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Dudley J, Gabrielson SMB, O'Connor AB, Ahrens KA. Trends in maternal opioid use disorder and neonatal abstinence syndrome in Maine, 2016-2022. J Perinatol 2024:10.1038/s41372-024-01882-x. [PMID: 38267636 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate trends in maternal opioid use disorder (OUD) and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in Maine using the most recent data available. STUDY DESIGN We used hospital discharge data to estimate the annual prevalence of maternal OUD and NAS between 2016 and 2022. In addition, we used birth certificate-linked Medicaid data to estimate related trends among Medicaid enrollees. RESULT From 2016 to 2022, the prevalence of maternal OUD decreased from 35.3 to 18.8 per 1000 deliveries and the prevalence of NAS decreased from 33.2 to 14.0 per 1000 newborns (linear trend p values <0.01). Decreasing trends were also found among Medicaid enrollees. CONCLUSION In Maine between 2016 and 2022, there was a decrease in maternal OUD and NAS diagnoses recorded in administrative datasets. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to changes in how OUD and NAS diagnoses are recorded and COVID-related changes in healthcare utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dudley
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA.
| | - Sarah M B Gabrielson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Barbara Bush Children's Hospital at Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Alane B O'Connor
- Perinatal Addiction Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Katherine A Ahrens
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA.
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Gabrielson SMB, Carwile JL, O'Connor AB, Ahrens KA. Corrigendum to "Maternal opioid use disorder at delivery hospitalization in a rural state: Maine, 2009-2018" [Public Health 181C (2020) 171-179]. Public Health 2021; 193:153-155. [PMID: 33958075 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M B Gabrielson
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - J L Carwile
- Division of Applied Health Care Delivery Science, Department of Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - A B O'Connor
- Maine-Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, MaineGeneral Medical Center, Waterville, ME, USA
| | - K A Ahrens
- Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA.
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O'Connor AB, Uhler B, O'Brien LM, Knuppel K. Predictors of treatment retention in postpartum women prescribed buprenorphine during pregnancy. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 86:26-29. [PMID: 29415847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine variables related to treatment retention in women six and twelve months postpartum that were in medication treatment using buprenorphine during pregnancy. METHODS This retrospective cohort study of 190 maternal-infant dyads exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy examines rates of treatment retention at six and twelve months postpartum and also analyzes a variety of potential predictors of treatment retention including illicit drug use in the third trimester, delayed entry into medication treatment and co-occurring mental health diagnoses requiring prescription medication. RESULTS At 12months postpartum, women appeared more likely to remain in medication treatment if they entered treatment early in pregnancy (defined as either being in treatment at the time of conception, p=0.001, or entering medication treatment prior to 13weeks gestation, p=0.037). Being prescribed an antidepressant medication during the third trimester was also associated with enhanced treatment retention at six months postpartum (p=0.005). At both six and twelve months postpartum, the use of illicit drugs (including opioids, cocaine and benzodiazepines) during the third trimester was negatively correlated with treatment retention (p=0.012 and p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Early access to medication treatment is associated with treatment retention in women prescribed buprenorphine during pregnancy. This has important public health implications as access to treatment is limited in many parts of the country and many women are only able to obtain treatment after becoming pregnant. Being prescribed an antidepressant medication during pregnancy may enhance treatment retention, supporting the work of previous authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B O'Connor
- Dartmouth Medical School, Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, 149 North Street, Waterville, ME 04901, United States.
