1
|
Wang YY, Wang YX, van Geldern S, Connolly T, Clerk AA, Wang C. Dispersive nonreciprocity between a qubit and a cavity. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj8796. [PMID: 38630825 PMCID: PMC11023507 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The dispersive interaction between a qubit and a cavity is ubiquitous in circuit and cavity quantum electrodynamics. It describes the frequency shift of one quantum mode in response to excitations in the other and, in closed systems, is necessarily bidirectional, i.e., reciprocal. Here, we present an experimental study of a nonreciprocal dispersive-type interaction between a transmon qubit and a superconducting cavity, arising from a common coupling to dissipative intermediary modes with broken time reversal symmetry. We characterize the qubit-cavity dynamics, including asymmetric frequency pulls and photon shot noise dephasing, under varying degrees of nonreciprocity by tuning the magnetic field bias of a ferrite component in situ. We introduce a general master equation model for nonreciprocal interactions in the dispersive regime, providing a compact description of the observed qubit-cavity dynamics agnostic to the intermediary system. Our result provides an example of quantum nonreciprocal phenomena beyond the typical paradigms of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians and cascaded systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean van Geldern
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Connolly
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Aashish A. Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Busnaina JH, Shi Z, McDonald A, Dubyna D, Nsanzineza I, Hung JSC, Chang CWS, Clerk AA, Wilson CM. Quantum simulation of the bosonic Kitaev chain. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3065. [PMID: 38594258 PMCID: PMC11004022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Superconducting quantum circuits are a natural platform for quantum simulations of a wide variety of important lattice models describing topological phenomena, spanning condensed matter and high-energy physics. One such model is the bosonic analog of the well-known fermionic Kitaev chain, a 1D tight-binding model with both nearest-neighbor hopping and pairing terms. Despite being fully Hermitian, the bosonic Kitaev chain exhibits a number of striking features associated with non-Hermitian systems, including chiral transport and a dramatic sensitivity to boundary conditions known as the non-Hermitian skin effect. Here, using a multimode superconducting parametric cavity, we implement the bosonic Kitaev chain in synthetic dimensions. The lattice sites are mapped to frequency modes of the cavity, and the in situ tunable complex hopping and pairing terms are created by parametric pumping at the mode-difference and mode-sum frequencies, respectively. We experimentally demonstrate important precursors of nontrivial topology and the non-Hermitian skin effect in the bosonic Kitaev chain, including chiral transport, quadrature wavefunction localization, and sensitivity to boundary conditions. Our experiment is an important first step towards exploring genuine many-body non-Hermitian quantum dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal H Busnaina
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zheng Shi
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alexander McDonald
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Institut quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dmytro Dubyna
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Nsanzineza
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jimmy S C Hung
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - C W Sandbo Chang
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Christopher M Wilson
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roberts D, Clerk AA. Exact Solution of the Infinite-Range Dissipative Transverse-Field Ising Model. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:190403. [PMID: 38000440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.190403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The dissipative variant of the Ising model in a transverse field is one of the most important models in the analysis of open quantum many-body systems, due to its paradigmatic character for understanding driven-dissipative quantum phase transitions, as well as its relevance in modeling diverse experimental platforms in atomic physics and quantum simulation. Here, we present an exact solution for the steady state of the transverse-field Ising model in the limit of infinite-range interactions, with local dissipation and inhomogeneous transverse fields. Our solution holds despite the lack of any collective spin symmetry or even permutation symmetry. It allows us to investigate first- and second-order dissipative phase transitions, driven-dissipative criticality, and captures the emergence of a surprising "spin blockade" phenomenon. The ability of the solution to describe spatially varying local fields provides a new tool to study disordered open quantum systems in regimes that would be extremely difficult to treat with numerical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Roberts
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lingenfelter A, Clerk AA. Surpassing spectator qubits with photonic modes and continuous measurement for Heisenberg-limited noise mitigation. npj Quantum Inf 2023; 9:81. [PMID: 38726362 PMCID: PMC11080661 DOI: 10.1038/s41534-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Noise is an ever-present challenge to the creation and preservation of fragile quantum states. Recent work suggests that spatial noise correlations can be harnessed as a resource for noise mitigation via the use of spectator qubits to measure environmental noise. In this work we generalize this concept from spectator qubits to a spectator mode: a photonic mode which continuously measures spatially correlated classical dephasing noise and applies a continuous correction drive to frequency-tunable data qubits. Our analysis shows that by using many photon states, spectator modes can surpass many of the quantum measurement constraints that limit spectator qubit approaches. We also find that long-time data qubit dephasing can be arbitrarily suppressed, even for white noise dephasing. Further, using a squeezing (parametric) drive, the error in the spectator mode approach can exhibit Heisenberg-limited scaling in the number of photons used. We also show that spectator mode noise mitigation can be implemented completely autonomously using engineered dissipation. In this case no explicit measurement or processing of a classical measurement record is needed. Our work establishes spectator modes as a potentially powerful alternative to spectator qubits for noise mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lingenfelter
