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Sharafutdinov I, Harrer A, Müsken M, Rottner K, Sticht H, Täger C, Naumann M, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Cortactin-dependent control of Par1b-regulated epithelial cell polarity in Helicobacter infection. Cell Insight 2024; 3:100161. [PMID: 38646547 PMCID: PMC11033139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Cell polarity is crucial for gastric mucosal barrier integrity and mainly regulated by polarity-regulating kinase partitioning-defective 1b (Par1b). During infection, the carcinogen Helicobacter pylori hijacks Par1b via the bacterial oncoprotein CagA leading to loss of cell polarity, but the precise molecular mechanism is not fully clear. Here we discovered a novel function of the actin-binding protein cortactin in regulating Par1b, which forms a complex with cortactin and the tight junction protein zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). We found that serine phosphorylation at S405/418 and the SH3 domain of cortactin are important for its interaction with both Par1b and ZO-1. Cortactin knockout cells displayed disturbed Par1b cellular localization and exhibited morphological abnormalities that largely compromised transepithelial electrical resistance, epithelial cell polarity, and apical microvilli. H. pylori infection promoted cortactin/Par1b/ZO-1 abnormal interactions in the tight junctions in a CagA-dependent manner. Infection of human gastric organoid-derived mucosoids supported these observations. We therefore hypothesize that CagA disrupts gastric epithelial cell polarity by hijacking cortactin, and thus Par1b and ZO-1, suggesting a new signaling pathway for the development of gastric cancer by Helicobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Täger
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Ghatpande N, Harrer A, Azoulay-Botzer B, Guttmann-Raviv N, Bhushan S, Meinhardt A, Meyron-Holtz EG. Iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 have opposing roles in regulating inflammation in bacterial orchitis. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175845. [PMID: 38301068 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute bacterial orchitis (AO) is a prevalent cause of intrascrotal inflammation, often resulting in sub- or infertility. A frequent cause eliciting AO is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), a gram negative pathovar, characterized by the expression of various iron acquisition systems to survive in a low-iron environment. On the host side, iron is tightly regulated by iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and -2) and these factors are reported to play a role in testicular and immune cell function; however, their precise role remains unclear. Here, we showed in a mouse model of UPEC-induced orchitis that the absence of IRP1 results in less testicular damage and a reduced immune response. Compared with infected wild-type (WT) mice, testes of UPEC-infected Irp1-/- mice showed impaired ERK signaling. Conversely, IRP2 deletion led to a stronger inflammatory response. Notably, differences in immune cell infiltrations were observed among the different genotypes. In contrast with WT and Irp2-/- mice, no increase in monocytes and neutrophils was detected in testes of Irp1-/- mice upon UPEC infection. Interestingly, in Irp1-/- UPEC-infected testes, we observed an increase in a subpopulation of macrophages (F4/80+CD206+) associated with antiinflammatory and wound-healing activities compared with WT. These findings suggest that IRP1 deletion may protect against UPEC-induced inflammation by modulating ERK signaling and dampening the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Ghatpande
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bar Azoulay-Botzer
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Guttmann-Raviv
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Esther G Meyron-Holtz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
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Sharafutdinov I, Esmaeili DS, Harrer A, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Backert S. Campylobacter jejuni Serine Protease HtrA Cleaves the Tight Junction Component Claudin-8. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:590186. [PMID: 33364202 PMCID: PMC7752809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.590186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni express the high temperature requirement protein A (HtrA), a secreted serine protease, which is implicated in virulence properties of the pathogen. Previous studies have shown that C. jejuni HtrA can cleave the epithelial transmembrane proteins occludin and E-cadherin in the tight and adherens junctions, respectively. In the present report, we studied the interaction of HtrA with another human tight junction protein, claudin-8. Confocal immunofluorescence experiments have shown that C. jejuni infection of the intestinal polarized epithelial cells in vitro leads to a relocation of claudin-8. Wild-type C. jejuni induced the downregulation of claudin-8 signals in the tight junctions and an accumulation of claudin-8 agglomerates in the cytoplasm, which were not seen during infection with isogenic ΔhtrA knockout deletion or protease-inactive S197A point mutants. Western blotting of protein samples from infected vs. uninfected cells revealed that an 