1
|
Haider A, Pigniczki M, Koyama S, Köhler MH, Haas L, Fink M, Schardt M, Nagase K, Zeh T, Eryildirim A, Poguntke T, Inoue H, Jakobi M, Koch AW. A Methodology to Model the Rain and Fog Effect on the Performance of Automotive LiDAR Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6891. [PMID: 37571674 PMCID: PMC10422612 DOI: 10.3390/s23156891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a novel approach to model the rain and fog effect on the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor performance for the simulation-based testing of LiDAR systems. The proposed methodology allows for the simulation of the rain and fog effect using the rigorous applications of the Mie scattering theory on the time domain for transient and point cloud levels for spatial analyses. The time domain analysis permits us to benchmark the virtual LiDAR signal attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by rain and fog droplets. In addition, the detection rate (DR), false detection rate (FDR), and distance error derror of the virtual LiDAR sensor due to rain and fog droplets are evaluated on the point cloud level. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is used to quantify the simulation and real measurement results on the time domain and point cloud levels for the rain and fog droplets. The results of the simulation and real measurements match well on the time domain and point cloud levels if the simulated and real rain distributions are the same. The real and virtual LiDAR sensor performance degrades more under the influence of fog droplets than in rain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Haider
- Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcell Pigniczki
- Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany
| | - Shotaro Koyama
- Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | | | - Lukas Haas
- Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fink
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Koji Nagase
- Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Thomas Zeh
- Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany
| | | | - Tim Poguntke
- Institute for Driver Assistance Systems and Connected Mobility (IFM), Kempten University of Applied Sciences, Junkersstrasse 1A, 87734 Benningen, Germany
| | - Hideo Inoue
- Advanced Vehicle Research Institute, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Shimoogino 1030, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan
| | - Martin Jakobi
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Koch
- Institute for Measurement Systems and Sensor Technology, Technical University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eryildirim A. Knotless scleral fixation for implanting a posterior chamber intraocular lens. Ophthalmic Surg 1995; 26:82-84. [PMID: 7746634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
I describe a technique for implanting an intraocular lens by scleral fixation sutures that has the advantages of knotless fixation of the haptics and an out-in approach for passing the needle through the sclera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Eryildirim
- S.S.K. Buca Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaynak S, Eryildirim A, Kaynak T, Durak I, Saatçi O, Eryildirim S, Ozcan Y. Nd:YAG laser posterior hyaloidotomy in subhyaloid hemorrhage. Ophthalmic Surg 1994; 25:474-6. [PMID: 7970521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Subhyaloid hemorrhage is usually a benign condition that generally improves spontaneously and rarely causes visual loss. However, because subhyaloid hemorrhage may be associated with permanent macular changes before it spontaneously resolves, posterior Nd:YAG hyaloidotomy may be indicated in selected patients. We performed Q-switched Nd:YAG laser posterior hyaloidotomy via the transcorneal route in two cases of subhyaloid hemorrhage. The hemorrhage instantaneously drained into the vitreous cavity, resulting in a dramatic increase in visual acuity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kaynak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylül University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Özler S, Astrahan M, Liggett P, Eryildirim A, Alaluf A, Özkök S, Haydaroǧlu A. 88 Initial experience with 125-I brachytherapy using an interactive treatment planning system for choroidal malignant melanoma in Turkey. Radiother Oncol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-8140(94)91186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Eryildirim A, Ozkan T, Eryildirim S, Kaynak S, Cingil G. Improving estimation of corneal refractive power by measuring the posterior curvature of the cornea. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994; 20:129-31. [PMID: 8201560 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We developed a formula to measure the posterior curvature of the cornea. In our study, real corneal power in 51 eyes was calculated by using anterior and posterior curvatures and corneal thickness. The corneal refractive index was found to be a variable value between 1.3243 and 1.3339 (mean 1.3304 +/- 0.0003).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Eryildirim
- Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty Eye Department, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|