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Balakrishnan K, Krishnaa D, Balakrishnan G, Manickam M, Abdulkader AM, Dharumadurai D. Association of Bacterial Communities with Psychedelic Mushroom and Soil as Revealed in 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04527-5. [PMID: 37103739 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities' resident in the mushroom fruiting body and the soil around it play critical roles in the growth and propagation of the mushroom. Among the microbial communities associated with psychedelic mushrooms and the rhizosphere soil, bacterial communities are considered vital since their presence greatly influences the health of the mushrooms. The present study aimed at finding the microbiota present in the psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis and the soil the mushroom inhabits. The study was conducted at two different locations in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. The composition and structure of microbial communities in the mushroom fruiting body and the soil were deciphered. The genomes of the microbial communities were directly assessed. High-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed distinct microbial diversity in the mushroom and the related soil. The interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors appeared to have a significant impact on the mushroom and soil microbiome. The most abundant bacterial genera were Ochrobactrum, Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, and Brevundimonas. Thus, the study advances the knowledge of the composition of the microbiome and microbial ecology of a psychedelic mushroom, and paves the way for in-depth investigation of the influence of microbiota on the mushroom, with special emphasis on the impact of bacterial communities on mushroom growth. Further studies are required for a deeper understanding of the microbial communities that influence the growth of P. cubensis mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiyayini Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- National Centre for alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dheebhashriee Krishnaa
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowdhami Balakrishnan
- National Centre for alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthuselvam Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akbarsha Mohammad Abdulkader
- Mahatma Gandhi-Dorenkamp Centre, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology & Research Coordinator, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Davoodbasha MA, Saravanakumar K, Abdulkader AM, Lee SY, Kim JW. Synthesis of Biocompatible Cellulose-Coated Nanoceria with pH-Dependent Antioxidant Property. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2019; 2:1792-1801. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Ali Davoodbasha
- School of Life Sciences, BSA Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600048, Tamil Nadu, India
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea
| | - Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Akbarsha Mohammad Abdulkader
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education (MGDC), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
- Research Division, National College (Autonomous),, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sang-Yul Lee
- Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Kim
- Division of Bioengineering, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Surface Technology and Applications, Department of Materials Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang 10540, Republic of Korea
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Damodaran A, Reston Saroja B, Kotharambath R, Mohammad Abdulkader A, Oommen OV, Lekha D. Light and electron microscopic observations on the organization of skin and associated glands of two caecilian amphibians from Western Ghats of India. Micron 2018; 106:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rajmohamed MA, Natarajan S, Palanisamy P, Abdulkader AM, Govindaraju A. Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Terminalia chebula: Cell-free In vitro and In silico Studies. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S437-S445. [PMID: 29142396 PMCID: PMC5669079 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_57_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by memory loss and impaired cognitive function. Cholinergic enzyme deficiency and oxidative stress are the two major factors implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. The symptomatic treatment, as of now, is the use of cholinesterase inhibitors toward cholinergic "downturn." Therefore, there is a search for compounds that will be useful in focused therapies. There has been suggestion that Terminalia chebula fruit would be a potential source. Objective To assess the anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of T. chebula fruit which is widely practiced in the Ayurvedic medicines for memory enhancement. Materials and Methods Ethyl acetate extract of T. chebula fruit (TCEA) was subjected to phytochemical investigation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities and cell-free antioxidant activity. TCEA was further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) analysis. The bioactive compounds were analyzed for molecular docking with AChE and BuChE proteins. Results TCEA exhibited potent AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities comparable to the standard drug donepezil. In vitro cell-free antioxidant assays demonstrated that TCEA possesses excellent free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and potent metal-chelating activity. Total polyphenolic content of TCEA was 596.75 ± 0.35 µg gallic acid equivalents/mg of extract, which correlates with the antioxidant activity of TCEA. Molecular docking of