| | - Brett Uhler
- Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, 149 North Street, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Liam M O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Colby College, School of Community and Population Health, University of New England, 5838 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
| | - Kyle Knuppel
- Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, 149 North Street, Waterville, ME 04901, United States
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O'Connor AB, Kelly BK, O'Brien LM. Maternal and infant outcomes following third trimester exposure to marijuana in opioid dependent pregnant women maintained on buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:200-203. [PMID: 28917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether maternal and infant outcomes are associated with exposure to marijuana during the third trimester in a population of opioid dependent pregnant women maintained on buprenorphine. METHODS This retrospective cohort study of 191 maternal-infant dyads exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy examines a variety of variables including gestational age, birthweight, method of delivery, Apgar scores at one and five minutes, duration of infant hospital stay, peak neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) score, duration of NAS and incidence of pharmacologic treatment of NAS in infants exposed to marijuana during the third trimester as compared to infants not exposed to marijuana during the third trimester. RESULTS Analyses failed to support any significant relationship between marijuana use in the third trimester and a variety of maternal and infant outcomes. Two important variables - the likelihood of requiring pharmacologic treatment for NAS (27.6% in marijuana exposed infants vs. 15.7% in non-marijuana exposed infants, p=0.066) and the duration of infant hospital stay (7.7days in marijuana exposed infants vs. 6.6days in non-exposed infants, p=0.053) trended toward significance. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results indicate that marijuana exposure in the third trimester does not complicate the pregnancy or the delivery process. However, the severity of the infant withdrawal syndrome in the immediate postnatal period may be impacted by marijuana exposure. Because previous study of prenatal marijuana exposure has yielded mixed results, further analysis is needed to determine whether these findings are indeed significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liam M O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Colby College, United States; School of Community and Population Health, University of New England, United States
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O'Connor AB, O'Brien L, Alto WA. Maternal Buprenorphine Dose at Delivery and Its Relationship to Neonatal Outcomes. Eur Addict Res 2016; 22:127-30. [PMID: 26491960 DOI: 10.1159/000441220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To determine whether there is a dose-response relationship between maternal dose of buprenorphine at delivery and neonatal outcomes. METHODS This retrospective cohort study of 155 maternal-infant dyads exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy examines the relationship between maternal dose of buprenorphine at delivery and gestational age, birthweight, method of delivery, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, duration of infant hospital stay, peak neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) score, duration of NAS and incidence of pharmacologic treatment of NAS. RESULTS Analyses failed to support any relationship between maternal dose of buprenorphine at delivery and any of the 9 clinical outcomes (all p values >0.093). CONCLUSIONS This study failed to provide any evidence to support limiting or reducing maternal dose of buprenorphine during pregnancy in order to reduce possible adverse outcomes to the infant. Findings suggest that healthcare providers can focus medication decisions on maternal opioid cravings to reduce the risk of relapse to illicit opioid use rather than out of concern for adverse infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B O'Connor
- Dartmouth Medical School, Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, Waterville, Maine, USA
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O'Connor AB, O'Brien L, Alto WA, Wong J. Does concurrent in utero exposure to buprenorphine and antidepressant medications influence the course of neonatal abstinence syndrome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 29:112-4. [PMID: 25394611 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.987750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether concurrent in utero exposure to buprenorphine and antidepressants impacts the course of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in infants. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 148 infants who were exposed to buprenorphine during pregnancy. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to examine associations between concurrent maternal use of buprenorphine and antidepressants as compared to maternal use of buprenorphine alone. RESULTS The time to onset of NAS resolution was significantly longer in infants exposed to both buprenorphine and antidepressants during pregnancy when compared to those exposed to buprenorphine alone (129.8 h versus 70.2 h, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Women who are prescribed both antidepressants and buprenorphine during pregnancy should be counseled about the possibility of a prolonged course of neonatal abstinence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B O'Connor
- a Dartmouth Medical School, Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency , Waterville , ME , USA
| | - Liam O'Brien
- b Department of Mathematics and Statistics , Colby College , Waterville , ME , USA .,c School of Community and Population Health, University of New England , Portland , ME , USA , and
| | - William A Alto
- d Swedish Family Medicine Residency Program Cherry Hill, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Jacqueline Wong
- d Swedish Family Medicine Residency Program Cherry Hill, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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O'Connor AB, Collett A, Alto WA, O'Brien LM. Breastfeeding rates and the relationship between breastfeeding and neonatal abstinence syndrome in women maintained on buprenorphine during pregnancy. J Midwifery Womens Health 2014; 58:383-8. [PMID: 23931660 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although a growing body of evidence suggests that buprenorphine is a safe alternative to methadone in the treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant women, little is known about breastfeeding in this population. The first objective of this study was to describe breastfeeding rates among opioid-dependent pregnant women maintained on buprenorphine in an integrated medical and behavioral health program. The second objective was to determine whether breastfeeding is related to the duration, severity, and frequency of pharmacologic treatment for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted for all infants born to opioid-dependent pregnant women treated in the integrated buprenorphine program between December 2007 and August 2012. RESULTS Eighty-five maternal-infant pairs were identified. Sixty-five women (76%) chose to breastfeed their infants after birth; of the women who initiated breastfeeding in the hospital, 66% were still breastfeeding 6 to 8 weeks postpartum. Although the data suggest that infants who were breastfed had less severe NAS (mean peak NAS, 8.83 vs 9.65 on a modified Finnegan Scoring System) and were less likely to require pharmacologic treatment (23.1% vs 30.0%) than infants who were not breastfed, these results were not statistically significant. DISCUSSION More than three-quarters of the opioid-dependent pregnant women in this case series chose to breastfeed after birth. Although a direct comparison of care models is not possible, the integrated model of care potentially reduced some of the barriers to breastfeeding as the women accessed all their care in a single, infant-friendly setting. Further work is needed to definitively determine whether breastfeeding mitigates NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B O'Connor
- Maine Dartmouth Family Medicine Residency, 4 Sheridan Drive, Fairfield, ME 04937, USA.
