across ages 8-19, a 16-year timespan, diverse Australian geographical regions, and using different SES metrics. The exchange of about 30 min/day between School-related activities and Screen Time amounts to >180 hours extra exposure to School-related activities annually in the highest SES category relative to the lowest, equivalent to >6 weeks of school time per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Olds
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Singh
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Aaron Miatke
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily Eglitis
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Olds T, Dumuid D, Eglitis E, Golley R, Fraysse F, Miatke A, Tomkinson GR, Watson A, Munzberg M, Maher C. Changes in fitness and fatness in Australian schoolchildren during the summer holidays: fitness lost, fatness regained? A cohort study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2094. [PMID: 37880621 PMCID: PMC10601165 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that children's fatness increases and fitness declines at a greater rate during the summer holiday period, compared with the school year. The aim of this study was to compare rates of change in fitness and fatness over the in-term and summer holiday periods among Australian schoolchildren. A secondary aim was to explore whether rates of change differed according to the child's sex, socio-economic status (SES), pubertal status and weight status. METHODS Children (n = 381) initially in Grade 4 (age 9) were recruited for this 2-year longitudinal study. Fatness (% body fat, BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio) and fitness (20-m shuttle run and standing broad jump) were measured at the start and end of two consecutive years. Rates of change were calculated for the two in-school periods (Grades 4 and 5) and for the summer holiday period. Rates of change in fatness and fitness between in-school and holiday periods were compared, and differences in rates of change according to sex, socio-economic status, and weight status were explored. RESULTS During the holidays, percentage body fat increased at a greater rate (annualised rate of change [RoC]: +3.9 vs. Grade 4 and + 4.7 vs. Grade 5), and aerobic fitness declined at a greater rate (RoC - 4.7 vs. Grade 4 and - 4.4 vs. Grade 5), than during the in-school periods. There were no differences in rates of change for BMI z-score, waist-to-height ratio or standing broad jump. Body fatness increased faster in the holidays (relative to the in-school period) in children who are overweight and from low-SES families. Aerobic fitness declined more rapidly in the holidays in children who are overweight. CONCLUSION This study highlights that during the summer holiday period, children experience greater increases in fatness and declines in fitness, with children who live with low-SES families and are overweight being more affected. The findings suggest the need for targeted interventions during this period to address these negative health trends. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, identifier ACTRN12618002008202. Retrospectively registered on 14 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Emily Eglitis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Rebecca Golley
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia
| | - François Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Aaron Miatke
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda Watson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Mason Munzberg
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.
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Miatke A, Olds T, Maher C, Fraysse F, Mellow ML, Smith AE, Pedisic Z, Grgic J, Dumuid D. The association between reallocations of time and health using compositional data analysis: a systematic scoping review with an interactive data exploration interface. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:127. [PMID: 37858243 PMCID: PMC10588100 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How time is allocated influences health. However, any increase in time allocated to one behaviour must be offset by a decrease in others. Recently, studies have used compositional data analysis (CoDA) to estimate the associations with health when reallocating time between different behaviours. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of studies that have used CoDA to model how reallocating time between different time-use components is associated with health. METHODS A systematic search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, SPORTDiscus) was conducted in October 2022. Studies were eligible if they used CoDA to examine the associations of time reallocations and health. Reallocations were considered between movement behaviours (sedentary behaviour (SB), light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)) or various activities of daily living (screen time, work, household chores etc.). The review considered all populations, including clinical populations, as well as all health-related outcomes. RESULTS One hundred and three studies were included. Adiposity was the most commonly studied health outcome (n = 41). Most studies (n = 75) reported reallocations amongst daily sleep, SB, LPA and MVPA. While other studies reported reallocations amongst sub-compositions of these (work MVPA vs. leisure MVPA), activity types determined by recall (screen time, household chores, passive transport etc.) or bouted behaviours (short vs. long bouts of SB). In general, when considering cross-sectional results, reallocating time to MVPA from any behaviour(s) was favourably associated with health and reallocating time away from MVPA to any behaviour(s) was unfavourably associated with health. Some beneficial associations were seen when reallocating time from SB to both LPA and sleep; however, the strength of the association was much lower than for any reallocations involving MVPA. However, there were many null findings. Notably, most of the longitudinal studies found no associations between reallocations of time and health. Some evidence also suggested the context of behaviours was important, with reallocations of leisure time toward MVPA having a stronger favourable association for health than reallocating work time towards MVPA. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that reallocating time towards MVPA from any behaviour(s) has the strongest favourable association with health, and reallocating time away from MVPA toward any behaviour(s) has the strongest unfavourable association with health. Future studies should use longitudinal and experimental study designs, and for a wider range of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Miatke
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia.
