Two new eudesmane-type sesquiterpene derivatives from Lecokia cretica (Lam.) DC

Two new sesquiterpene glucosides, 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-eudesm-4(15)-en-1,6-O-β-diglucopyranoside (1) and 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-eudesm-3-en-1,6-O-β-diglucopyranoside (2) were obtained along with the 1α,6β,9β-trihydroxy-5,10-bis-epi-eudesm-3-en-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), chlorogenic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-rutinoside (5) and luteolin 7-O- glucoside (6) from the whole plant parts of Lecokia cretica. Their structures were determined on the basis of 1 D, 2 D NMR and HRMS analyses. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds 1-3 against human lung cancer cells (A549) and normal human lung cells (BEAS-2B) was determined using the MTT colorimetric assay. All the tested eudesmane derivatives were found to be inactive.

Chemical profile of the Anatolian Sideritis species with bioactivity studies

CONTEXT

The genus Sideritis L. (Lamiaceae) is represented by 46 species in Turkey with an 79% endemism ratio, 42 of 46 belonging to the section Empodoclia.

OBJECTIVE

In this review article, Sideritis species growing in Turkey have been evaluated for phytochemical constituents and biological activities.

METHODS

The data for the isolates, components and extracts of the Anatolian Sideritis species and their bioactivity studies were retrieved from the main databases WoS, Scopus and PubMed from 1975 until 31 December 2022.

RESULTS

In this review article, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics and other secondary metabolites isolated from Turkish Sideritis species were reported. Anatolian Sideritis species, which primarily consist of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, were studied in detail. Sideritis plants are represented by 46 species in Turkey, and 25 of them were investigated for their diterpenoids through isolation or LC-MS studies. Most of the diterpenoids of Turkish Sideritis species have ent-kaurene skeleton, among them linearol, siderol, 7-epicandicandiol and sideridiol were found to be the main compounds. Exceptionally, labdane, pimarane and beyerene diterpenoids were only found in a few species. For phenolics and flavonoids, only 12 species were investigated until now, and they were found to be rich in phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides. In terms of activity, most of the species were tested for antioxidant activity, followed by antimicrobial and anti-ulcer/anti-inflammatory activities. Their cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, antinociceptive and antistress activities were less frequently studied.

CONCLUSIONS

Sideritis species should be considered promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of upper respiratory tract and ulcer/inflammatory diseases.

Polyphenol Contents, Potential Antioxidant, Anticholinergic and Antidiabetic Properties of Mountain Mint (Cyclotrichium leucotrichum)

In the present work, antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of mountain mint [Cyclotrichium leu-cotrichum (Stapf ex Rech. Fil.) Leblebici] was the first time appraised. In this sense, methanol (MECL) and water (WECL) extracts were obtained from aerial parts of mountain mint (Cyclotrichium leucotrichum) and studied for their antioxidant ability by several bioanalytical assays. Also, their inhibition profiles were realized toward several metabolic enzymes connected to some diseases, including butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glycosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α-amylase enzymes. Additionally, their phenolic contents were determined by putative chromatographic method of LC-MS/MS. Consequently, nineteen phenolic molecules were identified in MECL and fifteen phenolic molecules were found in WECL. Also, antioxidant effects of both extracts were studied using by the methods of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and (ABTS•+)N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD•+) scavenging activities, ferric (Fe3+) and cupric (Cu2+) ions and Fe3+-2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing capacities. MECL and WECL were found as powerful DPPH· (IC50: 23.74 and 28.85 μg/mL), ABTS•+ (IC50: 12.53 and 14.05 μg/mL) and DMPD•+ scavenging effects (IC50: 43.52 and 54.80 μg/mL). Also, both extracts demonstrated the effective inhibition effects on AChE (IC50: 69.31 and 115.51 μg/mL), BChE (IC50: 57.75 and 86.62 μg/mL), α-glycosidase (IC50: 36.47 and 62.94 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50: 1.01 and 3.43 μg/mL). This study will be useful for future studies to determine the antioxidant properties and enzyme inhibition profile of food, medical and industrially important plants.

Antidiabetic, anticholinergic and antioxidant activities of aerial parts of shaggy bindweed (Convulvulus betonicifolia Miller subsp.) - profiling of phenolic compounds by LC-HRMS

In order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of evaporated ethanolic extract (EESB) and lyophilized water extract (WESB) of Shaggy bindweed (Convulvulus betonicifolia Mill. Subs), some putative antioxidant methods such as DPPH· scavenging activity, ABTS^•+ scavenging effect, ferric ions (Fe³⁺) reduction method, cupric ions (Cu²⁺) reducing capacity, and ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) binding activities were separately performed. Also, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and BHT were used as the standard compounds. Additionally, some phenolic compounds that responsible for antioxidant abilities of EESB and WESB were screened by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). At the same concentration, EESB and WESB demonstrated effective antioxidant abilities when compared to standards. In addition, EESB demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 1.946 μg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 0.815 μg/mL against α-glycosidase and 0.675 μg/mL against α-amylase enzymes.

