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Horsington J, Abbeloos E, Kassimi LB, Boonsuya Seeyo K, Capozzo AV, Chepkwony E, Eblé P, Galdo-Novo S, Gizaw D, Gouverneur L, Grazioli S, Heath L, Hudelet P, Hyera JMK, Ilott M, King A, Lefebvre DJ, Mackay D, Metwally S, Mwiine FN, Nfon CK, Park MK, Pituco EM, Rosso F, Simon F, Ularamu HG, Vermeij P, Vosloo W, King DP. Application of the Nagoya Protocol to veterinary pathogens: concerns for the control of foot-and-mouth disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271434. [PMID: 38076547 PMCID: PMC10703042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 2010 (and entered into force in 2014) which governs access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from their utilisation. The agreement aims to prevent misappropriation of genetic resources and, through benefit sharing, create incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. While the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources is a widely accepted concept, the way in which the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol are currently being implemented through national access and benefit-sharing legislation places significant logistical challenges on the control of transboundary livestock diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Delays to access FMD virus isolates from the field disrupt the production of new FMD vaccines and other tailored tools for research, surveillance and outbreak control. These concerns were raised within the FMD Reference Laboratory Network and were explored at a recent multistakeholder meeting hosted by the European Commission for the Control of FMD. The aim of this paper is to promote wider awareness of the Nagoya Protocol, and to highlight its impacts on the regular exchange and utilisation of biological materials collected from clinical cases which underpin FMD research activities, and work to develop new epidemiologically relevant vaccines and other diagnostic tools to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD in Southeast Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | | | - Eunice Chepkwony
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phaedra Eblé
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Galdo-Novo
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lizelle Gouverneur
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Santina Grazioli
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Livio Heath
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph M. K. Hyera
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Martin Ilott
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - David J. Lefebvre
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Mackay
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | - Samia Metwally
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Frank N. Mwiine
- Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles K. Nfon
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hussaini G. Ularamu
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA)
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Donald P. King
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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Capozzo AV, Pérez-Filgueira M, Vosloo W, Gay CG. Editorial: FMD Research: Bridging the Gaps With Novel Tools. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:686141. [PMID: 34079835 PMCID: PMC8165201 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.686141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (Formerly Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cyril G Gay
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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Paton DJ, Reeve R, Capozzo AV, Ludi A. Estimating the protection afforded by foot-and-mouth disease vaccines in the laboratory. Vaccine 2019; 37:5515-5524. [PMID: 31405637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines must be carefully selected and their application closely monitored to optimise their effectiveness. This review covers serological techniques for FMD vaccine quality control, including potency testing, vaccine matching and post-vaccination monitoring. It also discusses alternative laboratory procedures, such as antigen quantification and nucleotide sequencing, and briefly compares the approaches for FMD with those for measuring protection against influenza virus, where humoral immunity is also important. Serology is widely used to predict the protection afforded by vaccines and has great practical utility but also limitations. Animals differ in their responses to vaccines and in the protective mechanisms that they develop. Antibodies have a variety of properties and tests differ in what they measure. Antibody-virus interactions may vary between virus serotypes and strains and protection may be affected by the vaccination regime and the nature and timing of field virus challenge. Finally, tests employing biological reagents are difficult to standardise, whilst cross-protection data needed for test calibration and validation are scarce. All of this is difficult to reconcile with the desire for simple and universal criteria and thresholds for evaluating vaccines and vaccination responses and means that oversimplification of test procedures and their interpretation can lead to poor predictions. A holistic approach is therefore recommended, considering multiple sources of field, experimental and laboratory data. New antibody avidity and isotype tests seem promising alternatives to evaluate cross-protective, post-vaccination serological responses, taking