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Hammer SM, Sears KN, Montgomery TR, Olmos AA, Hill EC, Trevino MA, Dinyer-McNeely TK. Sex differences in muscle contraction-induced limb blood flow limitations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1121-1129. [PMID: 37889287 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determined sex differences in absolute- and %-reductions in blood flow during intermittent muscular contractions as well as relationships between blood flow reductions and time to task failure (TTF). METHODS Thirteen males (25 ± 4 years) and 13 females (22 ± 5 years) completed intermittent isometric trapezoidal forearm flexion at 50% maximal voluntary contraction until task failure. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure brachial artery blood flow (BABF) during the 12-s plateau phase and 12-s relaxation phase. RESULTS Target torque was less in females than males (24 ± 5 vs. 42 ± 7 Nm; p < 0.001); however, TTF was not different between sexes (F: 425 ± 187 vs. M: 401 ± 158 s; p = 0.72). Relaxation-phase BABF at end-exercise was less in females than males (435 ± 161 vs. 937 ± 281 mL/min; p < 0.001) but contraction-phase BABF was not different (127 ± 46 vs. 190 ± 99 mL/min; p = 0.42). Absolute- and %-reductions in BABF by contraction were less in females than males (309 ± 146 vs. 747 ± 210 mL/min and 69 ± 10 vs. 80% ± 6%, respectively; both p < 0.01) and were associated with target torque independent of sex (r = 0.78 and 0.56, respectively; both p < 0.01). Absolute BABF reduction per target torque (mL/min/Nm) and TTF were positively associated in males (r = 0.60; p = 0.031) but negatively associated in females (r = - 0.61; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that females incur less proportional reduction in limb blood flow from muscular contraction than males at a matched relative intensity suggesting females may maintain higher levels of muscle oxygen delivery and metabolite removal than males across the contraction-relaxation cycle of intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Hammer
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Kylie N Sears
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Tony R Montgomery
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Alex A Olmos
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Olmos AA, Montgomery TR, Sears KN, Dinyer TK, Hammer SM, Bergstrom HC, Hill EC, Succi PJ, Lawson J, Trevino MA. Blood flow restriction increases necessary muscle excitation of the elbow flexors during a single high-load contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-023-05405-y. [PMID: 38236301 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS)-force relationships of the biceps brachii (BB) during a single high-load muscle action. METHODS Twelve recreationally active males and eleven recreationally active females performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs), followed by an isometric trapezoidal muscle action of the elbow flexors at 70% MVC. Surface EMG was recorded from the BB during BFR and control (CON) visits. For BFR, cuff pressure was 60% of the pressure required to completely occlude blood at rest. Individual b (slope) and a terms (gain) were calculated from the log-transformed EMGRMS-force relationships during the linearly increasing and decreasing segments of the trapezoid. EMGRMS during the steady force segment was normalized to MVC EMGRMS. RESULTS For BFR, the b terms were greater during the linearly increasing segment than the linearly decreasing segment (p < 0.001), and compared to the linearly increasing segment for CON (p < 0.001). The a terms for BFR were greater during the linearly decreasing than linearly increasing segment (p = 0.028). Steady force N-EMGRMS was greater for BFR than CON collapsed across sex (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION BFR likely elicited additional recruitment of higher threshold motor units during the linearly increasing- and steady force-segment. The differences between activation and deactivation strategies were only observed with BFR, such as the b terms decreased and the a terms increased for the linearly decreasing segment in comparison to the increasing segment. However, EMGRMS-force relationships during the linearly increasing- and decreasing-segments were not different between sexes during BFR and CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Olmos
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Tony R Montgomery
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Kylie N Sears
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Taylor K Dinyer
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Shane M Hammer
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - John Lawson
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA.