Oligomer based real-time detection of microorganisms producing nuclease enzymes

In this study, we provide a method using fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides for the diagnosis of microorganisms producing nucleases in real time, while growing them in culture media. The detection of such microorganisms was possible in a short period of time, as short as 10 minutes up to a maximum of 8 hours, depending on the bacterial density. We also showed the suitability of this new method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in culture media in a very short period of time, compared to conventional methods. We believe that it can make a significant contribution to gain new insights for analysis of complex materials such as clinical samples, food samples and environmental samples.

Phytochemical content, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition effect of Salvia eriophora Boiss. & Kotschy against acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase, and α-glycosidase enzymes

Many taxa of Salvia genus have been used in herbal beverages, food flavoring, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, chemical compounds of Salvia eriophora (S. eriophora) leaves were determined by LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry). Salvigenin (158.64 ± 10.8 mg/kg), fumaric acid (123.09 ± 8.54 mg/kg), and quercetagetin-3.6-dimethylether (37.85 ± 7.09 mg/kg) were detected as major compounds in the ethanol extract, whereas fumaric acid (555.96 ± 38.56 mg/kg), caffeic acid (103.62 ± 20.51 mg/kg), and epicatechin (83.19 ± 8.43 mg/kg) were detected as major compounds in the water extract. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition of S. eriophora against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-amylase (AM), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glycosidase (AG) enzymes were detected. AChE, BChE, AG, and AM enzymes were very strongly inhibited by S. eriophora water extract (WES) and S. eriophora methanol extract (MES). Additionally, antioxidant potential of S. eriophora was determined by in vitro analytical methods. IC₅₀ values of WES and MES were performed for radicals. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Metabolic enzymes have crucial functions on living systems due to inhibition or activation of them mainly attributed with some health disorders. AChE, BChE, AM, and AG enzymes have important roles on carbohydrate metabolism or cholinergic pathways. The relation between enzyme inhibition effect and phenolic compounds or antioxidant activity need to be confirmed. Thus, many studies tested to clarify this relation for pure samples or plant extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about inhibition effects of Salvia eriophora extracts against AChE, BChE, AM, and AG enzymes as well as their phenolic contents and antioxidant activities.

Syntheses and evaluation of multicaulin and miltirone-like compounds as antituberculosis agents

Four multicaulin and miltirone-like phenanthrene derivatives were synthesised and evaluated as antituberculosis agents. The crucial step of the synthesis was Pschorr coupling of 4-(3-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-aminophenyl)ethane (13) to give 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (9) and 4-isopropyl-3-methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (9a). Compound 9 was converted to multicaulin and miltirone-like phenanthrene derivatives by further reactions. The best antituberculosis activity was exhibited by 2-isopropylphenanthrene-3-ol (11).

Potential reference measurement procedures for PBDE in surface water at levels required by the EU Water Frame Directive

Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), used as flame retardants, are named as priority substances in the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. An annual average environmental quality standard (EQS) for inland surface waters of 0.0005 µg/L (0.0002 µg/L for other surface waters) for PBDE congeners involved in the technical penta-PBDE mixtures containing PBDE with five bromine atoms has been established. The directives focus especially on the congeners PBDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 contained in the penta-PBDE mixture. Up to now, no reference measurement procedures have been established reaching the limits of quantification (LOQs) and the associated uncertainties as defined in the directives with results traceable to the SI. Within a recent European project on metrology, different approaches for the traceable quantification of PBDE, based on liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction followed by the detection with gas chromatography coupled to either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, were investigated and the related LOQs and expanded uncertainties of the results were compared. A complete uncertainty budget for each method was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). All presented analytical procedures can serve as reference measurement procedures regarding the LOQs and their associated expanded uncertainties for monitoring the six priority PBDEs named above. LOQs as low as 0.026 ng/kg with an associated expanded uncertainty of 0.002 ng/kg could be achieved.

Isolation of active constituents from cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) leaves through bioassay-guided procedures

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The fresh leaves of Laurocerasus officinalis Roem. (Rosaceae) are externally used against pain and feverish symptoms in Turkish folk medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Effects of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from the leaves of L. officinalis were investigated using in vivo models of inflammation and pain in mice.

METHODS

The crude ethanolic extract from the leaves of plant was sequentially fractionated into five subextracts; explicitly, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol, and remaining water extracts. Further studies were carried out on the most active EtOAc subextract was further subjected to fractionation through column chromatography. For the anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability models, and for the antinociceptive activity p-benzoquinone-induced writhing test in mice were employed.

