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Sakyi SA, Ameyaw B, Laing EF, Anthony R, Ephraim RKD, Effah A, Kwayie AA, Senu E, Anto EO, Acheampong E, Afranie BO, Amoani B, Opoku S. Thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ghana: A comparative cross-sectional study. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 6:e447. [PMID: 37621219 PMCID: PMC10638622 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus coexist and are prevalent endocrinopathies among adult population. Thyroid dysfunction contributes to metabolic imbalances, increase beta-cell apoptosis and glucose intolerance. There is paucity of data and contradicting findings on how thyroid dysfunction influence glycaemic control. Therefore, we evaluated thyroid dysfunction and glycaemic control among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Ghana. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 192 T2DM patients from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. Three consecutive monthly fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were analysed and the results were classified as, moderate hyperglycaemia (MH) (FBG = 6.1-12.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%), severe hyperglycaemia (SH) (FBG ≥ 12.1 mmol/L, HbA1c > 7%) and good glycaemic controls (GC) (FBG = 4.1-6.0 mmol/L, HbA1c < 7%). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), body mass index (BMI) and other clinical parameters were measured. Data analysis was done using R language version 4.0.2 and p < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age (years) between patients in the various glycaemic groups (p = .9053). The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders was 7.8% among T2DM patients. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in patients with SH (11.7%) followed by those with MH (7.5%) and then those with GC (5.4%). Serum levels of TSH and FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly lower in T2DM patients with SH compared to those with MH and the GC (p < .0001). However, FT4 was significantly higher in SH patients compared to the good glycaemic controls (p < .01). The first tertiles of TSH [aOR = 10.51, 95% CI (4.04-17.36), p < .0001] and FT3 [aOR = 2.77, 95% CI (1.11-6.92), p = .0290] were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSION The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high in T2DM and increases with hyperglycaemia. Reduced TSH and T3 may worsen glycaemic control. Periodic monitoring of thyroid function should be incorporated into management guidelines among T2DM patients in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Bright Ameyaw
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
- Laboratory DepartmentEffia Nkwanta Regional HospitalWestern RegionGhana
| | - Edwin Ferguson Laing
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Richard Anthony
- Department of Internal MedicineEffia Nkwanta Regional HospitalWestern RegionGhana
| | | | - Alfred Effah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Afia Agyapomaa Kwayie
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Ebenezer Senu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Enoch Odame Anto
- School of Medical and Health ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupAustralia
| | - Emmanuel Acheampong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
- School of Medical and Health ScienceEdith Cowan UniversityJoondalupAustralia
| | - Bright Oppong Afranie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Benjamin Amoani
- Department of Medical Laboratory TechnologyUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Stephen Opoku
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and DentistryKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health SciencesKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
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Amponsah-Tabi S, Djokoto R, Opoku S, Senu E, Boakye DK, Azanu WK, Ankobea-Kokroe F, Owusu-Asubonteng G, Ansah RO, Owusu E, Ackah-Avoh E, Kwayie AA, Boateng EA, Azavil RP, Ennin F. Knowledge, attitude and acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among residents in rural communities in Ghana: a multi-regional study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 36721102 PMCID: PMC9887558 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has continuously affected human life with several devastating effects. Currently, there are effective vaccines to protect people from COVID-19 and the World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted strategies to influence COVID-19 vaccine uptake in hard-to-reach communities in Ghana. However, prior studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptability in Ghana are online surveys targeting the literates and those in urban areas, leaving residents in far-flung communities. We assessed knowledge, attitude and acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among residents in rural communities in Ghana. METHODS This study was a community-based cross-sectional study and was conducted at three selected regions in Ghana (Northern, Ashanti and Western North) from May to November, 2021. This study included residents 15-81 years, living in the selected rural communities for more than 1 year. Study participants were recruited and questionnaires administered to collect data on knowledge, attitude and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0 and GraphPad Prism Version 8.0 software. RESULTS Of the 764 participants included in this study, more than half had inadequate knowledge (55.0%), poor attitudes (59.4%) and bad perception about COVID-19 vaccine (55.4%). The acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine in this study was 41.9%. The acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine in Ashanti, Northern and Western North regions were 32.5%, 26.2% and 29.6% respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, receiving recent or previous vaccine such as HBV vaccine [aOR = 1.57, 95% CI (1.23-3.29), p = 0.002], having good attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine [aOR = 61.47, 95% CI (29.55-127.86), p < 0.0001] and having good perception about the COVID-19 vaccine [aOR = 3.87, 95% CI (1.40-10.72), p < 0.0001] were independently associated with higher odds of accepting COVID-19 vaccine. CONCLUSION More than half of residents in Ghanaian rural communities have inadequate knowledge, poor attitudes and bad perception about COVID-19 vaccine. The acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine is generally low among rural residents in Ashanti, Northern and Western North regions of Ghana. Residents living in hard-to-reach communities must be educated about the benefits of COVID-19 vaccine to achieve effective vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Amponsah-Tabi
- grid.415450.10000 0004 0466 0719Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Rex Djokoto
- grid.415450.10000 0004 0466 0719Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana ,grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Opoku
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana ,grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Senu
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Derrick Kyei Boakye
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wisdom Klutse Azanu
- grid.449729.50000 0004 7707 5975Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Frank Ankobea-Kokroe
- grid.415450.10000 0004 0466 0719Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana ,grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gerald Owusu-Asubonteng
- grid.415450.10000 0004 0466 0719Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana ,grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Owusu Ansah
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Owusu
- Laboratory Department, Nyaho Medical Center, Greater Accra Region, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Ackah-Avoh
- Laboratory Department, Nyaho Medical Center, Greater Accra Region, Accra, Ghana
| | - Afia Agyapomaa Kwayie
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eric Appiah Boateng
- grid.9829.a0000000109466120Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Pul Azavil
- grid.460777.50000 0004 0374 4427Laboratory Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Northern Region, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Frederick Ennin
- Laboratory Department, Bibiani Government Hospital, Western North Region, Bibiani, Ghana
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