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Nagasaki SC, Fukuda TD, Yamada M, Suzuki YIII, Kakutani R, Guy AT, Imayoshi I. Enhancement of Vivid-based photo-activatable Gal4 transcription factor in mammalian cells. Cell Struct Funct 2023; 48:31-47. [PMID: 36529516 PMCID: PMC10721950 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gal4/UAS system is a versatile tool to manipulate exogenous gene expression of cells spatially and temporally in many model organisms. Many variations of light-controllable Gal4/UAS system are now available, following the development of photo-activatable (PA) molecular switches and integration of these tools. However, many PA-Gal4 transcription factors have undesired background transcription activities even in dark conditions, and this severely attenuates reliable light-controlled gene expression. Therefore, it is important to develop reliable PA-Gal4 transcription factors with robust light-induced gene expression and limited background activity. By optimization of synthetic PA-Gal4 transcription factors, we have validated configurations of Gal4 DNA biding domain, transcription activation domain and blue light-dependent dimer formation molecule Vivid (VVD), and applied types of transcription activation domains to develop a new PA-Gal4 transcription factor we have named eGAV (enhanced Gal4-VVD transcription factor). Background activity of eGAV in dark conditions was significantly lower than that of hGAVPO, a commonly used PA-Gal4 transcription factor, and maximum light-induced gene expression levels were also improved. Light-controlled gene expression was verified in cultured HEK293T cells with plasmid-transient transfections, and in mouse EpH4 cells with lentivirus vector-mediated transduction. Furthermore, light-controlled eGAV-mediated transcription was confirmed in transfected neural stem cells and progenitors in developing and adult mouse brain and chick spinal cord, and in adult mouse hepatocytes, demonstrating that eGAV can be applied to a wide range of experimental systems and model organisms.Key words: optogenetics, Gal4/UAS system, transcription, gene expression, Vivid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji C. Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonori D. Fukuda
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamada
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yusuke III Suzuki
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakutani
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Adam T. Guy
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Science Communication, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Deconstruction of Stem Cells, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Abe J, Guy AT, Ding F, Greimel P, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiguchi H, Ito Y. Systematic synthesis of novel phosphoglycolipid analogues as potential agonists of GPR55. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8467-8473. [PMID: 33063071 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01756f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR55 is attracting attention as a pharmaceutical target, because of its relationship with various physiological and pathological events. Although GPR55 was initially deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is now widely perceived to be an endogenous ligand of GPR55. Recently, lysophosphatidyl-β-d-glucoside (LPGlc) has been found to act on GPR55 to repel dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In this study, we designed and synthesized various LPGlc analogues having the squaryldiamide group as potential agonists of GPR55. By the axon turning assay, several analogues exhibited similar activities to that of LPGlc. These results will provide valuable information for understanding the mode of action of LPGlc and its analogues and for the discovery of potent and selective antagonists or agonists of GPR55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Adam T Guy
- RIKEN Center for Brain Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peter Greimel
- RIKEN Center for Brain Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukishige Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan and RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Guy AT, Ding F, Abe J, Inoue M, Hirabayashi Y, Ito Y, Kamiguchi H, Greimel P. Lysolipid Chain Length Switches Agonistic to Antagonistic G Protein-Coupled Receptor Modulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3635-3645. [PMID: 33053304 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of lysolipid-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) depends not only on lysolipid class but also on the length and degree of saturation of their respective hydrophobic tails. Positive regulation of these signaling networks caused by the lipid chain length specificity of upstream phospholipases is firmly established. Nonagonistic lysolipid homologues, featuring incompatible lipid tails, have been suggested to indirectly modulate GPCR signaling by delaying agonist catabolism. Nonetheless, recent results seem inconsistent with this hypothesis. Utilizing a simplified lysolipid-GPCR signaling assay based on the established lysophosphatidylglucoside-GPR55 signaling axis in primary sensory neurons, we demonstrate that short-chain ligand homologues directly modulate receptor activation via a potent competitive antagonistic activity. Considering the well-documented tissue-specific concentration of lysolipid homologues, we propose that endogenous lysolipids with insufficient chain length for stable receptor activation exert an antagonistic activity, effectively representing a negative control mechanism for GPCR-associated lysolipid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Guy
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junpei Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Mariko Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiguchi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Guy AT, Kamiguchi H. Lipids as new players in axon guidance and circuit development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:22-29. [PMID: 33039927 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The formation of functional neuronal circuitry depends on axon guidance, in which extracellular chemotropic cues provide directional instructions to developing axons in the embryonic nervous system. Recently lipids, in particular lysolipids, are being appraised as a new class of axon guidance cues. Most lysolipids are formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, and signal via a wide variety of mechanisms including specific G protein-coupled receptors. For example, lysophosphatidylglucoside released from a specific type of glia activates neuronal GPR55 to regulate axon tract patterning. However, demonstrating the in vivo mechanisms of lysolipid axon guidance is often challenging and complex. Here we will review in detail lysolipids that have been identified or proposed as axon guidance cues in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Guy
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiguchi
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan.
