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Marcadenti A, Machado RHV, Santos RHN, Kasai CCDS, Kovacs C, Bello A, de Matos CH, Bertacco RTA, Souza GC, Schirmann GDS, Nagano FEZ, Poloni S, Kik RME, Feres NH, Rodrigues IG, Sousa ACS, Pinheiro JMF, Vasconcelos SML, Carlos DMDO, Souza VS, Gomes AB, Figueiredo Neto JAD, Moriguchi EH, Izar MC, Pinto SL, Bressan J, de Souza SR, Kumbier MC, de Araújo CBP, Torreglosa CR, Weber B, Bersch-Ferreira ÂC. Adequacy of Fatty Acids Consumption Among Individuals in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention. Arq Bras Cardiol 2024; 121:e20230487. [PMID: 38597553 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhering to a diet adequate in macronutrients is crucial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of adherence to recommendations for the consumption of dietary fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to estimate whether the presence of certain cardiovascular risk factors would be associated with adherence. METHODS Cross-sectional study using baseline data from 2,358 participants included in the "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Adequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was considered as ≥10% of total daily energy intake; for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 20%; and for saturated fatty acids (SFA), <7% according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. A significance level of 5% was considered in the statistical analysis. RESULTS No participant adhered to all recommendations simultaneously, and more than half (1,482 [62.9%]) did not adhere to any recommendation. Adherence exclusively to the SFA recommendation was the most prevalent, fulfilled by 659 (28%) participants, followed by adherence exclusively to the PUFA (178 [7.6%]) and MUFA (5 [0.2%]) recommendations. There was no association between the number of comorbidities and adherence to nutritional recommendations (p = 0.269). Participants from the Brazilian Northeast region showed a higher proportion of adherence to SFA consumption recommendations (38.42%) and lower adherence to PUFA intake (3.52%) (p <0.001) compared to other regions. CONCLUSIONS Among the evaluated sample, there was low adherence to nutritional recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristiane Kovacs
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Annie Bello
- Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | - Gabriela C Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | - Soraia Poloni
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | - Raquel Milani El Kik
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | - Isa G Rodrigues
- Pronto Socorro Cardiológico Universitário de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magali C Kumbier
- Consultoria Terapia Nutricional - COTENUT, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | - Bernardete Weber
- Real e Benemérita Associação Portuguesa de Beneficência, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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Abstract
The present study examined the contribution of downregulation of mu-opioid receptors to opioid tolerance in an intact animal model. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps that infused etorphine (50-250 microg/kg/day) for 7 days. Other mice were implanted subcutaneously with a morphine pellet (25 mg) or a morphine pellet plus an osmotic minipump that infused morphine (5-40 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Controls were implanted with an inert placebo pellet. At the end of treatment, pumps and pellets were removed, and saturation binding studies were conducted in whole brain ([3H]DAMGO) or morphine and etorphine analgesic ED(50)s were determined (tail-flick). Morphine tolerance increased linearly with the infusion dose of morphine (ED(50) shift at highest infusion dose, 4.76). No significant downregulation of mu-receptors in whole brain was observed at the highest morphine treatment dose. Etorphine produced dose-dependent downregulation of mu-opioid receptor density and tolerance (ED(50) shift at highest infusion dose, 6.97). Downregulation of mu-receptors only occurred at the higher etorphine infusion doses (> or =150 microg/kg/day). Unlike morphine tolerance, the magnitude of etorphine tolerance was a nonlinear function of the dose and increased markedly at infusion doses that produced downregulation. These results suggest that mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Therefore, opioid tolerance appears to rely upon both "receptor density-dependent" and " receptor density-independent" mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stafford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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