RESULTS

Ethanolic extract of the leaves was shown to possess significant inhibitory activity in the assay methods without inducing any gastric damage. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures three phenolic compounds, 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid (1), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and (+)-catechin (3) were isolated from the active fraction and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques (1D and 2D NMR, ESIMS).

CONCLUSION

The experimental data verified that Laurocerasus officinalis leaves displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity.

Chemical Composition of Natural Colophony from Pinus Brutia and Comparison with Synthetic Colophony

The compositions of colophony resins obtained from Pinus brutia Ten trees by three different methods (acid paste, carved hole and scraping) from Ayvacık, Gökova and Kemalpaşa in Turkey were analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The main components were the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, and Δ3-carene, and the diterpenic resin acids palustric, abietic, kaur-9(11)-16-en-18-oic and neoabietic acid. The synthetic colophony resins exhibited similar contents to those of the natural resins obtained from the Gökova and Kemalpaşa regions of Turkey. However, colophony resins from Ayvacık exhibited only half the diterpenic acid content as those of the Gökova and Kemalpaşa resins. Out of the three techniques, the carved hole method caused rather different percentages in the constituents of the essential oils.

Chemical composition of natural colophony from Pinus brutia and comparison with synthetic colophony

The compositions of colophony resins obtained from Pinus brutia Ten trees by three different methods (acid paste, carved hole and scraping) from Ayvacik, Gökova and Kemalpaşa in Turkey were analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The main components were the monoterpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and delta3-carene, and the diterpenic resin acids palustric, abietic, kaur-9(11)-16-en-18-oic and neoabietic acid. The synthetic colophony resins exhibited similar contents to those of the natural resins obtained from the Gökova and Kemalpaşa regions of Turkey. However, colophony resins from Ayvacik exhibited only half the diterpenic acid content as those of the Gökova and Kemalpaşa resins. Out of the three techniques, the carved hole method caused rather different percentages in the constituents of the essential oils.

Fatty Acid Composition of Heliotropium Species (Boraginaceae): A First Chemical Report on the New Species H. Thermophilum

Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of H. thermophilum Kit Tan, A. Celik & Y. Gemici, sp. nova, H. europaeum L., and H. hirsutissimum L. (Boraginaceae) were analyzed by GC/MS. The main fatty acid methyl esters were determined to be of palmitic (39.8–40.6%), linoleic (32.4–33.2%), oleic (10.6–12.1%) and stearic acids (7.9–8.5%). γ-Linolenic acid was found to be a minor component of the seed oils of the reported species. This is the first chemical report on the fatty acid composition of H. thermophilum, along with chemotaxonomic evaluation of the species.

Total synthesis of (+/-)-4'-demethylmacrophyllol, a naturally occurring compound

The naturally occurring compound 4'-Demethylmacrophyllol (1), 8-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isochroman-1-one, was synthesized starting from 4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3) and a phosphonium salt (2) in four steps with an overall yield of 44%. This is the first report on the total synthesis of 4'-demethylmacrophyllol (1). The structures of compounds were determined by NMR and MS and elemental analysis techniques.

Fatty acid composition of seeds of some species ofNepetaL

The fatty acid compositions of Nepeta viscida, N. cilicica, N. crinita, N. nuda ssp. glandulifera and N. aristata were analyzed by GC/MS. The main free fatty acids were found as linolenic acid (49.8-58.5%), linoleic acid (10.9-23.5%), oleic acid (11.5-19.2%), palmitic acid (5.2-6.8%) and stearic acid (2.0-3.7%) and, total fatty acid compositions of species were analyzed and results were found as 36.2-49.8%, 17.1-25.8%, 15.4-25.8%, 6.4-7.8%, and 2.7-4.1%, respectively.

Analysis of essential oil of Satureja thymbra by hydrodistillation, thermal desorber, and headspace GC/MS techniques and its antimicrobial activity

The essential oil composition of Satureja thymbra was analyzed by direct thermal desorber and Headspace GC/MS analysis methods. Its constituents were determined to be mainly carvacrol (40.15%), gamma-terpinene (26.56%), p-cymene (16.39%), and thymol (13.16%). The other techniques, thermal desorber and Headspace GC/MS, were used for the plant leaves at three different temperature, which showed similar results. The thermal desorber GC/MS gave better and more sensitive results than Headspace GC/MS. The essential oil was found to be active against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, and Staphylococcus aureus and the yeast Candida albicans.