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Guy AT, Kano K, Ohyama J, Kamiguchi H, Hirabayashi Y, Ito Y, Matsuo I, Greimel P. Preference for Glucose over Inositol Headgroup during Lysolipid Activation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 55. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:716-727. [PMID: 30346710 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) is highly expressed in brain and peripheral nervous system. Originally deorphanized as a cannabinoid receptor, recently GPR55 has been described as a lysophospholipid-responsive receptor, specifically toward lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidyl-β-d-glucoside (LysoPtdGlc). To characterize lysolipid-GPR55 interaction, synthetic access to LysoPtdGlc and selected analogues was established utilizing a phosphorus(III)-based chemical approach. The biological activity of each synthetic lipid was assessed using a GPR55-dependent chemotropism assay in primary sensory neurons. Combined with molecular dynamics simulations the potential ligand entry port and binding pocket specifics are discussed. These results highlight the preference for gluco- over inositol- and galacto-configured headgroups.
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Ding F, Guy AT, Greimel P, Hirabayashi Y, Kamiguchi H, Ito Y. Squaryl group modified phosphoglycolipid analogs as potential modulators of GPR55. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8470-8473. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04467h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the facile synthesis of a series of LPGlc analogs, their GPR dependent biological activity and a systematic analysis of the structure–activity relationship in regards to GPR55 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqing Ding
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory
- RIKEN
- Wako
- Japan
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Joddar B, Guy AT, Kamiguchi H, Ito Y. Spatial gradients of chemotropic factors from immobilized patterns to guide axonal growth and regeneration. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9593-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
The behaviour of neural progenitors in the intact vertebrate brain and spinal cord is poorly understood, chiefly because of the inaccessibility and poor optical qualities inherent in many model systems. To overcome these problems we have studied the optically superior brain of the zebrafish embryo and have monitored the in vivo behaviour of fluorescently labelled neural progenitors and their daughter cells throughout a substantial period of hindbrain development. We find the majority (84%) of hindbrain neurons are born from progenitor divisions that generate two neurons and 68% of reconstructed lineage trees contained no asymmetric stem cell-like divisions. No progenitors divided in the manner expected of a classic stem cell; i.e. one that repeatedly self-renews and generates a differentiated cell type by asymmetric division. We also analysed the orientation of progenitor divisions relative to the plane of the ventricular zone (VZ) and find that this does not correlate with the fate of the daughter cells. Our results suggest that in this vertebrate system the molecular determinants that control whether a cell will become a neuron are usually not linked to a mechanism that generates asymmetric divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Lyons
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Dynamics, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Hudson DL, Guy AT, Fry P, O'Hare MJ, Watt FM, Masters JR. Epithelial cell differentiation pathways in the human prostate: identification of intermediate phenotypes by keratin expression. J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:271-8. [PMID: 11156695 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate grows slowly throughout adult life, leading to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which often results in urethral obstruction in later years. The symptoms of BPH are the second most common reason for surgery in men over 65. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cell proliferation and cell differentiation in BPH tissue. Using multiple antibodies, simultaneously detected with different fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies, several subpopulations of epithelial cells were detected. In addition to K14, basal cells also expressed keratins 15, 17, and 19 in various combinations, and some of the luminal cells also expressed K19 together with K8 and K18. Co-staining for cytokeratins and Ki-67 indicated that 44% of proliferative cells expressed K14 and 36% K19, although the difference was not statistically significant. This report provides a detailed description of the relationship between keratin expression and cell proliferation in the prostate and indicates that K19-positive cells form the link between the basal and luminal layers of the epithelium. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:271-278, 2001)
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hudson
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, Research Laboratories, University College London Medical School, UK.
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