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Olmos AA, Sterczala AJ, Parra ME, Dimmick HL, Miller JD, Deckert JA, Sontag SA, Gallagher PM, Fry AC, Herda TJ, Trevino MA. Sex-related differences in motor unit behavior are influenced by myosin heavy chain during high- but not moderate-intensity contractions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14024. [PMID: 37551144 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Motor unit recruitment and firing rate patterns of the vastus lateralis (VL) have not been compared between sexes during moderate- and high-intensity contraction intensities. Additionally, the influence of fiber composition on potential sex-related differences remains unquantified. METHODS Eleven males and 11 females performed 40% and 70% maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals recorded from the VL were decomposed. Recruitment thresholds (RTs), MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPAMP ), initial firing rates (IFRs), mean firing rates (MFRs), and normalized EMG amplitude (N-EMGRMS ) at steady torque were analyzed. Y-intercepts and slopes were calculated for MUAPAMP , IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships. Type I myosin heavy chain isoform (MHC) was determined with muscle biopsies. RESULTS There were no sex-related differences in MU characteristics at 40% MVC. At 70% MVC, males exhibited greater slopes (p = 0.002) for the MUAPAMP , whereas females displayed greater slopes (p = 0.001-0.007) for the IFR and MFR versus RT relationships. N-EMGRMS at 70% MVC was greater for females (p < 0.001). Type I %MHC was greater for females (p = 0.006), and was correlated (p = 0.018-0.031) with the slopes for the MUAPAMP , IFR, and MFR versus RT relationships at 70% MVC (r = -0.599-0.585). CONCLUSION Both sexes exhibited an inverse relationship between MU firing rates and recruitment thresholds. However, the sex-related differences in MU recruitment and firing rate patterns and N-EMGRMS at 70% MVC were likely due to greater type I% MHC and smaller twitch forces of the higher threshold MUs for the females. Evidence is provided that muscle fiber composition may explain divergent MU behavior between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Olmos
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mandy E Parra
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah L Dimmick
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Miller
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Jake A Deckert
- Department of Human Physiology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie A Sontag
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Philip M Gallagher
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Trent J Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Olmos AA, Sontag SA, Sterczala AJ, Parra ME, Dimmick HL, Miller JD, Deckert JA, Herda TJ, Trevino MA. High-Intensity Cycling Training Necessitates Increased Neuromuscular Demand of the Vastus Lateralis During a Fatiguing Contraction. Res Q Exerc Sport 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37369135 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2201311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the effects of a 5-week continuous cycling training intervention on electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS)- and mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS)-torque relationships of the vastus lateralis (VL) during a prolonged contraction. Methods: Twenty-four sedentary, young adults performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) and a prolonged isometric trapezoidal contraction at the same absolute 40% MVC for the knee extensors before (PRE) and after training (POSTABS). Individual b- (slopes) and a-terms (y-intercepts) were calculated from the log-transformed electromyographic amplitude (EMGRMS)- and mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS)-torque relationships during the increasing and decreasing segments of the trapezoid. EMGRMS and MMGRMS was normalized for the 45-s steady torque segment. Results: At PRE, b-terms for the EMGRMS-torque relationships during the linearly decreasing segment were greater than the increasing segment (p < .001), and decreased from PRE to POSTABS (p = .027). a-terms were greater during the linearly increasing than decreasing segment at PRE, while the a-terms for the linearly decreasing segment increased from PRE to POSTABS (p = .027). For the MMGRMS-torque relationships, b-terms during the linearly decreasing segment decreased from PRE to POSTABS (p = .013), while a-terms increased from PRE to POSTABS when collapsed across segments (p = .022). Steady torque EMGRMS increased for POSTABS (p < .001). Conclusion: Although cycling training increased aerobic endurance, incorporating resistance training may benefit athletes/individuals as the alterations in neuromuscular parameters post-training suggest a greater neural cost (EMGRMS) and mechanical output (MMGRMS) to complete the same pre-training fatiguing contraction.