DNA damaging activities of methanol extract of Ajuga postii and iridoid glucoside reptoside

An iridoid glucoside reptoside (1) has been isolated as a DNA damaging active agent by bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of Ajuga postii. Furthermore, from the acetone extract of A. postii two known triterpenic compounds ursolic acid, alpha-amyrin and two steroidal compounds (24S)-24-ethylcholesta-5,25-dien-3beta-ol and beta-sitosterol were isolated. Their structures were elucidated based on 1D and 2D NMR techniques and mass data.

Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of atropine and obidoxime in a parenteral injection device

Atropine and obidoxime in a parenteral injection device are determined by simple HPLC method simultaneously without any pretreatment at 228 nm. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were below 1.6% for the compounds. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.999 for both compounds in the calibration range. The recoveries at 5 mg/L concentration averaged as 95% for atropine and 102% for obidoxime. The uncertainty of the measurements for atropine and obidoxime was 2.8% and 2.4%, respectively.

Brominated sesquiterpenes from the red alga Laurencia obtusa

Four new sesquiterpenes, (8R)-8-bromo-10-epi-beta-snyderol (1), (8S)-8-bromo-beta-snyderol (2), 5-bromo-3-(3'-hydroxy-3'-methylpent-4'-enylidene)-2,4,4-trimethylcyclohexanone (3), and the epoxide 4, have been isolated from the chloroform-methanol extract of Laurencia obtusa, together with the three known compounds alpha-snyderol (5), alpha-snyderol acetate (6), and stigmasterol. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 showed antimalarial activity, with IC(50) values of 2700 and 4000 ng/mL against the D6 and W2 clones of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively.

Cytotoxic and DNA damaging activity of some aporphine alkaloids from Stephania dinklagei

Six aporphine alkaloids, liriodenine, corydine, isocorydine, atherospermidine, stephalagine and dehydrostephalagine, were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract of the stems of Stephania dinklagei. Liriodenine showed strong cytotoxic activity while corydine and atherospermidine showed DNA damaging activity. Dehydrostephalagine and atherospermidine were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Fatty acid composition of seeds of Satureja thymbra and S. cuneifolia

The chemical composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from seeds of S. thymbra and S. cuneifolia were analyzed by GC/MS. 7 FAMEs were identified from the seeds of S. thymbra mainly as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (43.9%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (11.4%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (30.2%), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (14.1%), while from the seed of S. cuneifolia 10 FAMEs were obtained with the main components, similar to S. thymbra. These were identified as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.1%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate, 34.6%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.3%) and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.8%).

A new antibacterial diterpene from the roots of Salvia caespitosa

From the roots of Saliva caespitosa Montbret and Aucher ex. Bentham a new diterpene 6beta-hydroxyisopimaric acid (1) has been isolated together with four known diterpenes, one new triterpenoid, 3-acetylvergatic acid (2), as well as five known triterpenoids, two steroids and a flavone. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were tested against standard bacterial strains. Only the new diterpene, 6beta-hydroxyisopimaric acid has strong activity (MIC 9 microg/ml) against S. aureus and (MIC 18 microg/ml) against S. epidermidis as well as against B. subtilis (MIC 9 microg/ml).

Diterpenes from Sideritis trojana

Six known ent-kaurene, a new ent-kaurane and a new pimarane diterpenes were isolated from Sideritis trojana. The structures of new compounds were determined as ent-7alpha-15beta,16beta-epoxykaurane (1), and ent-2alpha-hydroxy-8(14),15-pimaradiene (2) along with the known compounds siderol (3), sideridiol (4), 7-epicandicandiol (5), isocandol B (6), candol A acetate (7) ent-7alpha-acetoxykaur-15-ene (8) by IR, 1D and 2D NMR techniques and HRMS.

Diterpenoids from Salvia ceratophylla

Salvia ceratophylla L. has yielded four known and two new diterpenoids together with two triterpenic acids, a steroid and a flavone. The structures of the compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses. One of the known compounds candidissiol exhibited a high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus mirabilis.

Triterpenoids of the roots of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas

The roots of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas afforded eleven known triterpenes, two steroids and two aromatics, in addition to two new triterpenes, 18-hydroxy-27-norolean-12,14-dien-30-al-28-oic acid and 3 beta-hydroxy-1-oxo-olean-12-ene-30-al-28-oic acid. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The chloroform extract and some isolated compounds were evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity against several mammalian cell lines.

Antibacterial diterpenes from the roots of Salvia blepharochlaena

The roots of Salvia blepharochlaena have yielded two new diterpenoids, blephaein (1) and O-methylpisiferic acid methyl ester (2), together with eight known diterpenoids. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis and by some chemical reactions. Potent antibacterial activity was exhibited by the known compounds horminone (9) and 7-acetylhorminone (10) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 P, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12226, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Horminone was also found to be active against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212.