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Dedı Ková A, Bárta F, Martínek V, Kotalík K, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Arlt VM, Stiborová M, Hodek P. In Vivo Metabolism of Aristolochic Acid I and II in Rats Is Influenced by Their Coexposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2804-2818. [PMID: 32894017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA), containing aristolochic acid I (AAI) and II (AAII) as major components, causes aristolochic acid nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy, unique renal diseases associated with upper urothelial cancer. Differences in the metabolic activation and detoxification of AAI and AAII and their effects on the metabolism of AAI/AAII mixture in the plant extract might be of great importance for an individual's susceptibility in the development of AA-mediated nephropathies and malignancies. Here, we investigated in vivo metabolism of AAI and AAII after ip administration to Wistar rats as individual compounds and as AAI/AAII mixture using high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Experimental findings were supported by theoretical calculations using density functional theory. We found that exposure to AAI/AAII mixture affected the generation of their oxidative and reductive metabolites formed during Phase I biotransformation and excreted in rat urine. Several Phase II metabolites of AAI and AAII found in the urine of exposed rats were also analyzed. Our results indicate that AAI is more efficiently metabolized in rats in vivo than AAII. Whereas AAI is predominantly oxidized during in vivo metabolism, its reduction is the minor metabolic pathway. In contrast, AAII is mainly metabolized by reduction. The oxidative reaction only occurs if aristolactam II, the major reductive metabolite of AAII, is enzymatically hydroxylated, forming aristolactam Ia. In AAI/AAII mixture, the metabolism of AAI and AAII is influenced by the presence of both AAs. For instance, the reductive metabolism of AAI is increased in the presence of AAII while the presence of AAI decreased the reductive metabolism of AAII. These results suggest that increased bioactivation of AAI in the presence of AAII also leads to increased AAI genotoxicity, which may critically impact AAI-mediated carcinogenesis. Future studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanism(s) for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Dedı Ková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Kotalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Manfred Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
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