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Pölönen J, Pinola P, Ronkainen J, Blakemore AI, Buxton JL, Tapanainen JS, Franks S, Piltonen TT, Sebert S, Morin-Papunen L. Polycystic ovary syndrome and leukocyte telomere length: cross-sectional and longitudinal changes. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:651-661. [PMID: 36074951 PMCID: PMC9578080 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes that protect chromosome ends from DNA damage and are surrogate biomarkers of cellular aging. Current evidence, almost entirely from cross-sectional observations, supports negative associations between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and adverse lifestyle factors and cardiometabolic risk factors. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common gynecological endocrine disorder, is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, both factors associated with accelerated telomere attrition. We therefore hypothesized that LTL would be shorter and decrease more rapidly in women with PCOS in comparison to a control population. DESIGN This is a population-based cohort study comprising women of Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, with clinical examinations at ages 31 and 46. The sample included self-reported PCOS (age 31, n = 190; age 46, n = 207) and referent women (age 31, n = 1054; age 46, n = 1324) with data on LTL. METHODS The association between LTL and PCOS at ages 31 and 46 was analyzed by linear regression models adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status at the corresponding age. RESULTS Women with PCOS had similar mean LTL at ages 31 and 46 (P > 0.4 for both). The mean LTL change between ages 31 and 46 did not differ between groups (P = 0.19). However, we observed a significant LTL attrition between ages 31 and 46 in the reference population (P < 0.001), but not in women with PCOS (P = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS This finding may suggest a difference in the LTL attrition rate in women with PCOS, an unexpected finding that might affect their risk of age-related disease. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pölönen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Pinola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to P Pinola or S Franks; or
| | - Justiina Ronkainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alex I Blakemore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica L Buxton
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, London, UK
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Franks
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to P Pinola or S Franks; or
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laure Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
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2
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Cooiman MI, Alsters SIM, Duquesnoy M, Hazebroek EJ, Meijers-Heijboer HJ, Chahal H, Le Beyec-Le Bihan J, Clément K, Soula H, Blakemore AI, Poitou C, van Haelst MM. Long-Term Weight Outcome After Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Melanocortin-4 Receptor Gene Variants: a Case-Control Study of 105 Patients. Obes Surg 2022; 32:837-844. [PMID: 34984630 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pathogenic heterozygous MC4R variants are associated with hyperphagia and variable degrees of obesity. Several research groups have reported short-term weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery in a few patients with MC4R variants, but lack of longer-term data prevents evidence-based clinical decision-making. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bariatric surgery patients with heterozygous (likely) pathogenic MC4R variants, from three collaborating centers in the Netherlands, France, and the UK, were compared to matched controls (matched 2:1 for age, sex, preoperative BMI, surgical procedure, and diabetes mellitus, but without MC4R mutations). Weight loss and regain outcomes up to 6 years of follow-up were compared. RESULTS At 60 months of follow-up after RYGB, cases with MC4R variants showed weight regain with a mean of 12.8% (± 10.4 SD) total weight loss (TWL) from nadir, compared to 7.9% (± 10.5 SD) in the controls (p = 0.062). Among patients receiving SG, the cases with MC4R variants experienced inferior weight loss (22.6% TWL) during the first year of follow-up compared to the controls (29.9% TWL) (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS This multicenter study reveals inferior mid-term weight outcomes of cases with MC4R variants after SG, compared to RYGB. Since adequate weight loss outcomes were observed after RYGB, this procedure would appear to be an appropriate surgical approach for this group. However, the pattern of weight regain seen in cases with MC4R variants after both RYGB and SG highlights the need for pro-active lifelong management to prevent relapse, as well as careful expectation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellody I Cooiman
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital/Vitalys Clinic, Wagnerlaan 55, Arnhem, the Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanne I M Alsters
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maeva Duquesnoy
- Nutrition Department, Reference Center for Rare Diseases, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric J Hazebroek
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital/Vitalys Clinic, Wagnerlaan 55, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Hanne J Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harvinder Chahal
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Johanne Le Beyec-Le Bihan
- Department of Biochemistry for Endocrinology and Oncology, Obesity and Dyslipidemia Genetics Unit, Assistance Publique-Hospitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Nutrition Department, Reference Center for Rare Diseases, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities, Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hedi Soula
- INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities, Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex I Blakemore
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Christine Poitou
- Nutrition Department, Reference Center for Rare Diseases, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities, Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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O'Kane M, Parretti HM, Pinkney J, Welbourn R, Hughes CA, Mok J, Walker N, Thomas D, Devin J, Coulman KD, Pinnock G, Batterham RL, Mahawar KK, Sharma M, Blakemore AI, McMillan I, Barth JH. British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society Guidelines on perioperative and postoperative biochemical monitoring and micronutrient replacement for patients undergoing bariatric surgery-2020 update. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13087. [PMID: 32743907 PMCID: PMC7583474 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is recognized as the most clinically and cost-effective treatment for people with severe and complex obesity. Many people presenting for surgery have pre-existing low vitamin and mineral concentrations. The incidence of these may increase after bariatric surgery as all procedures potentially cause clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies. Therefore, preparation for surgery and long-term nutritional monitoring and follow-up are essential components of bariatric surgical care. These guidelines update the 2014 British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society nutritional guidelines. Since the 2014 guidelines, the working group has been expanded to include healthcare professionals working in specialist and non-specialist care as well as patient representatives. In addition, in these updated guidelines, the current evidence has been systematically reviewed for adults and adolescents undergoing the following procedures: adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion/duodenal switch. Using methods based on Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology, the levels of evidence and recommendations have been graded. These guidelines are comprehensive, encompassing preoperative and postoperative biochemical monitoring, vitamin and mineral supplementation and correction of nutrition deficiencies before, and following bariatric surgery, and make recommendations for safe clinical practice in the U.K. setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary O'Kane