compounds expounded in GC-MS analysis for AChE and BuChE enzyme activities revealed that methyl N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-beta-l-aspartyl)-beta-d-glucosaminide as the most potent compound with good predicted activities. Conclusion Overall, the results revealed that the bioactive molecule methyl N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-beta-l-aspartyl)-beta-d-glucosaminide present in TCEA is a potential depressant for the treatment of AD and related neurodegenerative disorders. SUMMARY The present study was carried out to assess the neuroprotective effect of Terminalia chebula fruit and its phytoconstituent. Phytochemical analysis of fruit ethyl acetate extract of T. chebula (TCEA) showed the presence of alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, and tannin. TCEA showed potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activities when compared to standard drug donepezil. Results of in vitro antioxidant assays revealed excellent free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and potent metal-chelating activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis illustrated the presence of 22 active compounds, among which methyl N-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-beta-l-aspartyl)-beta-d-glucosaminide exhibited potent AChE and BuChE inhibition analyzed through in silico studies. Abbreviations used: AD: Alzheimer's disease; TCEA: Ethyl acetate extract of Terminalia chebula; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrum; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RNS: Reactive nitrogen species; AChE: Acetylcholinesterase; BuChE: Butyrylcholinesterase; NFT: Neurofibrillary tangles; Aμ: μ-amyloid; NSAIDS: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; RT: Room temperature; HCl: Hydrochloric acid; ATCI: Acetylthiocholine iodide; BTCI: Butyrylthiocholine iodide; BHT: Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; TCA: Trichloroacetic acid; GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; NICT: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology; 3D: Three-dimensional; PDB: Protein data bank; OPLS: Optimized potentials for liquid simulations; XP: Extra precision; SD: Standard deviation; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asik Rajmohamed
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.,National Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suganthy Natarajan
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Premkumar Palanisamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akbarsha Mohammad Abdulkader
- National Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Archunan Govindaraju
- Centre for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.,National Center for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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el-Hazmi MA, Warsy AS, al-Fawaz I, Opawoye AO, Taleb HA, Howsawi Z, Mohamed AA, Aly AW, Refai S, Sugathan PS, Rab AS, Ahmed HB, Abulaban M, Abdulkader AM, Farid M. Piracetam is useful in the treatment of children with sickle cell disease. Acta Haematol 1996; 96:221-6. [PMID: 8922488 DOI: 10.1159/000203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The management of children suffering from sickle cell disease [sickle cell anaemia (SCA) and sickle cell beta degree-thalassaemia (S beta degree-thal.)] has been the concern of all clinicians caring for these patients. Several agents have been tried for treatment, often limited by toxic side effects. Piracetam (2-oxo-l-pyrrolidine acetamide, Nootropyl), a cyclic derivative of gamma-amino butyrate, used for the treatment of psychosenescent syndromes with no known side effects, was considered as a possible therapeutic agent for sickle cell disease. Interest was focused on the use of piracetam when it was shown that it had an antisickling effect, both in vivo and in vitro. We initiated multicentre double-blind investigations in two groups of children suffering from sickle cell disease ranging in age from 3-6 to 6-12 years. The total number of patients included in the study were 87 (SCA = 79 and Hb S beta degree-thal. = 8) in 13 centres in 10 different regions of Saudi Arabia. Coded boxes of the drugs were received from the company (UCB) and were administered as intravenous infusion during crises and orally during the follow-up, for a period of up to 1 year. After decoding the code at the end of the study, the patients were grouped into those receiving placebo (n = 39), i.e. controls, or piracetam (n = 48), i.e. study cases. In terms of age, weight, height and severity index, number of blood transfusions received and number of hospitalization, both groups were statistically homogenous. Data analysis showed that the clinical severity of the disease, the number of crises, the extent of hospitalization and the blood transfusion requirements significantly decreased during piracetam treatment (p < 0.001), though no statistically significant changes occurred in the placebo group. However, in the levels of the haematological and biochemical parameters no significant changes were documented in both groups. In addition, the improvement in the clinical presentation of the disease continued even several months after discontinuation of the drug in the majority of the children, as judged from the low severity index value. Though our results point to the recommendation that piracetam can be used for the treatment of children suffering from sickle cell disease, both SCA and S beta degree-thal, it is advisable to conduct long-term and close follow-up treatment programmes using piracetam to establish its therapeutic value particularly in adults and to ascertain that there are no long-term toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A el-Hazmi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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