18-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment is cleaved-off from the 26-kDa full-length claudin-8 protein, but not during infection with the isogenic ΔhtrA mutant. These results were confirmed by in vitro cleavage assays using the purified recombinant C. jejuni HtrA and human claudin-8 proteins. Recombinant HtrA cleaved purified claudin-8 in vitro giving rise to the same 18-kDa sized carboxy-terminal cleavage product. Mapping studies revealed that HtrA cleavage occurs in the first extracellular loop of claudin-8. Three-dimensional modeling of the claudin-8 structure identified an exposed HtrA cleavage site between the amino acids alanine 58 and asparagine 59, which is in well agreement with the mapping studies. Taken together, HtrA operates as a secreted virulence factor targeting multiple proteins both in the tight and adherens junctions. This strategy may help the bacteria to open the cell-to-cell junctions, and to transmigrate across the intestinal epithelium by a paracellular mechanism and establish an acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Delara Soltan Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Harrer A, Lang R, Kölblinger P. Epitope competition and neutralizing antidrug antibodies: immune monitoring of antiprogrammed death‐1 therapies and lessons learned from natalizumab. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:404. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Harrer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
- Department of Neurology Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - R. Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - P. Kölblinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
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Zarzecka U, Harrer A, Zawilak-Pawlik A, Skorko-Glonek J, Backert S. Chaperone activity of serine protease HtrA of Helicobacter pylori as a crucial survival factor under stress conditions. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:161. [PMID: 31796064 PMCID: PMC6892219 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease HtrA exhibits both proteolytic and chaperone activities, which are involved in cellular protein quality control. Moreover, HtrA is an important virulence factor in many pathogens including Helicobacter pylori, for which the crucial stage of infection is the cleavage of E-cadherin and other cell-to-cell junction proteins. METHODS The in vitro study of H. pylori HtrA (HtrAHp) chaperone activity was carried out using light scattering assays and investigation of lysozyme protein aggregates. We produced H. pylori ∆htrA deletion and HtrAHp point mutants without proteolytic activity in strain N6 and investigated the survival of the bacteria under thermal, osmotic, acidic and general stress conditions as well as the presence of puromycin or metronidazole using serial dilution tests and disk diffusion method. The levels of cellular and secreted proteins were examined using biochemical fraction and Western blotting. We also studied the proteolytic activity of secreted HtrAHp using zymography and the enzymatic digestion of β-casein. Finally, the consequences of E-cadherin cleavage were determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that HtrAHp displays chaperone activity that inhibits the aggregation of lysozyme and is stable under various pH and temperature conditions. Next, we could show that N6 expressing only HtrA chaperone activity grow well under thermal, pH and osmotic stress conditions, and in the presence of puromycin or metronidazole. In contrast, in the absence of the entire htrA gene the bacterium was more sensitive to a number of stresses. Analysing the level of cellular and secreted proteins, we noted that H. pylori lacking the proteolytic activity of HtrA display reduced levels of secreted HtrA. Moreover, we compared the amounts of secreted HtrA from several clinical H. pylori strains and digestion of β-casein. We also demonstrated a significant effect of the HtrAHp variants during infection of human epithelial cells and for E-cadherin cleavage. CONCLUSION Here we identified the chaperone activity of the HtrAHp protein and have proven that this activity is important and sufficient for the survival of H. pylori under multiple stress conditions. We also pinpointed the importance of HtrAHp chaperone activity for E- cadherin degradation and therefore for the virulence of this eminent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Zarzecka
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Zawilak-Pawlik
- Department of Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Harrer A, Bücker R, Boehm M, Zarzecka U, Tegtmeyer N, Sticht H, Schulzke JD, Backert S. Campylobacter jejuni enters gut epithelial cells and impairs intestinal barrier function through cleavage of occludin by serine protease HtrA. Gut Pathog 2019; 11:4. [PMID: 30805031 PMCID: PMC6373145 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-019-0283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni secretes HtrA (high temperature requirement protein A), a serine protease that is involved in virulence. Here, we investigated the interaction of HtrA with the host protein occludin, a tight junction strand component. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that infection of polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells with C. jejuni strain 81-176 resulted in a redistribution of occludin away from the tight junctions into the cytoplasm, an effect that was also observed in human biopsies during acute campylobacteriosis. Occludin knockout Caco-2 cells were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Inactivation of this gene affected the polarization of the cells in monolayers and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was reduced, compared to wild-type Caco-2 cells. Although tight junctions were still being formed, occludin deficiency resulted in a slight decrease of the tight junction plaque protein ZO-1, which was redistributed off the tight junction into the lateral plasma membrane. Adherence of C. jejuni to Caco-2 cell monolayers was similar between the occludin knockout compared to wild-type cells, but invasion was enhanced, indicating that deletion of occludin allowed larger numbers of bacteria to pass the tight junctions and to reach basal membranes to target the fibronectin receptor followed by cell entry. Finally, we discovered that purified C. jejuni HtrA cleaves recombinant occludin in vitro to release a 37 kDa carboxy-terminal fragment. The same cleavage fragment was observed in Western blots upon infection of polarized Caco-2 cells with wild-type C. jejuni, but not with isogenic ΔhtrA mutants. HtrA cleavage was mapped to the second extracellular loop of occludin, and a putative cleavage site was identified. In conclusion, HtrA functions as a secreted protease targeting the tight junctions, which enables the bacteria by cleaving occludin and subcellular redistribution of other tight junction proteins to transmigrate using a paracellular mechanism and subsequently invade epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Harrer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Urszula Zarzecka
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,4Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- 3Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg D Schulzke
- 2Institut für Klinische Physiologie, Med. Klinik m.S. Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- 1Division of Microbiology, Dept. of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Tegtmeyer N, Harrer A, Schmitt V, Singer BB, Backert S. Expression of CEACAM1 or CEACAM5 in AZ-521 cells restores the type IV secretion deficiency for translocation of CagA byHelicobacter pylori. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12965. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
| | - Verena Schmitt
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Bernhard B. Singer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology; Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen; Erlangen Germany
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Tegtmeyer N, Wessler S, Necchi V, Rohde M, Harrer A, Rau TT, Asche CI, Boehm M, Loessner H, Figueiredo C, Naumann M, Palmisano R, Solcia E, Ricci V, Backert S. Helicobacter pylori Employs a Unique Basolateral Type IV Secretion Mechanism for CagA Delivery. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:552-560.e5. [PMID: 29024645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori (Hp) type IV secretion system (T4SS) forms needle-like pili, whose binding to the integrin-β1 receptor results in injection of the CagA oncoprotein. However, the apical surface of epithelial cells is exposed to Hp, whereas integrins are basolateral receptors. Hence, the mechanism of CagA delivery into polarized gastric epithelial cells remains enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that T4SS pilus formation during infection of polarized cells occurs predominantly at basolateral membranes, and not at apical sites. Hp accomplishes this by secreting another bacterial protein, the serine protease HtrA, which opens cell-to-cell junctions through cleaving epithelial junctional proteins including occludin, claudin-8, and E-cadherin. Using a genetic system expressing a peptide inhibitor, we demonstrate that HtrA activity is necessary for paracellular transmigration of Hp across polarized cell monolayers to reach basolateral membranes and inject CagA. The contribution of this unique signaling cascade to Hp pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vittorio Necchi
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Microscopy Unit, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aileen Harrer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Isabell Asche
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Loessner
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Department of Microbiology, Langen, Germany
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- University of Porto, i3S, IPATIMUP, Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael Naumann
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical Imaging Centre, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Enrico Solcia
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ricci