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
| | - Francois Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
| | - Maddison L Mellow
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
| | - Ashleigh E Smith
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, GPO box, Adelaide, S.A, 2471, 5001, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Singh B, Olds T, Curtis R, Dumuid D, Virgara R, Watson A, Szeto K, O'Connor E, Ferguson T, Eglitis E, Miatke A, Simpson CE, Maher C. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: an overview of systematic reviews. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1203-1209. [PMID: 36796860 PMCID: PMC10579187 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise the evidence on the effects of physical activity on symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adult populations. DESIGN Umbrella review. DATA SOURCES Twelve electronic databases were searched for eligible studies published from inception to 1 January 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Systematic reviews with meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials designed to increase physical activity in an adult population and that assessed depression, anxiety or psychological distress were eligible. Study selection was undertaken in duplicate by two independent reviewers. RESULTS Ninety-seven reviews (1039 trials and 128 119 participants) were included. Populations included healthy adults, people with mental health disorders and people with various chronic diseases. Most reviews (n=77) had a critically low A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews score. Physical activity had medium effects on depression (median effect size=-0.43, IQR=-0.66 to -0.27), anxiety (median effect size=-0.42, IQR=-0.66 to -0.26) and psychological distress (effect size=-0.60, 95% CI -0.78 to -0.42), compared with usual care across all populations. The largest benefits were seen in people with depression, HIV and kidney disease, in pregnant and postpartum women, and in healthy individuals. Higher intensity physical activity was associated with greater improvements in symptoms. Effectiveness of physical activity interventions diminished with longer duration interventions. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Physical activity is highly beneficial for improving symptoms of depression, anxiety and distress across a wide range of adult populations, including the general population, people with diagnosed mental health disorders and people with chronic disease. Physical activity should be a mainstay approach in the management of depression, anxiety and psychological distress. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021292710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Singh
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy Olds
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Virgara
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Watson
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley Szeto
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Edward O'Connor
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ty Ferguson
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Eglitis
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron Miatke
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Em Simpson
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Health and Use of Time (HUT) Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Singh B, Olds T, Brinsley J, Dumuid D, Virgara R, Matricciani L, Watson A, Szeto K, Eglitis E, Miatke A, Simpson CEM, Vandelanotte C, Maher C. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of chatbots on lifestyle behaviours. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:118. [PMID: 37353578 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chatbots (also known as conversational agents and virtual assistants) offer the potential to deliver healthcare in an efficient, appealing and personalised manner. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of chatbot interventions designed to improve physical activity, diet and sleep. Electronic databases were searched for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, and pre-post trials that evaluated chatbot interventions targeting physical activity, diet and/or sleep, published before 1 September 2022. Outcomes were total physical activity, steps, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep quality and sleep duration. Standardised mean differences (SMD) were calculated to compare intervention effects. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess chatbot type, intervention type, duration, output and use of artificial intelligence. Risk of bias was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment tool. Nineteen trials were included. Sample sizes ranged between 25-958, and mean participant age ranged between 9-71 years. Most interventions (n = 15, 79%) targeted physical activity, and most trials had a low-quality rating (n = 14, 74%). Meta-analysis results showed significant effects (all p < 0.05) of chatbots for increasing total physical activity (SMD = 0.28 [95% CI = 0.16, 0.40]), daily steps (SMD = 0.28 [95% CI = 0.17, 0.39]), MVPA (SMD = 0.53 [95% CI = 0.24, 0.83]), fruit and vegetable consumption (SMD = 0.59 [95% CI = 0.25, 0.93]), sleep duration (SMD = 0.44 [95% CI = 0.32, 0.55]) and sleep quality (SMD = 0.50 [95% CI = 0.09, 0.90]). Subgroup analyses showed that text-based, and artificial intelligence chatbots were more efficacious than speech/voice chatbots for fruit and vegetable consumption, and multicomponent interventions were more efficacious than chatbot-only interventions for sleep duration and sleep quality (all p < 0.05). Findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that chatbot interventions are efficacious for increasing physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, sleep duration and sleep quality. Chatbot interventions were efficacious across a range of populations and age groups, with both short- and longer-term interventions, and chatbot only and multicomponent interventions being efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Singh
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Timothy Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jacinta Brinsley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dot Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rosa Virgara
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa Matricciani
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda Watson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kimberley Szeto
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emily Eglitis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aaron Miatke
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine E M Simpson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Corneel Vandelanotte
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Miatke A, Maher C, Fraysse F, Dumuid D, Olds T. Are all MVPA minutes equal? Associations between MVPA characteristics, independent of duration, and childhood adiposity. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1321. [PMID: 34225692 PMCID: PMC8259325 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inverse relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) duration and childhood adiposity is well established. Less is known about how characteristics of MVPA accumulation may be associated with adiposity, independent of MVPA duration. This study aimed to investigate how the MVPA characteristics of children, other than duration (bout length, time of day, day-to-day consistency, intensity), were associated with adiposity. METHODS Cross-sectional study of the Australian arm of the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE) (participants: n = 424, age range 9-11, 44% male). Adiposity was determined by percent body fat via bioelectrical impedance. MVPA duration and characteristics (bout length, time of day, consistency, intensity) were derived from 7-day, 24-h accelerometry. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine the individual and multivariate associations between MVPA characteristics and adiposity. RESULTS Univariate analyses showed that higher MVPA duration (β range = - 0.26,-0.15), longer bouts of MVPA (β range = 0.15,0.22) and higher MVPA intensity (β range = - 0.20,-0.13) were all inversely associated with adiposity (all p < 0.05). When models were adjusted for MVPA duration, only MVPA intensity (β range = - 0.16,-0.04) showed consistent significant associations with adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of MVPA other than duration and intensity appear to be unrelated to adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Miatke
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. .,Present address: Centre for Adolescent Health, Level 5, Murdoch Children's Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - François Fraysse
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dot Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tim Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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