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Hester GM, VanDusseldorp TA, Ha PL, Kiani K, Olmos AA, Jabbari M, Kalladanthyil S, An S, Bailly AR, Dalton BE, Bryantsev AL. Microbiopsy Sampling for Examining Age-Related Differences in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Morphology and Composition. Front Physiol 2022; 12:756626. [PMID: 35082686 PMCID: PMC8784837 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.756626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The increasingly popular microbiopsy is an appealing alternative to the more invasive Bergström biopsy given the challenges associated with harvesting skeletal muscle in older populations. Parameters of muscle fiber morphology and composition derived from the microbiopsy have not been compared between young and older adults. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine muscle fiber morphology and composition in young (YM) and older (OM) males using the microbiopsy sampling technique. A secondary aim was to determine if specific strength is associated with serum levels of C-terminal agrin fragment [CAF; an indicator of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) degradation]. Methods: Thirty healthy, YM (n = 15, age = 20.7 ± 2.2 years) and OM (n = 15, age = 71.6 ± 3.9 years) underwent ultrasound imaging to determine whole-muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris as well as isometric and isokinetic (60°⋅s–1 and 180°⋅s–1) peak torque testing of the knee extensors. Microbiopsy samples of the vastus lateralis were collected from 13 YM and 11 OM, and immunofluorescence was used to calculate CSA and proportion of type I and type II fibers. Results: Peak torque was lower in OM at all velocities (p ≤ 0.001; d = 1.39–1.86) but only lower at 180°⋅s–1 (p = 0.003; d = 1.23) when normalized to whole-muscle CSA. Whole-muscle CSA was smaller in OM (p = 0.001; d = 1.34), but atrophy was not present at the single fiber level (p > 0.05). Per individual, ∼900 fibers were analyzed, and type I fiber CSA was larger (p = 0.05; d = 0.94) in OM which resulted in a smaller type II/I fiber CSA ratio (p = 0.015; d = 0.95). CAF levels were not sensitive to age (p = 0.159; d = 0.53) nor associated with specific strength or whole-muscle CSA in OM. Conclusion: The microbiopsy appears to be a viable alternative to the Bergström biopsy for histological analyses of skeletal muscle in older adults. NMJ integrity was not influential for age-related differences in specific strength in our healthy, non-sarcopenic older sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kaveh Kiani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Alex A Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Melody Jabbari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Shania Kalladanthyil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - SooBin An
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Alyssa R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Anton L Bryantsev
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
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Mangine GT, Serafini PR, Stratton MT, Olmos AA, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y. Effect of the Repetitions-In-Reserve Resistance Training Strategy on Bench Press Performance, Perceived Effort, and Recovery in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1-9. [PMID: 34941608 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mangine, GT, Serafini, PR, Stratton, MT, Olmos, AA, VanDusseldorp, TA, and Feito, Y. Effect of the repetitions-in-reserve resistance training strategy on bench press performance, perceived effort, and recovery in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 1-9, 2022-This study examined the effects of the repetitions-in-reserve (RIR) strategy on resistance exercise performance, perceived effort, and recovery. Fourteen resistance-trained men (24.6 ± 3.0 years, 176 ± 5 cm, 85.7 ± 14.0 kg) completed 2 bench press protocols in a randomized crossover fashion. The protocols consisted of 4 sets at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) to a self-reported 3-RIR and a fifth set to failure or all 5 sets to failure (0-RIR). Barbell kinetics (velocity, rate of force development, and impulse), repetition volume, total work, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were quantified on each set. Barbell kinetics were reassessed during one set of 3 repetitions at 80% 1RM completed at 24-hour, 48-hour, and 72-hour postexercise. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise at 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours and analyzed for concentrations of creatine kinase (CK). Separate, 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant interactions (p < 0.001) where 3-RIR better maintained repetitions and work at greater average velocity (+0.6 m·s-1) and lower RPE (0-RIR = 10; 3-RIR = 8.2) across all sets. No differences were seen between conditions for CK at 6 hours postexercise (3-RIR: 32.2 ± 55.3%; 0-RIR: 40.8 ± 66.0%) or for CK and barbell kinetics at 24 hours to 72 hours postexercise. Although no differences were seen for recovery, the RIR strategy enabled work to be better sustained across sets at a lower perceived effort and higher average velocity. This strategy could be used to manage fatigue and better sustain effort and volume during a resistance training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