- Pathologic Anatomy and Human Physiology Units and Centro Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Harrer A, Boehm M, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Overexpression of serine protease HtrA enhances disruption of adherens junctions, paracellular transmigration and type IV secretion of CagA by Helicobacter pylori. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:40. [PMID: 28770008 PMCID: PMC5526239 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serine protease HtrA is an important factor for regulating stress responses and protein quality control in bacteria. In recent studies, we have demonstrated that the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori can secrete HtrA into the extracellular environment, where it cleaves-off the ectodomain of the tumor suppressor and adherens junction protein E-cadherin on gastric epithelial cells. RESULTS E-cadherin cleavage opens cell-to-cell junctions, allowing paracellular transmigration of the bacteria across polarized monolayers of MKN-28 and Caco-2 epithelial cells. However, rapid research progress on HtrA function is mainly hampered by the lack of ΔhtrA knockout mutants, suggesting that htrA may represent an essential gene in H. pylori. To circumvent this major handicap and to investigate the role of HtrA further, we overexpressed HtrA by introducing a second functional htrA gene copy in the chromosome and studied various virulence properties of the bacteria. The resulting data demonstrate that overexpression of HtrA in H. pylori gives rise to elevated rates of HtrA secretion, cleavage of E-cadherin, bacterial transmigration and delivery of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector protein CagA into polarized epithelial cells, but did not affect IL-8 chemokine production or the secretion of vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase GGT. CONCLUSIONS These data provide for the first time genetic evidence in H. pylori that HtrA is a novel major virulence factor controlling multiple pathogenic activities of this important microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Harrer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manja Boehm
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Harrer A, Schwarz B, Schuler S, Reininger P, Wirthmüller A, Detz H, MacFarland D, Zederbauer T, Andrews AM, Rothermund M, Oppermann H, Schrenk W, Strasser G. 4.3 μm quantum cascade detector in pixel configuration. Opt Express 2016; 24:17041-17049. [PMID: 27464155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.017041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the design simulation and characterization of a quantum cascade detector operating at 4.3μm wavelength. Array integration and packaging processes were investigated. The device operates in the 4.3μm CO2 absorption region and consists of 64 pixels. The detector is designed fully compatible to standard processing and material growth methods for scalability to large pixel counts. The detector design is optimized for a high device resistance at elevated temperatures. A QCD simulation model was enhanced for resistance and responsivity optimization. The substrate illuminated pixels utilize a two dimensional Au diffraction grating to couple the light to the active region. A single pixel responsivity of 16mA/W at room temperature with a specific detectivity D* of 5⋅107 cmHz/W was measured.
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Harrer A, Pilz G, Wipfler P, Oppermann K, Sellner J, Hitzl W, Haschke-Becher E, Afazel S, Rispens T, van der Kleij D, Trinka E, Kraus J. High interindividual variability in the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio and natalizumab concentration levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:383-92. [PMID: 25603898 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongly decreased leucocyte counts and a reduced CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of natalizumab (NZB)-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients may have implications on central nervous (CNS) immune surveillance. With regard to NZB-associated progressive multi-focal leucoencephalopathy, we aimed at delineating a relationship between free NZB, cell-bound NZB, adhesion molecule (AM) expression and the treatment-associated shift in the CSF T cell ratio. Peripheral blood (PB) and CSF T cells from 15 NZB-treated MS patients, and CSF T cells from 10 patients with non-inflammatory neurological diseases and five newly diagnosed MS patients were studied. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), leucocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1), very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), NZB saturation levels, and T cell ratios were analysed by flow cytometry. NZB concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lower NZB saturation levels (P<0.02) and a higher surface expression of ICAM-1 and LFA-1 (P<0.001) were observed on CSF CD8 T cells. CSF T cell ratios (0.3-2.1) and NZB concentrations (0.01-0.42 µg/ml) showed a pronounced interindividual variance. A correlation between free NZB, cell-bound NZB or AM expression levels and the CSF T cell ratio was not found. Extremely low NZB concentrations and a normalized CSF T cell ratio were observed in one case. The differential NZB saturation and AM expression of CSF CD8 T cells may contribute to their relative enrichment in the CSF. The reduced CSF T cell ratio appeared sensitive to steady-state NZB levels, as normalization occurred quickly. The latter may be important concerning a fast reconstitution of CNS immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - G Pilz
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - K Oppermann
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universät München, Germany
| | - W Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Afazel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - T Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D van der Kleij