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Aashish A. Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koppenhöfer M, Groszkowski P, Clerk AA. Squeezed Superradiance Enables Robust Entanglement-Enhanced Metrology Even with Highly Imperfect Readout. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:060802. [PMID: 37625053 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantum metrology protocols using entangled states of large spin ensembles attempt to achieve measurement sensitivities surpassing the standard quantum limit (SQL), but in many cases they are severely limited by even small amounts of technical noise associated with imperfect sensor readout. Amplification strategies based on time-reversed coherent spin-squeezing dynamics have been devised to mitigate this issue, but are unfortunately very sensitive to dissipation, requiring a large single-spin cooperativity to be effective. Here, we propose a new dissipative protocol that combines amplification and squeezed fluctuations. It enables the use of entangled spin states for sensing well beyond the SQL even in the presence of significant readout noise. Further, it has a strong resilience against undesired single-spin dissipation, requiring only a large collective cooperativity to be effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koppenhöfer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Peter Groszkowski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pocklington A, Wang YX, Clerk AA. Dissipative Pairing Interactions: Quantum Instabilities, Topological Light, and Volume-Law Entanglement. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:123602. [PMID: 37027846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We analyze an unusual class of bosonic dynamical instabilities that arise from dissipative (or non-Hermitian) pairing interactions. We show that, surprisingly, a completely stable dissipative pairing interaction can be combined with simple hopping or beam-splitter interactions (also stable) to generate instabilities. Further, we find that the dissipative steady state in such a situation remains completely pure up until the instability threshold (in clear distinction from standard parametric instabilities). These pairing-induced instabilities also exhibit an extremely pronounced sensitivity to wave function localization. This provides a simple yet powerful method for selectively populating and entangling edge modes of photonic (or more general bosonic) lattices having a topological band structure. The underlying dissipative pairing interaction is experimentally resource friendly, requiring the addition of a single additional localized interaction to an existing lattice, and is compatible with a number of existing platforms, including superconducting circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pocklington
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koppenhöfer M, Padgett C, Cady JV, Dharod V, Oh H, Bleszynski Jayich AC, Clerk AA. Single-Spin Readout and Quantum Sensing Using Optomechanically Induced Transparency. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:093603. [PMID: 36930901 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.093603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state spin defects are promising quantum sensors for a large variety of sensing targets. Some of these defects couple appreciably to strain in the host material. We propose to use this strain coupling for mechanically mediated dispersive single-shot spin readout by an optomechanically induced transparency measurement. Surprisingly, the estimated measurement times for negatively charged silicon-vacancy defects in diamond are an order of magnitude shorter than those for single-shot optical fluorescence readout. Our scheme can also be used for general parameter-estimation metrology and offers a higher sensitivity than conventional schemes using continuous position detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Koppenhöfer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Carl Padgett
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Cady
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Systems and Processes Engineering Corporation, Austin, Texas 78737, USA
| | - Viraj Dharod
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Hyunseok Oh
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ania C Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Roberts D, Clerk AA. Competition between Two-Photon Driving, Dissipation, and Interactions in Bosonic Lattice Models: An Exact Solution. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:063601. [PMID: 36827562 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present an exact solution in arbitrary dimensions for the steady states of a class of quantum driven-dissipative bosonic models, where a set of modes is subject to arbitrary two-photon driving, single-photon loss, and a global Hubbard (or Kerr)-like interaction. Our solutions reveal a wealth of striking phenomena, including the emergence of dissipative phase transitions, nontrivial mode competition physics and symmetry breaking, and the stabilization of many-body SU(1,1) pair-coherent states. Our exact solutions enable the description of spatial correlations, and are fully valid in regimes where traditional mean-field and semiclassical approaches break down.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Roberts
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dumont V, Lau HK, Clerk AA, Sankey JC. Asymmetry-Based Quantum Backaction Suppression in Quadratic Optomechanics. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:063604. [PMID: 36018661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.063604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the field of optomechanics advances, quadratic dispersive coupling (QDC) represents an increasingly feasible path toward qualitatively new functionality. However, the leading QDC geometries generate linear dissipative coupling and an associated quantum radiation force noise that is detrimental to QDC applications. Here, we propose a simple geometry that dramatically reduces this noise without altering the QDC strength. We identify optimal regimes of operation, and discuss advantages within the examples of optical levitation and nondestructive phonon measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dumont
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Hoi-Kwan Lau
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jack C Sankey
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Seif A, Wang YX, Clerk AA. Distinguishing between Quantum and Classical Markovian Dephasing Dissipation. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:070402. [PMID: 35244435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.070402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding whether dissipation in an open quantum system is truly quantum is a question of both fundamental and practical interest. We consider n qubits subject to correlated Markovian dephasing and present a sufficient condition for when bath-induced dissipation can generate system entanglement and hence must be considered quantum. Surprisingly, we find that the presence or absence of time-reversal symmetry plays a crucial role: broken time-reversal symmetry is required for dissipative entanglement generation. Further, simply having nonzero bath susceptibilities is not enough for the dissipation to be quantum. We also present an explicit experimental protocol for identifying truly quantum dephasing dissipation and lay the groundwork for studying more complex dissipative systems and finding optimal noise mitigating strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Seif
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
McDonald A, Clerk AA. Exact Solutions of Interacting Dissipative Systems via Weak Symmetries. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:033602. [PMID: 35119876 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how the presence of continuous weak symmetry can be used to analytically diagonalize the Liouvillian of a class of Markovian dissipative systems with strong interactions or nonlinearity. This enables an exact description of the full dynamics and dissipative spectrum. Our method can be viewed as implementing an exact, sector-dependent mean-field decoupling, or alternatively, as a kind of quantum-to-classical mapping. We focus on two canonical examples: a nonlinear bosonic mode subject to incoherent loss and pumping, and an inhomogeneous quantum Ising model with arbitrary connectivity and local dissipation. In both cases, we calculate and analyze the full dissipation spectrum. Our method is applicable to a variety of other systems, and could provide a powerful new tool for the study of complex driven-dissipative quantum systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A McDonald