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O'Connor AB, O'Brien L, Alto WA. Are there gender related differences in neonatal abstinence syndrome following exposure to buprenorphine during pregnancy? J Perinat Med 2013; 41:621-3. [PMID: 23612625 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2012-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether infant gender influences the course of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) following exposure to buprenorphine during pregnancy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in which maternal and infant data were collected for 46 male and 44 female infants. All infants were born to women enrolled in a buprenorphine treatment program from December 2007 until October 2012. Maternal and infant characteristics and outcomes were compared by infant gender. RESULTS Male infants had a significantly higher mean peak NAS score (10.04 vs. 7.98, P=0.028) and were more likely to require pharmacologic treatment for NAS (39.1% vs. 11.4%, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that, following exposure to buprenorphine during pregnancy, male infants experience a more severe withdrawal syndrome and are more likely to require pharmacologic treatment for NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane B O'Connor
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA.
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O'Connor BL, Visco DM, Brandt KD, Albrecht M, O'Connor AB. Sensory nerves only temporarily protect the unstable canine knee joint from osteoarthritis. Evidence that sensory nerves reprogram the central nervous system after cruciate ligament transection. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36:1154-63. [PMID: 8343191 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780360817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The slow rate at which articular cartilage degrades in dogs after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLT) has been attributed to capsular thickening and buttressing by osteophytes. We investigated the roles of the peripheral and central nervous systems in protecting knee joints with chronic ACL deficiency from breakdown. METHODS Five groups of dogs were studied; all were killed 72 weeks after left knee surgery. Group A had ACLT, group B had ACLT followed 52 weeks later by ipsilateral L4-S1 dorsal root ganglionectomy (DRG), group C had DRG followed 2 weeks later by ACLT, group D had sham DRG followed 2 weeks later by ACLT, and group E had DRG followed 2 weeks later by sham ACTL. RESULTS Group E dogs did not develop knee pathology. All cruciate-deficient knees were lax at the end of the study. The osteoarthritis (OA) that developed in groups A, B, and D was comparable (P > 0.05), and was significantly greater than that in group E (P < 0.05). Group C developed much more severe OA than any of the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ipsilateral sensory input is temporarily important in protecting the unstable joint from rapid breakdown. Over time, the central nervous system apparently acquires the ability to protect the unstable joint without continued ipsilateral sensory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L O'Connor
- Department of Anatomy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Indianapolis
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O'Connor AB. Ingredients for successful networking. J Nurs Adm 1982; 12:36-40. [PMID: 6923924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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O'Connor AB. Reasons nurses participate in self-study continuing education programs. Nurs Res 1982; 31:371-4. [PMID: 6924224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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O'Connor AB. The nurse's role in pharmaceutical therapy. Med Mark Media 1980; 15:37-9. [PMID: 10247688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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O'Connor AB. "Who, me? Write?". Todays OR Nurse 1980; 2:22-3. [PMID: 6900421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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O'Connor AB. Reasons nurses participate in continuing education. Nurs Res 1979; 28:354-9. [PMID: 258803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to identify dimensions, or motivational orientations that underlie reasons nurses participate in continuing education programs and to determine relationships between these orientations and the legal status of CE and selected demographic characteristics of participants. The sample included 843 nurses who participated in CE programs sponsored by colleges and universities with accredited baccalaureate schools of nursing. Two instruments were used for data collection: a 56-item checklist consisting of reasons for participation (Education Participation Scale) and a personal data sheet. Factor analysis of responses to the EPS indicated that seven motivational orientations underlay the nurses' reasons for participation: compliance with authority, improvement in social relations, improvement in social welfare skills, professional advancement, professional knowledge, relief from routine, and acquisition of credentials. Mean scores on each orientation for the entire sample ranged from 6.55 (professional knowledge) to 1.57 (improvement in social relations) on a 10-point scale. Analysis of variance to determine the relationship between motivational orientation scores and legal status of continuing nursing education revealed no differences among the three legal conditions studied---mandatory, proposed, and voluntary CE---except on the acquisition of credentials orientation. Scores on this orientation varied significantly (p less than .001), but only for respondents employed part-time; for these nurses mean scores were ranked mandatory, proposed, then voluntary. Study findings suggest that, for these nurses, the presence or threat of a mandatory CE law had little influence in motivating participation. Rather, these nurses participated in continuing nursing education programs for reasons related to maintaining professional currency and improving their ability to serve the public.
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O'Connor AB. Sources of conflict for faculty members. J Nurs Educ 1978; 17:35-8. [PMID: 26646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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O'Connor AB. Diagnosing your needs for continuing education. Am J Nurs 1978; 78:405-6. [PMID: 246354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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