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Codutti A, Cremer J, Alim K. Changing Flows Balance Nutrient Absorption and Bacterial Growth along the Gut. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:138101. [PMID: 36206418 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.138101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Small intestine motility and its ensuing flow of luminal content impact both nutrient absorption and bacterial growth. To explore this interdependence we introduce a biophysical description of intestinal flow and absorption. Rooted in observations of mice we identify the average flow velocity as the key control of absorption efficiency and bacterial growth, independent of the exact contraction pattern. We uncover self-regulation of contraction and flow in response to nutrients and bacterial levels to promote efficient absorption while restraining detrimental bacterial overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Codutti
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Cremer
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305 California, USA
| | - Karen Alim
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Physics Department and CPA, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Codutti A, Charsooghi MA, Cerdá-Doñate E, Taïeb HM, Robinson T, Faivre D, Klumpp S. Interplay of surface interaction and magnetic torque in single-cell motion of magnetotactic bacteria in microfluidic confinement. eLife 2022; 11:71527. [PMID: 35852850 PMCID: PMC9365388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming microorganisms often experience complex environments in their natural habitat. The same is true for microswimmers in envisioned biomedical applications. The simple aqueous conditions typically studied in the lab differ strongly from those found in these environments and often exclude the effects of small volume confinement or the influence that external fields have on their motion. In this work, we investigate magnetically steerable microswimmers, specifically magnetotactic bacteria, in strong spatial confinement and under the influence of an external magnetic field. We trap single cells in micrometer-sized microfluidic chambers and track and analyze their motion, which shows a variety of different trajectories, depending on the chamber size and the strength of the magnetic field. Combining these experimental observations with simulations using a variant of an active Brownian particle model, we explain the variety of trajectories by the interplay between the wall interactions and the magnetic torque. We also analyze the pronounced cell-to-cell heterogeneity, which makes single-cell tracking essential for an understanding of the motility patterns. In this way, our work establishes a basis for the analysis and prediction of microswimmer motility in more complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Codutti
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | | | - Elisa Cerdá-Doñate
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Hubert M Taïeb
- Biomaterials Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Tom Robinson
- Theory and Bio‐systems Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
| | | | - Stefan Klumpp
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen
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Waclawiková B, Codutti A, Alim K, El Aidy S. Gut microbiota-motility interregulation: insights from in vivo, ex vivo and in silico studies. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:1997296. [PMID: 34978524 PMCID: PMC8741295 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1997296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of microbes. Gut microbial communities have a significant regulatory role in the intestinal physiology, such as gut motility. Microbial effect on gut motility is often evoked by bioactive molecules from various sources, including microbial break down of carbohydrates, fibers or proteins. In turn, gut motility regulates the colonization within the microbial ecosystem. However, the underlying mechanisms of such regulation remain obscure. Deciphering the inter-regulatory mechanisms of the microbiota and bowel function is crucial for the prevention and treatment of gut dysmotility, a comorbidity associated with many diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of gut microbiota and its products on bowel motility. We discuss the currently available techniques employed to assess the changes in the intestinal motility. Further, we highlight the open challenges, and incorporate biophysical elements of microbes-motility interplay, in an attempt to lay the foundation for describing long-term impacts of microbial metabolite-induced changes in gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Waclawiková
- Host-Microbe Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnese Codutti
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karen Alim
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Physics Department and Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Host-Microbe Interactions, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bente K, Mohammadinejad S, Charsooghi MA, Bachmann F, Codutti A, Lefèvre CT, Klumpp S, Faivre D. High-speed motility originates from cooperatively pushing and pulling flagella bundles in bilophotrichous bacteria. eLife 2020; 9:47551. [PMID: 31989923 PMCID: PMC7010408 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria propel and change direction by rotating long, helical filaments, called flagella. The number of flagella, their arrangement on the cell body and their sense of rotation hypothetically determine the locomotion characteristics of a species. The movement of the most rapid microorganisms has in particular remained unexplored because of additional experimental limitations. We show that magnetotactic cocci with two flagella bundles on one pole swim faster than 500 µm·s−1 along a double helical path, making them one of the fastest natural microswimmers. We additionally reveal that the cells reorient in less than 5 ms, an order of magnitude faster than reported so far for any other bacteria. Using hydrodynamic modeling, we demonstrate that a mode where a pushing and a pulling bundle cooperate is the only possibility to enable both helical tracks and fast reorientations. The advantage of sheathed flagella bundles is the high rigidity, making high swimming speeds possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Bente
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Mohammadinejad
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Avalin Charsooghi
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Felix Bachmann
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agnese Codutti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Klumpp