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Kwan Lau
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Groszkowski P, Lau HK, Leroux C, Govia LCG, Clerk AA. Heisenberg-Limited Spin Squeezing via Bosonic Parametric Driving. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:203601. [PMID: 33258660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.203601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin-spin interactions generated by a detuned cavity are a standard mechanism for generating highly entangled spin squeezed states. We show here how introducing a weak detuned parametric (two-photon) drive on the cavity provides a powerful means for controlling the form of the induced interactions. Without a drive, the induced interactions cannot generate Heisenberg-limited spin squeezing, but a weak optimized drive gives rise to an ideal two-axis twist interaction and Heisenberg-limited squeezing. Parametric driving is also advantageous in regimes limited by dissipation, and enables an alternate adiabatic scheme which can prepare optimally squeezed, Dicke-like states. Our scheme is compatible with a number of platforms, including solid-state systems where spin ensembles are coupled to superconducting quantum circuits or mechanical modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Groszkowski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hoi-Kwan Lau
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - C Leroux
- Institut Quantique and Département de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1 Quebec, Canada
| | - L C G Govia
- Raytheon BBN Technologies, 10 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lau HK, Clerk AA. Ground-State Cooling and High-Fidelity Quantum Transduction via Parametrically Driven Bad-Cavity Optomechanics. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:103602. [PMID: 32216414 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical couplings involve both beam splitter and two-mode-squeezing types of interactions. While the former underlies the utility of many applications, the latter creates unwanted excitations and is usually detrimental. In this Letter, we propose a simple but powerful method based on cavity parametric driving to suppress the unwanted excitation that does not require working with a deeply sideband-resolved cavity. Our approach is based on a simple observation: as both the optomechanical two-mode-squeezing interaction and the cavity parametric drive induce squeezing transformations of the relevant photonic bath modes, they can be made to cancel one another. We illustrate how our method can cool a mechanical oscillator below the quantum backaction limit, and significantly suppress the output noise of a sideband-unresolved optomechanical transducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Kwan Lau
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kölbl J, Barfuss A, Kasperczyk MS, Thiel L, Clerk AA, Ribeiro H, Maletinsky P. Initialization of Single Spin Dressed States using Shortcuts to Adiabaticity. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:090502. [PMID: 30932510 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of shortcuts to adiabaticity protocols for initialization, read-out, and coherent control of dressed states generated by closed-contour, coherent driving of a single spin. Such dressed states have recently been shown to exhibit efficient coherence protection, beyond what their two-level counterparts can offer. Our state transfer protocols yield a transfer fidelity of ∼99.4(2)% while accelerating the transfer speed by a factor of 2.6 compared to the adiabatic approach. We show bidirectionality of the accelerated state transfer, which we employ for direct dressed state population read-out after coherent manipulation in the dressed state manifold. Our results enable direct and efficient access to coherence-protected dressed states of individual spins and thereby offer attractive avenues for applications in quantum information processing or quantum sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kölbl
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - A Barfuss
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - M S Kasperczyk
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - L Thiel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - A A Clerk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - H Ribeiro
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - P Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khivrich I, Clerk AA, Ilani S. Nanomechanical pump-probe measurements of insulating electronic states in a carbon nanotube. Nat Nanotechnol 2019; 14:161-167. [PMID: 30643270 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Transport measurements have been an indispensable tool in studying conducting states of matter. However, there exists a large set of interesting states that are insulating, often due to electronic interactions or topology, and are difficult to probe via transport. Here, through an experiment on carbon nanotubes, we present a new approach capable of measuring insulating electronic states through their back action on nanomechanical motion. We use a mechanical pump-probe scheme, allowing the detection of shifts in both frequency and dissipation rate of mechanical vibrational modes, in an overall insulating system. As an example, we use this method to probe the non-conducting configurations of a double quantum dot, allowing us to observe the theoretically predicted signature of nanomechanical back action resulting from a coherently tunnelling electron. The technique opens a new way for measuring the internal electronic structure of a growing variety of insulating states in one- and two-dimensional systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Khivrich
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shahal Ilani
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Unconventional properties of non-Hermitian systems, such as the existence of exceptional points, have recently been suggested as a resource for sensing. The impact of noise and utility in quantum regimes however remains unclear. In this work, we analyze the parametric-sensing properties of linear coupled-mode systems that are described by effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Our analysis fully accounts for noise effects in both classical and quantum regimes, and also fully treats a realistic and optimal measurement protocol based on coherent driving and homodyne detection. Focusing on two-mode devices, we derive fundamental bounds on the signal power and signal-to-noise ratio for any such sensor. We use these to demonstrate that enhanced signal power requires gain, but not necessarily any proximity to an exceptional point. Further, when noise is included, we show that nonreciprocity is a powerful resource for sensing: it allows one to exceed the fundamental bounds constraining any conventional, reciprocal sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Kwan Lau
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leroux C, Govia LCG, Clerk AA. Enhancing Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics via Antisqueezing: Synthetic Ultrastrong Coupling. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:093602. [PMID: 29547301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present and analyze a method where parametric (two-photon) driving of a cavity is used to exponentially enhance the light-matter coupling in a generic cavity QED setup, with time-dependent control. Our method allows one to enhance weak-coupling systems, such that they enter the strong coupling regime (where the coupling exceeds dissipative rates) and even the ultrastrong coupling regime (where the coupling is comparable to the cavity frequency). As an example, we show how the scheme allows one to use a weak-coupling system to adiabatically prepare the highly entangled ground state of the ultrastrong coupling system. The resulting state could be used for remote entanglement applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Leroux