account of vaccine potency as well as match. After choosing appropriate serological tests or test combinations and cut-offs, results should be interpreted cautiously and in context. Since opportunities for experimental challenge studies of cross-protection are limited and the approaches incompletely reflect real life, more field studies are needed to quantify cross-protection and its correlation to in vitro measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - R Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, N Repetto y De Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1454FQB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Bucafusco D, Pereyra R, Mansilla FC, Malacari DA, Juncos MS, Di Giacomo S, Ayude AF, Pérez-Filgueira M, Capozzo AV. Immune cells transferred by colostrum do not influence the immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease primary vaccination. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8376-8384. [PMID: 31301846 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of maternal antibodies and immune cells transferred through colostrum on the immune responses of calves to the currently used foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines. Here we evaluated the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by vaccination of colostrum-deprived calves and calves that received equivalent amounts of colostrum preparations that differed in the presence or absence of maternal immune cells but contained the same quantity and quality of anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies. Three groups of 32-d-old calves (n = 3 per group) were deprived of colostrum and fed either whole immune colostrum or a cell-free colostrum preparation containing only anti-FMDV antibodies. All groups were immunized with 1 dose of an oil-adjuvanted commercial vaccine. Blood samples were collected periodically before vaccination and weekly after vaccination. Immune responses specific to FMDV were assessed based on T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ production, total and neutralizing serum antibodies, and isotype profile. All vaccinated calves developed IFN-γ and lymphoproliferative responses, irrespective of the colostrum received. Colostrum-deprived animals responded to vaccination with a primary IgM response followed by an increase of IgG1 titers. Conversely, antibody titers decreased in all colostrum-fed calves after vaccination. This study demonstrates for the first time that maternal immune cells transferred to the calves through colostrum do not modify immune responses to FMD vaccine, and it confirms the interference of maternal antibodies in the induction of humoral but not cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bucafusco
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - Rodrigo Pereyra
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Cerillos, Salta, Argentina 4403
| | - Florencia C Mansilla
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - Darío A Malacari
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - María S Juncos
- Independent Veterinarian, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina 7000
| | - Sebastián Di Giacomo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - Andrea F Ayude
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686
| | - Alejandra V Capozzo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnólogicas (IVIT), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1686.
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Pascual MJ, Merwaiss F, Leal E, Quintana ME, Capozzo AV, Cavasotto CN, Bollini M, Alvarez DE. Structure-based drug design for envelope protein E2 uncovers a new class of bovine viral diarrhea inhibitors that block virus entry. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mansilla FC, Capozzo AV. Apicomplexan profilins in vaccine development applied to bovine neosporosis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:64-68. [PMID: 29080789 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an intracellular protozoan parasite from the phylum Apicomplexa, is the etiologic agent of neosporosis, a disease considered as a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs. Bovine neosporosis has a great economic impact in both meat and dairy industries, related to abortion, premature culling and reduced milk yields. Although many efforts have been made to restrain bovine neosporosis, there are still no efficacious control methods. Many vaccine-development studies focused in the apicomplexan proteins involved in the adhesion and invasion of the host cell. Among these proteins, profilins have recently emerged as potential vaccine antigens or even adjuvant candidates for several diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. Profilins bind Toll-like receptors 11 and 12 initiating MyD88 signaling, that triggers IL-12 and IFN-γ production, which may promote protection against infection. Here we summarized the state-of-the-art of novel vaccine development based on apicomplexan profilins applied as antigens or adjuvants, and delved into recent advances on N. caninum vaccines using profilin in the mouse model and in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia C Mansilla
