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Tepljakov A. Intelligent Control and Digital Twins for Industry 4.0. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:4036. [PMID: 37112377 PMCID: PMC10141617 DOI: 10.3390/s23084036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the prominent features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution-frequently referred to as Industry 4 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Tepljakov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Meas M, Machlev R, Kose A, Tepljakov A, Loo L, Levron Y, Petlenkov E, Belikov J. Explainability and Transparency of Classifiers for Air-Handling Unit Faults Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22176338. [PMID: 36080795 PMCID: PMC9460735 DOI: 10.3390/s22176338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques have been developed to improve the explainability, trust and transparency of machine learning models. This work presents a method that explains the outputs of an air-handling unit (AHU) faults classifier using a modified XAI technique, such that non-AI expert end-users who require justification for the diagnosis output can easily understand the reasoning behind the decision. The method operates as follows: First, an XGBoost algorithm is used to detect and classify potential faults in the heating and cooling coil valves, sensors, and the heat recovery of an air-handling unit. Second, an XAI-based SHAP technique is used to provide explanations, with a focus on the end-users, who are HVAC engineers. Then, relevant features are chosen based on user-selected feature sets and features with high attribution scores. Finally, a sliding window system is used to visualize the short history of these relevant features and provide explanations for the diagnosed faults in the observed time period. This study aimed to provide information not only about what occurs at the time of fault appearance, but also about how the fault occurred. Finally, the resulting explanations are evaluated by seven HVAC expert engineers. The proposed approach is validated using real data collected from a shopping mall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molika Meas
- R8Technologies OÜ, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ram Machlev
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ahmet Kose
- R8Technologies OÜ, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksei Tepljakov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lauri Loo
- R8Technologies OÜ, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Yoash Levron
- The Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Eduard Petlenkov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Juri Belikov
- Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Correspondence:
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Jalo H, Pirkkalainen H, Torro O, Pessot E, Zangiacomi A, Tepljakov A. Extended reality technologies in small and medium-sized European industrial companies: level of awareness, diffusion and enablers of adoption. Virtual Real 2022; 26:1745-1761. [PMID: 35789651 PMCID: PMC9243958 DOI: 10.1007/s10055-022-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), collectively referred to as "extended reality" (XR), have begun to diffuse in industry. However, the current levels of awareness, perceived limitations, and use of AR and VR, as well as the potential differences on these aspects between these technologies are still not well known. Moreover, it is unknown whether small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) differ from large companies on these issues. This research employed a mixed methods research design to address this gap by carrying out a cross-sectional survey (n = 208) to gauge European industrial companies' level of AR and VR awareness and adoption, and by interviewing 45 companies in nine European countries in order to identify critical enabling factors in the adoption of XR for SMEs. Results show no statistical difference between the respondents' perceptions toward AR and VR or in their use levels. Thus, examining AR and VR under the umbrella term XR seems justified, especially in the context of their organizational use. However, larger companies were found to be using XR more than SMEs. Analysis of interviews based on the technology-organization-environment framework also yielded several enabling factors affecting XR adoption and specified whether they are particularly highlighted in the SME context. Overall, this paper contributes to XR research by providing a holistic multi-country overview that highlights key issues for managers aiming to invest in these technologies, as well as critical organizational perspectives to be considered by scholars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Pessot
- National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
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Vansovits V, Petlenkov E, Tepljakov A, Vassiljeva K, Belikov J. Bridging the Gap in Technology Transfer for Advanced Process Control with Industrial Applications. Sensors 2022; 22:s22114149. [PMID: 35684770 PMCID: PMC9185312 DOI: 10.3390/s22114149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, a software framework comprising the implementation of Model Predictive Control—a popular industrial control method—is presented. The framework is versatile and can be run on a variety of target systems including programmable logic controllers and distributed control system implementations. However, the main attractive property of the framework stems from the goal of achieving smooth technology transfer from the academic setting to real industrial applications. Technology transfer is, in general, difficult to achieve, because of the apparent disconnect between academic studies and actual industry. The proposed software framework aims at bridging this gap for model predictive control—a powerful control technique which can result in substantial performance improvement of industrial control loops, thus adhering to modern trends for reducing energy waste and fulfilling sustainable development goals. In the paper, the proposed solution is motivated and described, and experimental evidence of its successful deployment is provided using a real industrial plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitali Vansovits