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - L C G Govia
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - A A Clerk
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Landon-Cardinal O, Govia LCG, Clerk AA. Quantitative Tomography for Continuous Variable Quantum Systems. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:090501. [PMID: 29547319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a continuous variable tomography scheme that reconstructs the Husimi Q function (Wigner function) by Lagrange interpolation, using measurements of the Q function (Wigner function) at the Padua points, conjectured to be optimal sampling points for two dimensional reconstruction. Our approach drastically reduces the number of measurements required compared to using equidistant points on a regular grid, although reanalysis of such experiments is possible. The reconstruction algorithm produces a reconstructed function with exponentially decreasing error and quasilinear runtime in the number of Padua points. Moreover, using the interpolating polynomial of the Q function, we present a technique to directly estimate the density matrix elements of the continuous variable state, with only a linear propagation of input measurement error. Furthermore, we derive a state-independent analytical bound on this error, such that our estimate of the density matrix is accompanied by a measure of its uncertainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Landon-Cardinal
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Luke C G Govia
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2T8
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Eddins A, Schreppler S, Toyli DM, Martin LS, Hacohen-Gourgy S, Govia LCG, Ribeiro H, Clerk AA, Siddiqi I. Stroboscopic Qubit Measurement with Squeezed Illumination. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:040505. [PMID: 29437450 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microwave squeezing represents the ultimate sensitivity frontier for superconducting qubit measurement. However, measurement enhancement has remained elusive, in part because integration with standard dispersive readout pollutes the signal channel with antisqueezed noise. Here we induce a stroboscopic light-matter coupling with superior squeezing compatibility, and observe an increase in the final signal-to-noise ratio of 24%. Squeezing the orthogonal phase slows measurement-induced dephasing by a factor of 1.8. This scheme provides a means to the practical application of squeezing for qubit measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Eddins
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Schreppler
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D M Toyli
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L S Martin
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Hacohen-Gourgy
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L C G Govia
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - H Ribeiro
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - I Siddiqi
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Center for Quantum Coherent Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ockeloen-Korppi CF, Damskägg E, Pirkkalainen JM, Clerk AA, Woolley MJ, Sillanpää MA. Quantum Backaction Evading Measurement of Collective Mechanical Modes. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:140401. [PMID: 27740800 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.140401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The standard quantum limit constrains the precision of an oscillator position measurement. It arises from a balance between the imprecision and the quantum backaction of the measurement. However, a measurement of only a single quadrature of the oscillator can evade the backaction and be made with arbitrary precision. Here we demonstrate quantum backaction evading measurements of a collective quadrature of two mechanical oscillators, both coupled to a common microwave cavity. The work allows for quantum state tomography of two mechanical oscillators, and provides a foundation for macroscopic mechanical entanglement and force sensing beyond conventional quantum limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C F Ockeloen-Korppi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - E Damskägg
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - J-M Pirkkalainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - M J Woolley
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - M A Sillanpää
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lei CU, Weinstein AJ, Suh J, Wollman EE, Kronwald A, Marquardt F, Clerk AA, Schwab KC. Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of a Quantum Squeezed State Beyond the 3 dB Limit. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:100801. [PMID: 27636463 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We use a reservoir engineering technique based on two-tone driving to generate and stabilize a quantum squeezed state of a micron-scale mechanical oscillator in a microwave optomechanical system. Using an independent backaction-evading measurement to directly quantify the squeezing, we observe 4.7±0.9 dB of squeezing below the zero-point level surpassing the 3 dB limit of standard parametric squeezing techniques. Our measurements also reveal evidence for an additional mechanical parametric effect. The interplay between this effect and the optomechanical interaction enhances the amount of squeezing obtained in the experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C U Lei
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A J Weinstein
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Suh
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - E E Wollman
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Kronwald
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Marquardt
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2T8 Canada
| | - K C Schwab
- Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
We develop new pulse schemes to significantly speed up adiabatic state transfer protocols. Our general strategy involves adding corrections to an initial control Hamiltonian that harness nonadiabatic transitions. These corrections define a set of dressed states that the system follows exactly during the state transfer. We apply this approach to stimulated Raman adiabatic passage protocols and show that a suitable choice of dressed states allows one to design fast protocols that do not require additional couplings, while simultaneously minimizing the occupancy of the "intermediate" level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Baksic
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Hugo Ribeiro