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra V Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Puentes R, De Brun L, Algorta A, Da Silva V, Mansilla F, Sacco G, Llambí S, Capozzo AV. Evaluation of serological response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in BLV infected cows. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:119. [PMID: 27329153 PMCID: PMC4915103 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) produces disorders on the immune system in naturally infected animals, which may counteract the development of immunity after vaccination. The aim of this study was to investigate whether healthy and BLV infected cattle elicited similar humoral responses after foot and mouth disease (FMD) immunization. In a field study, 35 Holstein heifers were selected based on their BLV serological status and immunized with a single dose of a commercial bivalent oil-based FMD vaccine. Serum samples were collected at 0, 15, 60, 165 and 300 days post vaccination (dpv). Results Total anti-A24/Cruzeiro antibodies, IgM, IgG1, IgG2 titers and avidity index of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. Although only marginally significant differences were found between groups in terms of total antibodies, anti-FMD IgM and IgG1 titers were significantly lower in heifers infected with BLV at the 15 dpv (p < 0.01). Animals that became infected during the study did not show differences to the BLV negative group. Conclusions Cattle infected with BLV at the time of immunization may elicit a low-magnitude serological response to a commercial Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Puentes
- Immunology Area - Department of Microbiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Laureana De Brun
- Immunology Area - Department of Microbiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Agustina Algorta
- Immunology Area - Department of Microbiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Da Silva
- Immunology Area - Department of Microbiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Mansilla
- Centre of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Investigations, INTA, Virology Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Llambí
- Genetics Area, Faculty of Veterinary, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra V Capozzo
- Centre of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomic Investigations, INTA, Virology Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Grigera PR, Marzocca MP, Capozzo AV, Buonocore L, Donis RO, Rose JK. Presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 glycoprotein in VSV recombinant particles and induction of neutralizing BVDV antibodies in mice. Virus Res 2000; 69:3-15. [PMID: 10989181 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We generated a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-E2) encoding the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 glycoprotein with the VSV-G protein signal peptide. Infection of BHK21 cells with VSV-E2 induced the synthesis of a recombinant E2 (rE2) that comigrated with authentic BVDV-E2 in PAGE-SDS gels. Non-reducing immunoblots showed that rE2 is a disulfide bond-linked homodimer with at least 10-fold higher avidity for conformation-dependent anti-BVDV-E2 antibodies than its reduced monomeric counterpart. Immunofluorescence microscopy also showed that rE2 was transported to the plasma membrane of infected cells and analysis of purified particles demonstrated that dimeric rE2 was incorporated into VSV-E2 virions in approximately 1:10 ratio with respect to the G glycoprotein. BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally with VSV-E2 doses of up to 10(7) plaque forming units (pfu) showed no symptoms of viral-induced disease and developed a specific BVDV neutralizing response that lasted for at least 180 days post inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Grigera
- Centro de Virologia Animal, Serrano 669, 1414 Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Capozzo AV, Periolo OH, Robiolo B, Seki C, La Torre JL, Grigera PR. Total and isotype humoral responses in cattle vaccinated with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) immunogen produced either in bovine tongue tissue or in BHK-21 cell suspension cultures. Vaccine 1997; 15:624-30. [PMID: 9178462 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The anti-foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serum antibody activity of protected and non protected animals immunized with inactivated FMDV originated in either bovine tongue tissue (BTTV vaccines) or BHK-21 cell suspension cultures (BHKV vaccines) was evaluated. The results show that 80-100% of the BTTV immunized and only 40-60% of the BHKV immunized animals with liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (lp ELISA) serum titres of 1.5-1.7 U, were protected against the challenge with any of the four infectious FMDV argentine reference strains. This difference becomes almost marginal among BTTV and BHKV vaccinated animals with a strong anti-FMDV humoral response (i.e. lp ELISA titres > or = 1.95 U). Isotyping of the anti-FMDV response in immunized cattle with low lp ELISA titres revealed that BTTV vaccines were able to induce remarkably higher anti-FMDV IgG1 titres than their BHKV counterparts (i.e. mean titres of 1.95 and 1.35 U. respectively). This difference in specific IgG1 serum levels induced by BTTV and BHKV vaccines seems to be also limited to those animals with low anti-FMDV lp ELISA titres. These results together with the fact that the specific serum IgG1, but not the IgG2, isotype response of 219 vaccinated animals correlates almost linearly with their capacity to pass the challenge, suggests that the superior performance of BTTV vaccines is close related to their ability to raise a stronger anti-FMDV IgG1 response than BHKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Capozzo
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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