- Laboratory for Monoclonal Therapeutics, Sanquin Diagnostics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Kraus
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Neurology, A.ö. Krankenhaus Zell am See, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Zell am See, Austria
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Hegen H, Guger M, Harrer A, Hoelzl M, Kraus J, Skrobal A, Schautzer F, Schmidegg S, Schocke M, Deisenhammer F. High-dose intravenous interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis patients with high-titer neutralizing antibodies (HINABS II) - A pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 3:220-6. [PMID: 25878009 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against interferon-beta (IFNβ) affect its treatment efficacy. So far, there are no anti-NAb strategies available. OBJECTIVES To investigate if the repeated administration of high-dose IFNβ-1b intravenous in NAb positive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients induces tolerance and establishes IFNβ bioavailability as measured by the induction of myxovirus protein A (MxA). METHODS Nine MS patients with NAb titers >500 10-fold reduction units (TRU) received 1500μg IFNβ-1b intravenously once weekly over three months. Blood samples were collected at screening, monthly during the treatment period (before and four hours after IFNβ administration), and at follow-up after 6 months for determination of NAbs and MxA expression. RESULTS Median NAb titer at baseline was 1429TRU. NAb titers determined before each infusion did not significantly change over the treatment period and were not different at follow-up compared to baseline. However, NAb titers were significantly decreased four hours after IFNβ infusions (by roughly 50%) and MxA mRNA levels were significantly elevated reaching a median value of 206. CONCLUSIONS Weekly intravenous administration of IFNβ in patients with high NAb titers established its bioavailability, but failed to induce tolerance towards IFNβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hegen
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Guger
- Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz, Department of Neurology, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - A Harrer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Neurology, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Hoelzl
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Kraus
- Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Neurology, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Skrobal
- Landesklinikum Horn, Department of Neurology, Spitalgase 10, 3580 Horn, Austria
| | - F Schautzer
- Landeskrankenhaus Villach, Department of Neurology, Nikolaigasse 43, 9500 Villach, Austria
| | - S Schmidegg
- Allgemeines Krankenhaus Linz, Department of Neurology, Krankenhausstraße 9, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - M Schocke
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Radiology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - F Deisenhammer
- Innsbruck Medical University, Department of Neurology, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Jüdes A, Ebert F, Bär C, Thüring KL, Harrer A, Klassen R, Helm M, Stark MJ, Schaffrath R. Urmylation and tRNA thiolation functions of ubiquitin-like Uba4·Urm1 systems are conserved from yeast to man. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:904-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Wipfler P, Harrer A, Pilz G, Oppermann K, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Sellner J, Trinka E, Kraus J. Natalizumab saturation: biomarker for individual treatment holiday after natalizumab withdrawal? Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 129:e12-5. [PMID: 24032536 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More and more patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) switch from natalizumab to fingolimod because of the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The duration of the treatment holiday is still under debate referring to a possible recurrence of disease activity. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of natalizumab saturation on T cells for the recurrence of clinical and radiological disease activity. METHODS Cell surface-bound natalizumab saturation (in%) of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells from five patients with MS was determined before initiation of fingolimod by flow cytometry and related to clinical and MRI outcome during a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS In two patients with either clinical or radiological disease activity, the natalizumab saturation on CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was <30%. In contrast, the remaining three patients with absence of disease activity had a median natalizumab saturation of 70% (range 59-79%) on CD4+ and 66% (range 52-68%) on CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The data of this pilot study indicate that clinical and radiological disease activity is closely linked to natalizumab saturation at the time point of switch. The determination of natalizumab saturation may be an essential tool to monitor cessation of natalizumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wipfler
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Harrer
