Ultrasonic-assisted extraction to enhance the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from Commiphora gileadensis leaves

The "ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)" method was utilized in this work to assess how different process parameters affected the yield and recovery of phenolic compounds from the leaf of Commiphora gileadensis, which is one of the medicinal plants with a variety of biological functions. Its leaf is used for a various of therapeutic applications, such as the treatment of bacterial infections, inflammation, and wound healing. The "One-Factor-At-a-Time (OFAT)" approach was employed to examine the impacts of various UAE process parameters on the process of extraction, which include time of extraction, sample/solvent ratio, ultrasonic frequency, and solvent (ethanol) concentration. The extracts were then investigated for the presence of several phytochemicals using analytical techniques such as "Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS)" and "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)" studies. The findings showed that the maximum extraction yield, the total phenolic content (TPC), and the total flavonoids content (TFC) of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. gileadensis using the UAE method were at 31.80 ± 0.41 %, 96.55 ± 2.81 mg GAE/g d.w. and 31.66 ± 2.01 mg QE/g d.w. accordingly under a procedure duration of 15 min, ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz, solvent/sample ratio of 1:20 g/mL, and solvent concentration of 40 % v/v. The leaves extract of C. gileadensis included 25 phenolic compounds that were previously unreported, and GC-MS analysis confirmed their presence. Hence, it follows that the UAE technique can successfully extract the phytochemicals from C. gileadensis for a variety of therapeutic uses.

Development of Water Adsorbents Synthesized from Spent Bleaching Earth to Dehydrate Ethanol Water Mixture

Water adsorbent to dehydrate water ethanol mixture was synthesized from spent bleaching earth (SBE) using modified fusion method. The SBE was regenerated using heat at 750°C. Predetermined alumina, Al2O3and a stochiometric amount of KOH was added to the regenerated SBE, mixed and fused at several temperatures for 12 hours in a furnace. The fused mixture was grounded and mixed with water to get 40-55% KOH solution in water. This mixture was aged for several pre determined temperature for several pre determined days in a closed container before crystallization took place in 5 part by weight 5% KOH for 48 hours. The product obtained was washed 3 times with distilled water using filtration set and dried in oven at 220°C for 20 hours. Results from Karl Fischer Titration showed that the product was able to absorb water up above 0.0200 g/g adsorbent which was approximately 50% performance of commercial zeolite A. The best conditions for synthesizing the water adsorbent from SBE were : 80 g alumina added per 100 gram kaolin, fused temperature of 650°C, aging temperature of 80°C for 5 days. However, XRD results showed that the synthesized product was not the type of zeolite A.