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, F-13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Codutti A, Bente K, Faivre D, Klumpp S. Chemotaxis in external fields: Simulations for active magnetic biological matter. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007548. [PMID: 31856155 PMCID: PMC6941824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of microswimmers is often described by active Brownian particle models. Here we introduce a variant of these models with several internal states of the swimmer to describe stochastic strategies for directional swimming such as run and tumble or run and reverse that are used by microorganisms for chemotaxis. The model includes a mechanism to generate a directional bias for chemotaxis and interactions with external fields (e.g., gravity, magnetic field, fluid flow) that impose forces or torques on the swimmer. We show how this modified model can be applied to various scenarios: First, the run and tumble motion of E. coli is used to establish a paradigm for chemotaxis and investigate how it is affected by external forces. Then, we study magneto-aerotaxis in magnetotactic bacteria, which is biased not only by an oxygen gradient towards a preferred concentration, but also by magnetic fields, which exert a torque on an intracellular chain of magnets. We study the competition of magnetic alignment with active reorientation and show that the magnetic orientation can improve chemotaxis and thereby provide an advantage to the bacteria, even at rather large inclination angles of the magnetic field relative to the oxygen gradient, a case reminiscent of what is expected for the bacteria at or close to the equator. The highest gain in chemotactic velocity is obtained for run and tumble with a magnetic field parallel to the gradient, but in general a mechanism for reverse motion is necessary to swim against the magnetic field and a run and reverse strategy is more advantageous in the presence of a magnetic torque. This finding is consistent with observations that the dominant mode of directional changes in magnetotactic bacteria is reversal rather than tumbles. Moreover, it provides guidance for the design of future magnetic biohybrid swimmers. In this paper, we propose a modified Active Brownian particle model to describe bacterial swimming behavior under the influence of external forces and torques, in particular of a magnetic torque. This type of interaction is particularly important for magnetic biohybrids (i.e. motile bacteria coupled to a synthetic magnetic component) and for magnetotactic bacteria (i.e. bacteria with a natural intracellular magnetic chain), which perform chemotaxis to swim along chemical gradients, but are also directed by an external magnetic field. The model allows us to investigate the benefits and disadvantages of such coupling between two different directionality mechanisms. In particular we show that the magnetic torque can speed chemotaxis up in some conditions, while it can hinder it in other cases. In addition to an understanding of the swimming strategies of naturally magnetotactic organisms, the results may guide the design of future biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Codutti
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail: (AC); (SK)
| | - Klaas Bente
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CEA, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Department Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AC); (SK)
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Codutti A, Bachmann F, Faivre D, Klumpp S. Bead-Based Hydrodynamic Simulations of Rigid Magnetic Micropropellers. Front Robot AI 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 33500988 PMCID: PMC7805997 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of synthetic microswimmers, micro-robots moving in aqueous environments, has evolved significantly in the last years. Micro-robots actuated and steered by external magnetic fields are of particular interest because of the biocompatibility of this energy source and the possibility of remote control, features suited for biomedical applications. While initial work has mostly focused on helical shapes, the design space under consideration has widened considerably with recent works, opening up new possibilities for optimization of propellers to meet specific requirements. Understanding the relation between shape on the one hand and targeted actuation and steerability on the other hand requires an understanding of their propulsion behavior. Here we propose hydrodynamic simulations for the characterization of rigid micropropellers of any shape, actuated by rotating external magnetic fields. The method consists of approximating the propellers by rigid clusters of spheres. We characterize the influence of model parameters on the swimming behavior to identify optimal simulation parameters using helical propellers as a test system. We then explore the behavior of randomly shaped propellers that were recently characterized experimentally. The simulations show that the orientation of the magnetic moment with respect to the propeller's internal coordinate system has a strong impact on the propulsion behavior and has to be known with a precision of ≤ 5° to predict the propeller's velocity-frequency curve. This result emphasizes the importance of the magnetic properties of the micropropellers for the design of desired functionalities for potential biomedical applications, and in particular the importance of their orientation within the propeller's structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Codutti
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Department Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Bachmann
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute (BIAM), CEA Cadarache, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Stefan Klumpp
- Department Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Bente K, Codutti A, Bachmann F, Faivre D. Biohybrid and Bioinspired Magnetic Microswimmers. Small 2018; 14:e1704374. [PMID: 29855143 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many motile microorganisms swim and navigate in chemically and mechanically complex environments. These organisms can be functionalized and directly used for applications (biohybrid approach), but also inspire designs for fully synthetic microbots. The most promising designs of biohybrids and bioinspired microswimmers include one or several magnetic components, which lead to sustainable propulsion mechanisms and external controllability. This Review addresses such magnetic microswimmers, which are often studied in view of certain applications, mostly in the biomedical area, but also in the environmental field. First, propulsion systems at the microscale are reviewed and the magnetism of microswimmers is introduced. The review of the magnetic biohybrids and bioinspired microswimmers is structured gradually from mostly biological systems toward purely synthetic approaches. Finally, currently less explored parts of this field ranging from in situ imaging to swarm control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Bente
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agnese Codutti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Bachmann
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Cellulaire, UMR7265 Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
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