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - G. Pilz
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - K. Oppermann
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - S. Afazel
- Central Laboratory; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - E. Haschke-Becher
- Central Laboratory; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - J. Sellner
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
- Department of Neurology; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - E. Trinka
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - J. Kraus
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
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15
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Sellner J, Koczi W, Harrer A, Oppermann K, Obregon-Castrillo E, Pilz G, Wipfler P, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Trinka E, Kraus J. Glatiramer acetate attenuates the pro-migratory profile of adhesion molecules on various immune cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:381-9. [PMID: 23611040 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An altered expression pattern of adhesion molecules (AM) on the surface of immune cells is a premise for their extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) and the formation of acute brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated the impact of glatiramer acetate (GA) on cell-bound and soluble AM in the peripheral blood of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Fifteen patients treated de novo with GA were studied on four occasions over a period of 12 months. Surface levels of intracellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, ICAM-3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 and very late activation antigen (VLA)-4 were assessed in T cells (CD3(+) CD8(+) , CD3(+) CD4(+) ), B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T cells (NK T) and monocytes by five-colour flow cytometry. Soluble E-selectin, ICAM-1, ICAM-3, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1, P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were determined with a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. The pro-migratory pattern in RRMS was verified by comparison with healthy controls and was characterized by up-regulation of LFA-1 (CD3(+) CD4(+) T cells, B cells), VLA-4 (CD3(+) CD8(+) T cells, NK cells), ICAM-1 (B cells) and ICAM-3 (NK cells). Effects of GA treatment were most pronounced after 6 months and included attenuated levels of LFA-1 (CD3(+) CD4(+) ) and VLA-4 (CD3(+) CD4(+) , CD3(+) CD8(+) , NK, NK T, monocytes). Further effects included lowering of ICAM-1 and ICAM-3 levels in almost all immune cell subsets. Soluble AM levels in RRMS did not differ from healthy controls and remained unaltered after GA treatment. The deregulated pro-migratory expression profile of cell-bound AM is altered by GA treatment. While this alteration may contribute to the beneficial action of the drug, the protracted development and unselective changes indicate more secondary immune regulatory phenomena related to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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16
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Wipfler P, Harrer A, Pilz G, Oppermann K, Haschke-Becher E, Afazel S, Sellner J, Trinka E, Kraus J. Natalizumab saturation: Biomarker for individual treatment holiday after natalizumab withdrawal? J Neurol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Pilz G, Harrer A, Wipfler P, Oppermann K, Sellner J, Fazekas F, Kraus J, Trinka E. Tumefactive MS lesions under fingolimod: A case report and literature review. J Neurol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Harrer A, Tumani H, Niendorf S, Lauda F, Geis C, Weishaupt A, Kleinschnitz C, Rauer S, Kuhle J, Stangel M, Weber F, Uhr M, Linnebank M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Guger M, Ayzenberg I, Chan A, Zettl U, Wiendl H, Pilz G, Hitzl W, Weber JR, Kraus J. Cerebrospinal fluid parameters of B cell-related activity in patients with active disease during natalizumab therapy. Mult Scler 2012; 19:1209-12. [PMID: 23093485 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512463483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the disappearance of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a few natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported. This is interesting since CSF-restricted OCB are believed to persist in MS. We pooled CSF data from 14 MS centers to obtain an adequate sample size for investigating the suspected changes in central nervous system (CNS)-restricted humoral immune activities in the context of natalizumab therapy. In a retrospective chart analysis, CSF parameters of blood-CSF barrier integrity and intrathecal IgG production from 73 natalizumab-treated MS patients requiring a diagnostic puncture for exclusion of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were compared with CSF data obtained earlier in the course of disease before natalizumab therapy. At the time of repeat lumbar puncture, local IgG production (according to Reibergram) was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) and OCB had disappeared in 16% of the patients. We therefore conclude that natalizumab therapy interferes with intrathecal antibody production at least in a significant number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria.