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lemonde MA, Didier N, Clerk AA. Enhanced nonlinear interactions in quantum optomechanics via mechanical amplification. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11338. [PMID: 27108814 PMCID: PMC4848487 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum nonlinear regime of optomechanics is reached when nonlinear effects of the radiation pressure interaction are observed at the single-photon level. This requires couplings larger than the mechanical frequency and cavity-damping rate, and is difficult to achieve experimentally. Here we show how to exponentially enhance the single-photon optomechanical coupling strength using only additional linear resources. Our method is based on using a large-amplitude, strongly detuned mechanical parametric drive to amplify mechanical zero-point fluctuations and hence enhance the radiation pressure interaction. It has the further benefit of allowing time-dependent control, enabling pulsed schemes. For a two-cavity optomechanical set-up, we show that our scheme generates photon blockade for experimentally accessible parameters, and even makes the production of photonic states with negative Wigner functions possible. We discuss how our method is an example of a more general strategy for enhancing boson-mediated two-particle interactions and nonlinearities. Optomechanics harnesses the interaction between mechanical resonators and light, but weak matter–single-photon interactions limit studies to the linear regime. Here, the authors show that the interaction can be enhanced by modulating the spring constant of the resonator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Lemonde
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Nicolas Didier
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8.,Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Peano V, Houde M, Brendel C, Marquardt F, Clerk AA. Topological phase transitions and chiral inelastic transport induced by the squeezing of light. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10779. [PMID: 26931620 PMCID: PMC4778048 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is enormous interest in engineering topological photonic systems. Despite intense activity, most works on topological photonic states (and more generally bosonic states) amount in the end to replicating a well-known fermionic single-particle Hamiltonian. Here we show how the squeezing of light can lead to the formation of qualitatively new kinds of topological states. Such states are characterized by non-trivial Chern numbers, and exhibit protected edge modes, which give rise to chiral elastic and inelastic photon transport. These topological bosonic states are not equivalent to their fermionic (topological superconductor) counterparts and, in addition, cannot be mapped by a local transformation onto topological states found in particle-conserving models. They thus represent a new type of topological system. We study this physics in detail in the case of a kagome lattice model, and discuss possible realizations using nonlinear photonic crystals or superconducting circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Peano
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Houde
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | - Christian Brendel
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Marquardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Günther-Scharowsky-Straße 1/Bau 24, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aashish A. Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The Keldysh-ordered full counting statistics is a quasiprobability distribution describing the fluctuations of a time-integrated quantum observable. While it is well known that this distribution can fail to be positive, the interpretation and origin of this negativity has been somewhat unclear. Here, we show how the full counting statistics can be tied to trajectories through Hilbert space, and how this directly connects negative quasiprobabilities to an unusual interference effect. Our findings are illustrated with the example of energy fluctuations in a driven bosonic resonator; we discuss how negative quasiprobability here could be detected experimentally using superconducting microwave circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Hofer
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
- Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Didier N, Kamal A, Oliver WD, Blais A, Clerk AA. Heisenberg-Limited Qubit Read-Out with Two-Mode Squeezed Light. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:093604. [PMID: 26371653 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.093604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We show how to use two-mode squeezed light to exponentially enhance cavity-based dispersive qubit measurement. Our scheme enables true Heisenberg-limited scaling of the measurement, and crucially, it is not restricted to small dispersive couplings or unrealistically long measurement times. It involves coupling a qubit dispersively to two cavities and making use of a symmetry in the dynamics of joint cavity quadratures (a so-called quantum-mechanics-free subsystem). We discuss the basic scaling of the scheme and its robustness against imperfections, as well as a realistic implementation in circuit quantum electrodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Didier
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
- Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Archana Kamal
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William D Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Départment de Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Aashish A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Souquet JR, Woolley MJ, Gabelli J, Simon P, Clerk AA. Photon-assisted tunnelling with nonclassical light. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5562. [PMID: 25424422 PMCID: PMC4263132 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most exciting recent advances in the field of superconducting quantum circuits is the ability to coherently couple microwave photons in low-loss cavities to quantum electronic conductors. These hybrid quantum systems hold great promise for quantum information-processing applications; even more strikingly, they enable exploration of new physical regimes. Here we study theoretically the new physics emerging when a quantum electronic conductor is exposed to nonclassical microwaves (for example, squeezed states, Fock states). We study this interplay in the experimentally relevant situation where a superconducting microwave cavity is coupled to a conductor in the tunnelling regime. We find that the conductor acts as a nontrivial probe of the microwave state: the emission and absorption of photons by the conductor is characterized by a nonpositive definite quasi-probability distribution, which is related to the Glauber–Sudarshan P-function of quantum optics. These negative quasi-probabilities have a direct influence on the conductance of the conductor. Coherently coupling microwave photons to quantum electronic conductors could provide a useful platform for quantum information processing. Souquet et al. now theoretically demonstrate that such systems can also act as sensitive probes of the quantum properties of non-classical microwave radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-R Souquet
- 1] Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France [2] Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M J Woolley
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, ADFA, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia
| | - J Gabelli
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France
| | - P Simon
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay 91405, France
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
We describe a new kind of phase-preserving quantum amplifier which utilizes dissipative interactions in a parametrically coupled three-mode bosonic system. The use of dissipative interactions provides a fundamental advantage over standard cavity-based parametric amplifiers: large photon number gains are possible with quantum-limited added noise, with no limitation on the gain-bandwidth product. We show that the scheme is simple enough to be implemented both in optomechanical systems and in superconducting microwave circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Metelmann
