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Figueroa EG, Caballero-Román A, Ticó JR, Miñarro M, Nardi-Ricart A, González-Candia A. miRNA nanoencapsulation to regulate the programming of the blood-brain barrier permeability by hypoxia. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022; 3:100129. [PMID: 36568262 PMCID: PMC9780061 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases are difficult to treat as most therapeutic agents they cannot reach the brain tissue, mainly due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), arguably the tightest barrier between the human body and cerebral parenchyma, which routinely excludes most xenobiotic therapeutics compounds. The BBB is a multicellular complex that structurally forms the neurovascular unit (NVU) and is organized by neuro-endothelial and glial cells. BBB breakdown and dysfunction from the cerebrovascular cells lead to leakages of systemic components from the blood into the CNS, contributing to neurological deficits. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate BBB permeability and disruption is essential for establishing future therapeutic strategies to restore permeability and improve cerebrovascular health. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of small non-coding RNAs, are emerging as an important regulator of BBB integrity by modulating gene expression by targeting mRNA transcripts. miRNAs is implicated in the development and progression of various illnesses. Conversely, nanoparticle carriers offer unprecedented opportunities for cell-specific controlled delivery of miRNAs for therapeutic purposes. In this sense, we present in this graphical review critical evidence in the regulation of cell junction expression mediated by miRNAs induced by hypoxia and for the use of nanoparticles for the delivery of miRNA-based therapeutics in the treatment of BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G. Figueroa
- Laboratory of Fetal Neuroprogramming, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Aitor Caballero-Román
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep R. Ticó
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Miñarro
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Nardi-Ricart
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona. Avda. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandro González-Candia
- Laboratory of Fetal Neuroprogramming, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
- Corresponding author. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 611, Rancagua, Chile.
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Figueroa EG, González-Candia A, Caballero-Román A, Fornaguera C, Escribano-Ferrer E, García-Celma MJ, Herrera EA. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in hemorrhagic transformation: a therapeutic opportunity for nanoparticles and melatonin. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2025-2033. [PMID: 33909508 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00638.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, estimated that one-sixth of the world population will suffer it once in their life. The most common type of this medical condition is the ischemic stroke (IS), produced by a thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a major cerebral artery or its branches, leading to the formation of a complex infarct region caused by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and endothelial dysfunction. Nowadays, the immediate treatment for IS involves thrombolytic agents or mechanical thrombectomy, depending on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A common stroke complication is the hemorrhagic transformation (HT), which consists of bleeding into the ischemic brain area. Currently, better treatments for IS are urgently needed. As such, the neurohormone melatonin has been proposed as a good candidate due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, particularly against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress during brain ischemia. Here, we proposed to develop intravenous or intranasal melatonin nanoformulation to specifically target the brain in patients with stroke. Nowadays, the challenge is to find a formulation able to cross the barriers and reach the target organ in an effective dose to generate the pharmacological effect. In this review, we discuss the current literature about stroke pathophysiology, melatonin properties, and its potential use in nanoformulations as a novel therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Figueroa
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, R+D Associated Unit to Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro González-Candia
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.,Laboratory of Vascular Function and Reactivity, Pathophysiology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aitor Caballero-Román
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, R+D Associated Unit to Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elvira Escribano-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, R+D Associated Unit to Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José García-Celma
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, R+D Associated Unit to Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research Network in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio A Herrera
- Laboratory of Vascular Function and Reactivity, Pathophysiology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,International Center for Andean Studies, University of Chile, Putre, Chile
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