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19
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Broussalis E, Hutterer M, Oppermann K, Wipfler P, Pilz G, Harrer A, Haschke-Becher E, Golaszewski S, Schönauer U, Weis S, Killer-Oberpfalzer M, Mc Coy M, Trinka E, Kraus J. Isolated leptomeningeal infiltration of a primary CNS B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry and confirmed by necropsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2012; 126:e11-6. [PMID: 22211863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of the isolated leptomeningeal involvement of a primary central nervous system B-cell lymphoma without parenchyma lesions may be difficult. Patients with leptomeningeal meningeosis lymphomatosa can present with various neurologic deficits. AIMS OF THE STUDY To demonstrate the impact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow cytometry in the diagnosis of an isolated leptomeningeal manifestation of B-cell lymphoma by presenting an interesting case report. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of B-cell monoclonality of the CSF was performed as complementary diagnostic procedure in addition to CSF cytology. Final diagnosis was confirmed by necropsy. RESULTS We suspected isolated leptomeningeal manifestation of B-cell lymphoma with palsy of the VI and VII cranial nerves in a 79-year-old male, because of mononuclear pleocytosis in CSF. Interestingly, the decisive diagnostic hint was given by implementation of flow cytometry of the CSF. Diagnosis was confirmed by postmortem autopsy. CONCLUSION Our case shows that flow cytometry of the CSF in addition to conventional CSF cytology has the potential to accelerate diagnosis of lymphomeningeal infiltration of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Broussalis
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - M. Hutterer
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - K. Oppermann
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - P. Wipfler
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - G. Pilz
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - A. Harrer
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - E. Haschke-Becher
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Central Laboratory; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - S. Golaszewski
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Central Laboratory; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - U. Schönauer
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Central Laboratory; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - S. Weis
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology; Wagner-JaureggHospital; Linz; Austria
| | - M. Killer-Oberpfalzer
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - M. Mc Coy
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Radiology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - E. Trinka
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
| | - J. Kraus
- SalzburgerLandeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik; Department of Neurology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg; Austria
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20
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Wipfler P, Heikkinen A, Harrer A, Pilz G, Kunz A, Golaszewski SM, Reuss R, Oschmann P, Kraus J. Circadian rhythmicity of inflammatory serum parameters: a neglected issue in the search of biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2012; 260:221-7. [PMID: 22875099 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-012-6622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory serum parameters are intensely investigated in the search of biomarkers for disease activity and treatment response in multiple sclerosis (MS). A reason for contradictory results might be the timing of blood collection for analyzing serum concentrations of inflammatory parameters which are subject to diurnal changes. We included 34 untreated patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. 12 MS patients showed acute disease activity in corresponding MRI scans. Blood samples were obtained at 7.00, 11.00 am, 2.30, 6.00 and 9.30 pm within 1 day. We determined serum levels of cortisol and inflammatory markers including soluble tumor necrosis factor-beta (sTNF-β), soluble TNF-Receptor-1 (sTNF-R1) and -2 (sTNF-2), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) by ELISA. We observed significantly higher serum levels of sTNF-R1 (p < 0.001) and sTNF-R2 (p < 0.001) in the morning and a significant decline of sICAM-1 (p < 0.005) and sVCAM-1 (p < 0.001) in the afternoon in both, MS patients and healthy controls. Comparison of diurnal serum levels between MS patients with active versus with non-active disease revealed significantly higher serum levels of sVCAM-1 (p < 0.05) around noon and in the early afternoon in MS patients with active disease. A significant decline of sICAM-1 (p < 0.05) in the afternoon was seen in MS patients with active and non-active disease. Our data indicate that increased awareness of potential diurnal serum concentration changes of biomarkers can eliminate one major cause of biased data as they occur in most of the investigated immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University and Salzburger Landeskliniken, Ignaz-Harrer-Strasse 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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Hegen H, Guger M, Harrer A, Hoelzl M, Kraus J, Skrobal A, Schautzer F, Schmidegg S, Deisenhammer F. Immune Tolerance Induction with High-Dose Intravenous Interferon-beta in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Neutralizing Antibodies - A Pilot Study (P04.121). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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22