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lemonde MA, Didier N, Clerk AA. Nonlinear interaction effects in a strongly driven optomechanical cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:053602. [PMID: 23952398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We consider how nonlinear interaction effects can manifest themselves and even be enhanced in a strongly driven optomechanical system. Using a Keldysh Green's function approach, we calculate modifications to the cavity density of states due to both linear and nonlinear optomechanical interactions, showing that strong modifications can arise even for a weak nonlinear interaction. We show how this quantity can be directly probed in an optomechanically induced transparency-type experiment. We also show how the enhanced interaction can lead to nonclassical behavior, as evidenced by the behavior of g(2) correlation functions.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We show how strong steady-state entanglement can be achieved in a three-mode optomechanical system (or other parametrically coupled bosonic system) by effectively laser cooling a delocalized Bogoliubov mode. This approach allows one to surpass the bound on the maximum stationary intracavity entanglement possible with a coherent two-mode squeezing interaction. In particular, we find that optimizing the relative ratio of optomechanical couplings, rather than simply increasing their magnitudes, is essential for achieving strong entanglement. Unlike typical dissipative entanglement schemes, our results cannot be described by treating the effects of the entangling reservoir via a Linblad master equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dan Wang
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
In the past few years, coupling strengths between light and mechanical motion in optomechanical setups have improved by orders of magnitude. Here we show that, in the standard setup under continuous laser illumination, the steady state of the mechanical oscillator can develop a nonclassical, strongly negative Wigner density if the optomechanical coupling is comparable to or larger than the optical decay rate and the mechanical frequency. Because of its robustness, such a Wigner density can be mapped using optical homodyne tomography. This feature is observed near the onset of the instability towards self-induced oscillations. We show that there are also distinct signatures in the photon-photon correlation function g(2)(t) in that regime, including oscillations decaying on a time scale not only much longer than the optical cavity decay time but even longer than the mechanical decay time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qian
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Center for NanoScience and Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität at München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
We analyze the use of a driven nonlinear cavity to make a weak continuous measurement of a dispersively coupled qubit. We calculate the backaction dephasing rate and measurement rate beyond leading-order perturbation theory using a phase-space approach which accounts for cavity noise squeezing. Surprisingly, we find that increasing the coupling strength beyond the regime describable by leading-order perturbation theory (i.e., linear response) allows one to come significantly closer to the quantum limit on the measurement efficiency. We interpret this behavior in terms of the non-Gaussian photon number fluctuations of the nonlinear cavity. Our results are relevant to recent experiments using superconducting microwave circuits to study quantum measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Laflamme
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
We revisit the problem of using a mechanical resonator to perform the transfer of a quantum state between two electromagnetic cavities (e.g., optical and microwave). We show that this system possesses an effective mechanically dark mode which is immune to mechanical dissipation; utilizing this feature allows highly efficient transfer of intracavity states, as well as of itinerant photon states. We provide simple analytic expressions for the fidelity for transferring both gaussian and non-gaussian states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Dan Wang
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cockins L, Miyahara Y, Bennett SD, Clerk AA, Grutter P. Excited-state spectroscopy on an individual quantum dot using atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett 2012; 12:709-713. [PMID: 22200076 DOI: 10.1021/nl2036222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a new charge sensing technique for the excited-state spectroscopy of individual quantum dots, which requires no patterned electrodes. An oscillating atomic force microscope cantilever is used as a movable charge sensor as well as gate to measure the single-electron tunneling between an individual self-assembled InAs quantum dot and back electrode. A set of cantilever dissipation versus bias voltage curves measured at different cantilever oscillation amplitudes forms a diagram analogous to the Coulomb diamond usually measured with transport measurements. The excited-state levels as well as the electron addition spectrum can be obtained from the diagram. In addition, a signature which can result from inelastic tunneling by phonon emission or a peak in the density of states of the electrode is also observed, which demonstrates the versatility of the technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Cockins
- Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A2T8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bennett SD, Maassen J, Clerk AA. Scattering approach to backaction in coherent nanoelectromechanical systems. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:217206. [PMID: 21231350 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.217206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical results for the backaction force noise and damping of a mechanical oscillator whose position is measured by a mesoscopic conductor. Our scattering approach is applicable to a wide class of systems; in particular, it may be used to describe point contact position detectors far from the weak tunneling limit. We find that the backaction depends not only on the mechanical modulation of transmission probabilities, but also on the modulation of scattering phases, even in the absence of a magnetic field. We illustrate our general approach with several simple examples, and use it to calculate the backaction for a movable, Au atomic point contact modeled by ab initio density functional theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Bennett
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T8
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
We provide a full quantum mechanical analysis of a weak energy measurement of a driven mechanical resonator. We demonstrate that measurements too weak to resolve individual mechanical Fock states can nonetheless be used to detect the nonclassical energy fluctuations of the driven mechanical resonator, i.e., "phonon shot noise". We also show that the third moment of the oscillator's energy fluctuations provides a far more sensitive probe of quantum effects than the second moment, and that measuring the third moment via the phase shift of light in an optomechanical setup directly yields the type of operator ordering postulated in the theory of full-counting statistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