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Olmos AA, Herda TJ, Sontag SA, Trevino MA. The influence of chronic training status on the mechanical behavior of the vastus lateralis during repetitive trapezoidal contractions. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2022; 22:161-171. [PMID: 35642696 PMCID: PMC9186455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine maximal strength and fatigability of the knee extensors, and mechanomyographic amplitude (MMGRMS)-force relationships of the vastus lateralis (VL) during repetitive muscle actions for 5 aerobically-(AT), 5 resistance-trained-(RT), and 5 sedentary (SED) individuals. METHODS Participants performed maximal voluntary contractions before (MVCPRE) and after (MVCPOST) attempting 20 isometric trapezoidal muscle actions at 50% MVCPRE. MMG was recorded from the VL. b terms (slopes) were calculated from the natural log-transformed MMGRMS-force relationships for each participant (increasing and decreasing segments). MMGRMS was averaged during steady force. RESULTS RT had greater MVCPRE (P<0.001) and MVCPOST (P=0.001-0.004) than AT and SED. Only AT completed 20 muscle actions and exhibited no decrease in MVCPOST (P=0.149). The b terms were greater for RT than AT during the increasing segment of the first contraction (P=0.001) and decreasing segment of the last contraction (P=0.033). The b terms were also greater for RT (P=0.006) during the increasing than decreasing segment for the first contraction. MMGRMS during steady force was greater during the last contraction when collapsed across training status (P=0.021). CONCLUSION Knee extensor MVC and fatigability, and motor unit control strategies for the VL during a series of repetitive contractions were influenced by chronic training status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Olmos
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Trent J. Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport, and Exercise Sciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Sontag
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA
| | - Michael A. Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA,Corresponding author: Michael A. Trevino, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, 191 CRC, Stillwater, OK 74074, USAE-mail:
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Dalton BE, VanDusseldorp TA, Kiani K, Ha PL, Olmos AA, Bailly AR, Bryantsev A, Hester GM. Effect Of Age On High-velocity Power And Myofiber Morphology And Composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000760364.61310.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Smith TM, Hester GM, Ha PL, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Dalton BE. Sit-to-Stand Kinetics and Correlates of Performance in Young and Older Males. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 91:104215. [PMID: 32763756 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare sit-to-stand (STS) kinetics in young (YM) and older (OM) males and determine correlates of STS performance. METHODS YM (n = 15, age = 20.7 ± 2.2 yrs) and OM (n = 15, age = 71.6 ± 3.9 yrs) performed a single STS task as quickly as possible on a force plate and the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signal was analyzed. Peak VGRF, as well as peak (100 ms rolling average), early (minimum VGRF to 50% peak VGRF), late (50% peak VGRF to peak VGRF), and overall (minimum VGRF to peak VGRF) rate of force development (RFD) were calculated. Power (absolute and relative) and velocity parameters as well as rate of electromyography rise (RER) were also obtained. RESULTS STS time, average power, early RFD, and lower limb lean mass were similar between groups (p > 0.05). All other power, velocity, RFD, and RER measures were lower in OM (p < 0.05; d = 0.41-2.19). Peak VGRF and all RFD measures, except late RFD, were strongly correlated with STS performance in OM, while peak VGRF and peak RFD were only moderately correlated with performance in YM. CONCLUSIONS Most kinetic variables, except absolute average power, were diminished in OM, and there was a preferential decrease in late RFD compared to early RFD. Peak VGRF and RFD exhibited stronger correlations with STS time and power in OM compared to YM, and early RFD appears to be more influential for STS performance than late RFD. These findings may be useful for practitioners/clinicians involved in designing interventions aimed at optimizing STS performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States
| | - Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States.