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Kraus J, Zaunrieth R, Obregon-Castrillo E, Oppermann K, Pilz G, Wipfler P, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Golaszewski S, Hitzl W, Trinka E, Harrer A. Serum Levels of Soluble Adhesion Molecules Remain Stable during Short- and Long-Term Interferon-beta-1b Treatment (P02.144). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Kraus J, Oppermann K, Pilz G, Wipfler P, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Trinka E, Harrer A. Natalizumab Treatment Effects Sustained Decrease in Serum Levels of Fibronectin and Soluble Adhesion Molecules sVCAM-1 and sICAM-3 (P02.114). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pilz G, Harrer A, Oppermann K, Wipfler P, Golaszewski S, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Trinka E, Kraus J. Molecular evidence of transient therapeutic effectiveness of natalizumab despite high-titre neutralizing antibodies. Mult Scler 2011; 18:506-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458511423650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha-4 integrin subunit of very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4). Natalizumab neutralizing antibodies (NAB) have been found to significantly reduce beneficial effects of natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis. We investigated interactions of NAB with natalizumab by serial measurements of alpha-4 integrin levels on peripheral blood mononuclear cells using flow cytometry. In addition, serum concentrations of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), the endothelial ligand of VLA-4, and serum NAB were serially determined. Natalizumab infusion led to a transient reduction in alpha-4 integrin levels on immune cells and serum sVCAM-1 levels along with serum negativity of NAB lasting for a few days post-infusion. Apparently, the high-dose effect of freshly infused natalizumab resulted in a transient neutralization of NAB possibly involving a transient therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pilz
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Harrer
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - K Oppermann
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P Wipfler
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Golaszewski
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Afazel
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Haschke-Becher
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Trinka
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J Kraus
- Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken; Christian-Doppler-Klinik, Department of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria
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Wipfler P, Oppermann K, Pilz G, Afazel S, Haschke-Becher E, Harrer A, Huemer M, Kunz A, Golaszewski S, Staffen W, Ladurner G, Kraus J. Adhesion molecules are promising candidates to establish surrogate markers for natalizumab treatment. Mult Scler 2010; 17:16-23. [PMID: 20937631 DOI: 10.1177/1352458510383075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natalizumab is the first monoclonal antibody therapy approved for multiple sclerosis (MS). Its therapeutic mechanism is the blockade of the α4-integrin subunit of the adhesion molecule (AM) very late activation antigen-4 (VLA-4), which leads to an inhibition of immune cell extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS We investigated changes in the expression levels of unblocked α4-integrin and further AM (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, -2, -3 (cICAM-1, -2, -3), leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) determined by flow cytometry from 25 patients with MS before the first natalizumab infusion and before the fourth infusion. In 15 MS patients AM expression was evaluated every 3 months over 1 year. RESULTS We found a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) of unblocked α4-integrin cell surface expression on all investigated PBMC subsets (T cells -61.7%, B cells -69.1%, monocytes/macrophages -46.4%) in the blood of MS patients after 3 months of natalizumab treatment. Moreover, a continuous decrease (p < 0.05) of unblocked α4-integrin expression levels was seen after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. As a secondary effect, expression levels of the other investigated AM were differentially affected. CONCLUSIONS Results show a sustained decrease of unblocked α4-integrin expression not only in all patients but also in all investigated PBMC subsets. This probably results in a continuously decreasing transmigration of PBMC into the CNS and may explain the improved clinical efficacy in the second treatment year and also the increasing risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during long-term natalizumab therapy. We conclude that AM expression profiles are promising candidates for the development of a biomarker system to determine both natalizumab treatment response and patients at risk for opportunistic CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wipfler
- Paracelsus Medical University, Christian-Doppler-Klinik, University Hospital of Neurology, Salzburg, Austria.
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Abstract
Recent evidence exists that the expression of the Leu-3/T4 antigen is not restricted to thymus-derived lymphocytes but can also be detected on mononuclear phagocytes and epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). When searching for the presence of Leu-3/T4 antigen-bearing cells in tissue sections of a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic skin disorders, we observed quantitative and qualitative differences in the intensity of anti-Leu-3a labeling of epidermal dendritic cells. Reasoning that Leu-3/T4 expression by these cells might be a dynamic event, we compared the anti-Leu-3a LC staining pattern in clinically normal-appearing skin (CNAS) with the expression of this antigen on epidermal dendritic cells in a variety of skin disorders. For this purpose, 4-microns cryostat sections were exposed to the monoclonal anti-Leu-3a reagent and antibody binding was visualized by a sensitive 4-step immunoperoxidase technique. Within CNAS, Leu-3a+ dendritic epidermal cells were visualized at the threshold of detectability. Immunoelectron microscopic studies confirmed the LC nature of these cells. In sharp contrast to CNAS, strong and prominent anti-Leu-3a LC labeling was almost invariably encountered in biopsy specimens from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and various inflammatory conditions but not in proliferative disorders of resident skin cells. Whereas in CNAS the density of T6+ epidermal dendritic cells greatly exceeded that of anti-Leu-3a-reactive dendritic cells, these differences were less pronounced in diseased skin. Our results: confirm earlier observations that epidermal LC may bear Leu-3/T4 antigens; and in addition, suggest that the degree of Leu-3/T4 expression is regulated by signals from inflammatory cells. The induction of class II alloantigen receptors on class II alloantigen-bearing LC may represent an important regulation mechanism of antigen-presenting cell function.
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