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.V.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Eduard Petlenkov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.V.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Aleksei Tepljakov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.V.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Kristina Vassiljeva
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.V.); (E.P.); (A.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Juri Belikov
- Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Correspondence:
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Alagoz BB, Simsek OI, Ari D, Tepljakov A, Petlenkov E, Alimohammadi H. An Evolutionary Field Theorem: Evolutionary Field Optimization in Training of Power-Weighted Multiplicative Neurons for Nitrogen Oxides-Sensitive Electronic Nose Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22103836. [PMID: 35632245 PMCID: PMC9143128 DOI: 10.3390/s22103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuroevolutionary machine learning is an emerging topic in the evolutionary computation field and enables practical modeling solutions for data-driven engineering applications. Contributions of this study to the neuroevolutionary machine learning area are twofold: firstly, this study presents an evolutionary field theorem of search agents and suggests an algorithm for Evolutionary Field Optimization with Geometric Strategies (EFO-GS) on the basis of the evolutionary field theorem. The proposed EFO-GS algorithm benefits from a field-adapted differential crossover mechanism, a field-aware metamutation process to improve the evolutionary search quality. Secondly, the multiplicative neuron model is modified to develop Power-Weighted Multiplicative (PWM) neural models. The modified PWM neuron model involves the power-weighted multiplicative units similar to dendritic branches of biological neurons, and this neuron model can better represent polynomial nonlinearity and they can operate in the real-valued neuron mode, complex-valued neuron mode, and the mixed-mode. In this study, the EFO-GS algorithm is used for the training of the PWM neuron models to perform an efficient neuroevolutionary computation. Authors implement the proposed PWM neural processing with the EFO-GS in an electronic nose application to accurately estimate Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) pollutant concentrations from low-cost multi-sensor array measurements and demonstrate improvements in estimation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Baykant Alagoz
- Department of Computer Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ozlem Imik Simsek
- Department of Computer Engineering, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey;
| | - Davut Ari
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bitlis Eren University, Bitlis 13000, Turkey;
| | - Aleksei Tepljakov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.T.); (E.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Eduard Petlenkov
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.T.); (E.P.); (H.A.)
| | - Hossein Alimohammadi
- Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.T.); (E.P.); (H.A.)
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Tepljakov A, Alagoz BB, Yeroglu C, Gonzalez E, HosseinNia SH, Petlenkov E. FOPID Controllers and Their Industrial Applications: A Survey of Recent Results 1 1This study is based upon works from COST Action CA15225, a network supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tepljakov A, Gonzalez EA, Petlenkov E, Belikov J, Monje CA, Petráš I. Incorporation of fractional-order dynamics into an existing PI/PID DC motor control loop. ISA Trans 2016; 60:262-273. [PMID: 26639053 DOI: 10.1016/j.isatra.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The problem of changing the dynamics of an existing DC motor control system without the need of making internal changes is considered in the paper. In particular, this paper presents a method for incorporating fractional-order dynamics in an existing DC motor control system with internal PI or PID controller, through the addition of an external controller into the system and by tapping its original input and output signals. Experimental results based on the control of a real test plant from MATLAB/Simulink environment are presented, indicating the validity of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Tepljakov
- Department of Computer Control, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Emmanuel A Gonzalez
- Existing Installation Department, Jardine Schindler Elevator Corporation, 8/F Pacific Star Bldg., Sen. Gil Puyat Ave. cor. Makati Ave., Makati City 1209, Philippines.
| | - Eduard Petlenkov
- Department of Computer Control, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Juri Belikov
- Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemiatee 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Concepción A Monje
- Systems Engineering and Automation Department, University CarlosIII of Madrid, 28911 Leganés Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ivo Petráš
- Institute of Control and Informatization of Production Processes, Faculty BERG, Technical University of Košice, B. Nemcovej 3, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia.
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