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States
| | - Alex A Olmos
- Department of Kinesiology and Wellness, Georgia Highlands College, Cartersville, GA, 30121, United States
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, United States
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States
| | - Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, 30144, United States
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Ha PL, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, VanDusseldorp TA, Bailly AR, Feito Y, Mangine GT, Dalton BE, Smith TM, Hester GM. Age-related Differences In Rapid Neuromuscular Parameters Of The Plantar Flexors And Correlations With Physical Function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678132.79924.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dalton BE, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Ha PL, VanDusseldorp TA, Bailly AR, Feito Y, Mangine GT, Smith TM, Hester GM. EARLY AND LATE RAPID NEUROMUSCULAR PARAMATERS OF THE PLANTAR FLEXORS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER MALES. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000677420.71387.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Smith TM, Ha PL, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, VanDusseldorp TA, Bailly AR, Feito Y, Poisal MJ, Jones JA, Dalton BE, Hester GM. Rate Of Force Development Parameters In Young And Older Males During A Chair Rise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000675428.40705.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Ha PL, Dalton BE, VanDusseldorp TA, Mangine GT, Feito Y, Poisal MJ, Jones JA, Smith TM, Hester GM. Early and late rapid torque characteristics and select physiological correlates in middle-aged and older males. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231907. [PMID: 32324776 PMCID: PMC7179893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare early and late rapid torque parameters of the plantar flexors (PFs) in middle-aged (MM) and older (OM) males, and determine the effect of normalization to peak torque (PT) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Methods Twenty-nine healthy, MM (n = 14; 45 ± 2 yrs) and OM (n = 15; 65 ± 3 yrs) performed rapid, maximal isometric contractions of the PFs. PT, as well as rate of torque development and impulse during the early (0–50 ms; RTD0-50, IMP0-50) and late (100–200 ms; RTD100-200, IMP100-200) contraction phases were calculated. Torque at 50 (TQ50), 100 (TQ100), and 200 (TQ200) ms was also obtained. CSA and echo-intensity (EI) of the gastrocnemii were acquired via ultrasonography. Torque variables were normalized to PT and CSA. Rate of EMG rise (RER) for the medial gastrocnemius was calculated at 30, 50 and 75 ms. Results TQ100 (MM = 69.71 ± 16.85 vs. OM = 55.99 ± 18.54 Nm; p = 0.046), TQ200 (MM = 114.76 ± 26.79 vs. OM = 91.56 ± 28.10 Nm; p = 0.031), and IMP100-200 (MM = 4.79 ± 1.11 vs. OM = 3.83 ± 1.17 Nm·s; p = 0.032) were lower in OM. PT, TQ50, RTD0-50, IMP0-50, RTD100-200, RER, CSA, and EI were similar between groups (p > 0.05). No differences were found for normalized torque variables (p > 0.05). EI was moderately associated with normalized torque parameters only (r = -0.38 –-0.45). RER, at 75 ms, was moderately correlated with early, absolute torque measures and rapid torque variables made relative to PT and CSA (r = 0.41 –-0.64). Conclusion Late rapid torque parameters of the PFs were preferentially impaired in OM compared to MM, and PT as well as CSA appeared to mediate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A. Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Stratton
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Phuong L. Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gerald T. Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Micah J. Poisal
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Jones
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tyler M. Smith
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Garrett M. Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hester GM, Ha PL, Dalton BE, VanDusseldorp TA, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Bailly AR, Vroman TM. Rate of Force Development as a Predictor of Mobility in Community-dwelling Older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2020; 44:74-81. [PMID: 31917715 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rate of force development (RFD) is influential, and possibly more influential than other muscular performance parameters, for mobility in older adults. However, only a few studies have investigated this matter, and this has not been examined for the plantar flexors (PFs). The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of PF RFD and other common tests of muscular performance to Up-and-Go (UG) performance and walking speed (WS) in older adults. METHODS Twenty-six (19 females) healthy, community-dwelling older adults (73.7 ± 4.9 years) were recruited from a senior citizen center for this observational study. Handgrip strength, UG performance, as well as preferred and maximal WS were obtained. Time taken to complete 5-chair rises and the number of chair rises completed in 30 seconds were recorded. Rate of force development of the PFs was obtained during a rapid, bilateral calf raise performed on a force plate. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to identify significant predictors, after adjusting for physical activity level and body mass index, of mobility (ie, UG, preferred and maximal WS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No muscular performance variables correlated with preferred WS. Rate of force development (adjusted R2 = 0.356; P = .008) and handgrip strength (adjusted R2 = 0.293; P = .026) were the only predictors of maximal WS and accounted for a 21.7% and 16.1% change in R2, respectively, after accounting for physical activity level and body mass index. Rate of force development was the only predictor of UG performance (adjusted R2 = 0.212; P = .006) and accounted for a 29.2% change in R2 after adjustment variables were applied. CONCLUSIONS Compared to common assessments of muscular performance, such as handgrip strength and chair rise performance, PF RFD was a greater predictor of mobility in older adults. These findings, in conjunction with recent reports, indicate that the assessment of RFD likely complements strength testing, thereby enabling a more robust assessment of functional decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | | | - Alex A Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
| | - Alyssa R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Georgia
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Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Ha PL, VanDusseldorp TA, Bailly AR, Feito Y, Mangine GT, Poisal MJ, Jones JA, Dalton BE, Smith TM, Hester GM. Neuromuscular function of the plantar flexors and predictors of peak power in middle-aged and older males. Exp Gerontol 2019; 125:110677. [PMID: 31374246 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Little evidence exists regarding the contribution of torque and velocity to the age-related decrease in peak power (PP) for the plantar flexors (PFs). A comprehensive assessment of PF neuromuscular function is necessary to elucidate age-related changes, especially between middle-aged and older adults, in order to identify early, age-related decrements. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine neuromuscular function of the PFs in middle-aged and older males, and identify predictors of PP. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged (n = 13; 45.1 ± 2.7 yrs) and older (n = 15; 65.3 ± 3.2 yrs) males performed concentric isotonic PF contractions ranging in intensity from 20% to 70% isometric strength using a dynamometer. PP in addition to velocity and torque at the moment in time PP occurred, as well as the rate of velocity, torque (RTD), and power (RPD) development were recorded. The rate of electromyography rise (RER) was derived from the linear slope of the normalized electromyography signal. Isometric and concentric dynamic strength were assessed, as well as cross-sectional area and muscle quality (i.e., echo intensity) of the PFs via panoramic ultrasonography. The relationship between serum c-terminal agrin levels and select variables was examined to explore the potential role of neuromuscular junction deterioration. Appendicular lean mass and physical activity level were similar between groups (p > 0.05), and only PP (p = 0.046; d = 0.79), RPD (p = 0.026; d = 0.90), RTD (p = 0.022; d = 0.91), and RER (p = 0.010; d = 1.04) were lower in older males. When groups were collapsed, RTD was the only significant predictor of PP, while c-terminal agrin levels were not associated with any variables. Our findings indicate that PP and time-dependent parameters of muscle activation and contractile function of the PFs are dramatically diminished in older adults compared to middle-aged adults. PP is produced at the same velocity and relative intensity in middle-aged and older males, and RTD is most influential for PP. The inability of the PFs to be rapidly activated appeared to be influential for the age-related impairment in PP and time-dependent contractile parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Olmos
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Phuong L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Alyssa R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Micah J Poisal
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Joshua A Jones
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E Dalton
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Tyler M Smith
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America
| | - Garrett M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States of America.
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Ha PL, Olmos AA, Stratton MT, Bailly AR, Poisal MJ, Jones JA, Dalton BE, Haire AN, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y, Hester GM. Contractile Parameters Of The Knee Extensors In Young, Middle-aged, And Older Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000560607.71401.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olmos AA, Hester GM, Pope ZK, Magrini MA, Colquhoun RJ, Barrera-Curiel A, Estrada CA, DeFreitas JM. Ipsilateral and Contralateral Rapid Torque Adaptations To Unilateral Resistance Training In Young and Older Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536281.52104.5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Olmos AA, Hester GG, Pope ZK, Colquhoun RJ, Magrini MA, Barrera-Curiel A, Estrada CA, DeFreitas JM. Maximal Velocity Adaptions During Unilateral Resistance Training In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000516959.37989.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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