1
|
Patiño LH, Guerra S, Muñoz M, Luna N, Farrugia K, van de Guchte A, Khalil Z, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Hernandez MM, Banu R, Shrestha P, Liggayu B, Firpo Betancourt A, Reich D, Cordon-Cardo C, Albrecht R, Pearl R, Simon V, Rooker A, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, García-Sastre A, Bogunovic D, Palacios G, Paniz Mondolfi A, Ramírez JD. Phylogenetic landscape of Monkeypox Virus (MPV) during the early outbreak in New York City, 2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:e2192830. [PMID: 36927408 PMCID: PMC10114986 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2192830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease endemic to regions of Central/Western Africa. The geographic endemicity of MPV has expanded, broadening the human-monkeypox virus interface and its potential for spillover. Since May 2022, a large multi-country MPV outbreak with no proven links to endemic countries has originated in Europe and has rapidly expanded around the globe, setting off genomic surveillance efforts. Here, we conducted a genomic analysis of 23 MPV-infected patients from New York City during the early outbreak, assessing the phylogenetic relationship of these strains against publicly available MPV genomes. Additionally, we compared the genomic sequences of clinical isolates versus culture-passaged samples from a subset of samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MPV genomes included in this study cluster within the B.1 lineage (Clade IIb), with some of the samples displaying further differentiation into five different sub-lineages of B.1. Mutational analysis revealed 55 non-synonymous polymorphisms throughout the genome, with some of these mutations located in critical regions required for viral multiplication, structural and assembly functions, as well as the target region for antiviral treatment. In addition, we identified a large majority of polymorphisms associated with GA > AA and TC > TT nucleotide replacements, suggesting the action of human APOBEC3 enzyme. A comparison between clinical isolates and cell culture-passaged samples failed to reveal any difference. Our results provide a first glance at the mutational landscape of early MPV-2022 (B.1) circulating strains in NYC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz H. Patiño
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolas Luna
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Keith Farrugia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zain Khalil
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Matthew M. Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radhika Banu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paras Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bernadette Liggayu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Pearl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aria Rooker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alberto Paniz Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paniz-Mondolfi A, Reidy J, Pagani N, Lednicky JA, McGrail JP, Kasminskaya Y, Patino LH, Garcia-Sastre A, Palacios G, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, van Bakel H, Firpo Betancourt A, Hernandez MM, Cordon-Cardo C, Simon V, Sordillo EM, Ramírez JD, Guerra S. Genomic and ultrastructural analysis of monkeypox virus in skin lesions and in human/animal infected cells reveals further morphofunctional insights into viral pathogenicity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28878. [PMID: 37322614 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and other primates, resulting in a smallpox-like illness. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Clinically manifested by a range of cutaneous and systemic findings, as well as variable disease severity phenotypes based on the genetic makeup of the virus, the cutaneous niche and respiratory mucosa are the epicenters of MPXV pathogenicity. Herein, we describe the ultrastructural features of MPXV infection in both human cultured cells and cutaneous clinical specimens collected during the 2022-2023 MPOX outbreak in New York City that were revealed through electron microscopy. We observed typical enveloped virions with brick-shaped morphologies that contained surface protrusions, consistent with the classic ultrastructural features of MPXV. In addition, we describe morpho-functional evidence that point to roles of distinct cellular organelles in viral assembly during clinical MPXV infection. Interestingly, in skin lesions, we found abundant melanosomes near viral assembly sites, particularly in the vicinity of mature virions, which provides further insight into virus-host interactions at the subcellular level that contribute to MPXV pathogenesis. These findings not only highlight the importance of electron microscopic studies for further investigation of this emerging pathogen but also in characterizing MPXV pathogenesis during human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jason Reidy
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Nina Pagani
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Biotechnology Laboratory Sciences, Valencia College, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, Division of Virology, Venezuelan Science Incubator and The Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph Patrick McGrail
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yana Kasminskaya
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Luz H Patino
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Matthew M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Emilia M Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paniz-Mondolfi A, Guerra S, Muñoz M, Luna N, Hernandez MM, Patino LH, Reidy J, Banu R, Shrestha P, Liggayu B, Umeaku A, Chen F, Cao L, Patel A, Hanna A, Li S, Look A, Pagani N, Albrecht R, Pearl R, Garcia-Sastre A, Bogunovic D, Palacios G, Bonnier L, Cera F, Lopez H, Calderon Y, Eiting E, Mullen K, Shin SJ, Lugo LA, Urbina AE, Starks C, Koo T, Uychiat P, Look A, van Bakel H, Gonzalez-Reiche A, Betancourt AF, Reich D, Cordon-Cardo C, Simon V, Sordillo EM, Ramírez JD. Evaluation and validation of an RT-PCR assay for specific detection of monkeypox virus (MPXV). J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28247. [PMID: 36271493 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus within the Poxviridae family. MPXV is endemic to Central and West Africa. However, the world is currently witnessing an international outbreak with no clear epidemiological links to travel or animal exposure and with ever-increasing numbers of reported cases worldwide. Here, we evaluated and validated a new, sensitive, and specific real-time PCR-assay for MPXV diagnosis in humans and compare the performance of this novel assay against a Food & Drug Administration-cleared pan-Orthopox RT-PCR assay. We determined specificity, sensitivity, and analytic performance of the PKamp™ Monkeypox Virus RT-PCR assay targeting the viral F3L-gene. In addition, we further evaluated MPXV-PCR-positive specimens by viral culture, electron microscopy, and viral inactivation assays. The limit of detection was established at 7.2 genome copies/reaction, and MPXV was successfully identified in 20 clinical specimens with 100% correlation against the reference method with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Our results demonstrated the validity of this rapid, robust, and reliable RT-PCR assay for specific and accurate diagnosis of MPXV infection in human specimens collected both as dry swabs and in viral transport media. This assay has been approved by NYS Department of Health for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susana Guerra
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolas Luna
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Matthew M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luz H Patino
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason Reidy
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Radhika Banu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paras Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernadette Liggayu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Audrey Umeaku
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liyong Cao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Armi Patel
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ayman Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sunny Li
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andy Look
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Pagani
- Department of Biotechnology Laboratory Sciences, Valencia College, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Infectious Diseases Research Branch, Venezuelan Science Incubator and The Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Randy Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Pearl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucia Bonnier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Freddy Cera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Heidi Lopez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yvette Calderon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erick Eiting
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karr Mullen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sangyoon Jason Shin
- Department of Medicine, Ambulatory Care, The Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery (CTMS) of Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luz Amarilis Lugo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antonio E Urbina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Advanced Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlotta Starks
- Mount Sinai Institute for Advanced Medicine, Jack Martin Fund Clinic and Comprehensive Health Clinic, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tonny Koo
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia Uychiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai West, New York, New York, USA
| | - Avery Look
- Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emilia M Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|