We study theoretically transitions of a double quantum-dot qubit caused by nonequilibrium charge fluctuations in a nearby quantum point contact (QPC) used as a detector. We show that these transitions are related to the fundamental Heisenberg backaction associated with the measurement, and use the uncertainty principle to derive a lower bound on the transition rates. We also derive simple expressions for the transition rates for the usual model of a QPC as a mesoscopic conductor, with screening treated at the RPA level. Finally, numerical results are presented which demonstrate that the charge noise and shot noise backaction mechanisms can be distinguished in QPCs having nonadiabatic potentials. The enhanced sensitivity of the charge noise to the QPC potential is explained in terms of interference contributions similar to those which cause Friedel oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Young
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bennett SD, Cockins L, Miyahara Y, Grütter P, Clerk AA. Strong electromechanical coupling of an atomic force microscope cantilever to a quantum dot. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:017203. [PMID: 20366389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.017203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present theoretical and experimental results on the mechanical damping of an atomic force microscope cantilever strongly coupled to a self-assembled InAs quantum dot. When the cantilever oscillation amplitude is large, its motion dominates the charge dynamics of the dot which in turn leads to nonlinear, amplitude-dependent damping of the cantilever. We observe highly asymmetric line shapes of Coulomb blockade peaks in the damping that reflect the degeneracy of energy levels on the dot. Furthermore, we predict that excited state spectroscopy is possible by studying the damping versus oscillation amplitude, in analogy with varying the amplitude of an ac gate voltage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Bennett
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Elste F, Girvin SM, Clerk AA. Quantum noise interference and backaction cooling in cavity nanomechanics. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:207209. [PMID: 19519074 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.207209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of a novel cavity electromechanical system where a mechanical resonator directly modulates the damping rate kappa of a driven electromagnetic cavity. We show that via a destructive interference of quantum noise, the driven cavity can effectively act like a zero-temperature bath irrespective of the ratio kappa/omega_{M}, where omega_{M} is the mechanical frequency. This scheme thus allows one to cool the mechanical resonator to its ground state without requiring the cavity to be in the so-called good cavity limit kappa << omega_{M}. The system described here could be implemented directly using setups similar to those used in recent experiments in cavity electromechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Elste
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vitushinsky P, Clerk AA, Le Hur K. Effects of fermi liquid interactions on the shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo quantum dot. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:036603. [PMID: 18233016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.036603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We study shot noise in the current of quantum dots whose low-energy behavior corresponds to an SU(N) Kondo model, focusing on the case N=4 relevant to carbon nanotube dots. For general N, two-particle Fermi-liquid interactions have two distinct effects: they can enhance the noise via backscattering processes with an N-dependent effective charge, and can also modify the coherent partition noise already present without interactions. For N=4, in contrast with the SU(2) case, interactions enhance shot noise solely through an enhancement of partition noise. This leads to a nontrivial prediction for experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Vitushinsky
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marquardt F, Chen JP, Clerk AA, Girvin SM. Quantum theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:093902. [PMID: 17931006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.093902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantum-mechanical theory of the cooling of a cantilever coupled via radiation pressure to an illuminated optical cavity. Applying the quantum noise approach to the fluctuations of the radiation pressure force, we derive the optomechanical cooling rate and the minimum achievable phonon number. We find that reaching the quantum limit of arbitrarily small phonon numbers requires going into the good-cavity (resolved phonon sideband) regime where the cavity linewidth is much smaller than the mechanical frequency and the corresponding cavity detuning. This is in contrast to the common assumption that the mechanical frequency and the cavity detuning should be comparable to the cavity damping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Marquardt
- Department of Physics, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Naik A, Buu O, LaHaye MD, Armour AD, Clerk AA, Blencowe MP, Schwab KC. Cooling a nanomechanical resonator with quantum back-action. Nature 2006; 443:193-6. [PMID: 16971944 DOI: 10.1038/nature05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Quantum mechanics demands that the act of measurement must affect the measured object. When a linear amplifier is used to continuously monitor the position of an object, the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship requires that the object be driven by force impulses, called back-action. Here we measure the back-action of a superconducting single-electron transistor (SSET) on a radio-frequency nanomechanical resonator. The conductance of the SSET, which is capacitively coupled to the resonator, provides a sensitive probe of the latter's position; back-action effects manifest themselves as an effective thermal bath, the properties of which depend sensitively on SSET bias conditions. Surprisingly, when the SSET is biased near a transport resonance, we observe cooling of the nanomechanical mode from 550 mK to 300 mK--an effect that is analogous to laser cooling in atomic physics. Our measurements have implications for nanomechanical readout of quantum information devices and the limits of ultrasensitive force microscopy (such as single-nuclear-spin magnetic resonance force microscopy). Furthermore, we anticipate the use of these back-action effects to prepare ultracold and quantum states of mechanical structures, which would not be accessible with existing technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Naik
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Clerk AA. Backaction noise in strongly interacting systems: the dc SQUID and the interacting quantum point contact. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:056801. [PMID: 16486968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.056801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the backaction noise and measurement the efficiency (i.e., noise temperature) of a dc SQUID amplifier and, equivalently, a quantum point-contact detector formed in a Luttinger liquid. Using a mapping to a dissipative tight-binding model, we show that these systems are able to reach the quantum limit even in regimes where several independent transport processes contribute to the current. We suggest how this is related to the underlying integrability of these systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clerk
- Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Clerk AA, Girvin SM, Nguyen AK, Stone AD. Resonant cooper-pair tunneling: quantum noise and measurement characteristics. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:176804. [PMID: 12398696 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.176804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the quantum charge noise and measurement properties of the double Cooper-pair resonance point in a superconducting single-electron transistor (SSET) coupled to a Josephson charge qubit. Using a density-matrix approach for the coupled system, we obtain a full description of the measurement backaction; for weak coupling, this is used to extract the quantum charge noise. Unlike the case of a nonsuperconducting SET, the backaction here can induce population inversion in the qubit. We find that the Cooper-pair resonance process allows for a much better measurement than a similar nonsuperconducting SET, and can approach the quantum limit of efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clerk
- Department of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
In the presence of direct trajectories connecting source and drain contacts, the conductance of a quantum dot may exhibit resonances of the Fano type. Since Fano resonances result from the interference of two transmission pathways, their line shape (as described by the Fano parameter q) is sensitive to dephasing in the quantum dot. We show that under certain circumstances the dephasing time can be extracted from a measurement of q for a single resonance. We also show that q fluctuates from level to level, and we calculate its probability distribution for a chaotic quantum dot. Our results are relevant to recent experiments by Göres et al. [Phys. Rev. B 62, 2188 (2000)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Clerk
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Race can be considered a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), with higher prevalences and greater severity of the disorder documented among persons of certain racial groups compared with others. Based on clinical observation, it was hypothesized that, other risk factors being equal, Asian patients with SDB have greater severity of their illness compared to Caucasian patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at a sleep disorders clinic involving 105 Asian patients diagnosed as having SDB after undergoing polysomnography and 99 similarly diagnosed Caucasian patients matched for the following variables: age, gender and body mass index (BMI). The main outcome measure of interest was objective assessment of severity based on polysomnographic data of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and minimum oxygen saturation (SaO2) during sleep. Symptom scores between patients of the two racial groups were also compared. There were significantly larger proportions of Asians compared to Caucasians with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) as defined by respiratory disturbance index (RDI) > or = 50 (25.0% vs 11.1%; P = 0.0288) or minimum oxygen saturation (SaO2) < or = 69% (20.6% vs 4.2%; P = 0.0113). The mean minimum SaO2 was significantly lower (P = 0.0001) while the mean (log transformed) esophageal pressure (Pes) value was significantly higher (P = 0.0090) in the Asian group. Logistic regression analysis showed that race was associated with severe SDB (RDI > or = 50) independent of age, sex and BMI. The estimated odds ratio for Asians having severe OSAS compared with Caucasians was 2.51 [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.98-6.64]. There was no significant difference in the severity of questionnaire-based symptoms of snoring, apneas during sleep and the median Epworth scores between Asian and Caucasian patients. Based on objective polysomnographic results, Asian patients with OSAS have greater severity of their illness compared to Caucasian patients matched for age, gender and BMI. There was, however, no significant difference in severity of questionnaire-based symptoms between Asian and Caucasian patients with SDB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Ong
- Stanford University Sleep Disorders Clinic and Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Utley DS, Shin EJ, Clerk AA, Terris DJ. A cost-effective and rational surgical approach to patients with snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 1997; 107:726-34. [PMID: 9185727 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-199706000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen several innovations in the surgical techniques available for treatment of patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Outpatient techniques such as laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) and more aggressive procedures designed to address hypopharyngeal and base of tongue obstruction (genioglossus advancement and hyoid myotomy) have been developed and proven successful. We describe the efficacy of LAUP for snoring (72.7%), upper airway resistance syndrome (81.8%), and mild (mean [+/-SD] respiratory disturbance index [RDI] = 12 +/- 8.1) obstructive sleep apnea (41.7%) in 56 patients who underwent 132 LAUP procedures in a 26-month period. Thirty-two patients with more significant obstructive sleep apnea (mean RDI = 41.8 +/- 23.1) underwent multilevel pharyngeal surgery consisting of genioglossus advancement and hyoid myotomy combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The surgical success rate in this group of patients was 85.7% when commonly accepted criteria were applied. We recommend a stratified surgical approach to patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Progressively worse airway obstruction marked by multilevel pharyngeal collapse and more severe sleep-disordered breathing is treated with incrementally more aggressive surgery addressing multiple areas of the upper airway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Utley
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5328, U.S.A
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Several groups of investigators have assessed the impact of nasal obstruction on the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. These studies evaluated patients with either naturally occurring partial nasal obstruction (e.g., allergic rhinitis, septal deviation) or experimentally induced nasal occlusion. The results of these studies are summarized and discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Kushida
- Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic and Research Center, California 94305-5547, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Patients with upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) have clinical signs and symptoms of excessive daytime somnolence (EDS) in the absence of obstructive sleep apnea. These patients have increased upper airway resistance, reflected by an elevated intrathoracic pressure measurement, despite a normal respiratory disturbance index (RDI). Physical findings often include excessive palatal tissue and narrowing of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Nine patients with UARS who received surgical treatment were prospectively evaluated. The four men and five women had signs of EDS, with or without snoring. The mean (+/- standard deviation) RDI was 2.1 (+/- 1.2), and the mean esophageal pressure recording during polysomnography was -36.7 (+/- 16.2) cm H2O. The Epworth sleepiness scale was used to quantify EDS. The preoperative score of 12.0 (+/- 6.6) decreased to 3.4 (+/- 1.9) (P = .001) after surgical treatment. A variety of procedures, all including some type of palatal surgery, were performed. No treatment complications occurred. The recognition of UARS and an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the progressive development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may facilitate the prompt identification and treatment of such patients. The pathophysiology of UARS and a preliminary report of its surgical treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Newman
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center 94305-5328, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|