- Dietetic Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Pinkney
- Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Richard Welbourn
- Department of Upper GI and Bariatric Surgery, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Carly A Hughes
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Fakenham Weight Management Service, Fakenham Medical Practice, Fakenham, UK
| | - Jessica Mok
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nerissa Walker
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Denise Thomas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jennifer Devin
- Specialist Weight Management Service, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Karen D Coulman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Obesity and Bariatric Surgery Service, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, UCLH, University College London Hospital (UCLH), London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research, UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Kamal K Mahawar
- Department of General Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Bariatric Surgery, Homerton University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex I Blakemore
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Julian H Barth
- Department of Chemical Pathology & Metabolic Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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4
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Wilson MSJ, Knight S, Vaughan-Shaw P, Blakemore AI, O'Kane M, Boyle C, Small P, Mahawar K. A modified AUGIS Delphi process to establish research priorities in bariatric and metabolic surgery. Clin Obes 2020; 10:e12344. [PMID: 31646737 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Delphi methodology may be utilized to develop consensus opinion among a group of experts. The aim of our study was to use a modified Delphi process to determine the future research priorities among bariatric and metabolic healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom. Members of the Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons and the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society were invited to submit individual research questions via an online survey (phase I). Two rounds of prioritization by multidisciplinary expert healthcare professionals (phase II and III) were completed to determine a final list of high-priority research questions. Fifty-one bariatric and metabolic surgery-focused questions were identified in phase I. Thirty-five questions were taken forward for prioritization in phase II. Eleven high-priority questions were identified in phase III. The final list of high-priority questions had an emphasis on the pathophysiology and long-term sequelae of bariatric and metabolic surgery. A modified Delphi process has produced a list of 11 high-priority research questions in bariatric and metabolic surgery. Future studies and awards from funding bodies should reflect this consensus list of prioritized questions in the interest of improving patient care and encouraging collaborative research across multiple centres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Knight
- Centre for Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Vaughan-Shaw
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex I Blakemore
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mary O'Kane
- Dietetic Department, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher Boyle
- Graduate School of Education, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of General Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
| | - Peter Small
- Department of General Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Kamal Mahawar
- Department of General Surgery, Sunderland Royal Hospital, Sunderland, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
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5
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de Smith AJ, Walters RG, Froguel P, Blakemore AI. Human genes involved in copy number variation: mechanisms of origin, functional effects and implications for disease. Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 123:17-26. [PMID: 19287135 DOI: 10.1159/000184688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) overlap over 7000 genes, many of which are pivotal in biological pathways. The implications of this are profound, with consequences for evolutionary studies, population genetics, gene function and human phenotype, including elucidation of genetic susceptibility to major common diseases, the heritability of which has thus far defied full explanation. Even though this research is still in its infancy, CNVs have already been associated with a number of monogenic, syndromic and complex diseases: the development of high throughput and high resolution techniques for CNV screening is likely to bring further new insights into the contribution of copy number variation to common diseases. Amongst genes overlapped by CNVs, significant enrichments for certain gene ontology categories have been identified, including those related to immune responses and interactions with the environment. Genes in both of these categories are thought to be important in evolutionary adaptation and to be particular targets of natural selection. Thus, a full appreciation of copy number variation may be important for our understanding of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J de Smith
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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6
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Laird SM, Quinton ND, Anstie B, Li TC, Blakemore AI. Leptin and leptin-binding activity in women with recurrent miscarriage: correlation with pregnancy outcome. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:2008-13. [PMID: 11527914 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.9.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in humans and mice have suggested the importance of leptin in fetal growth. Recurrent miscarriage may be a result of abnormal placental and/or fetal development and therefore abnormal leptin levels may be associated with this form of pregnancy loss. METHODS Leptin and leptin-binding activity (LBA) were measured in blood obtained from women who had a history of recurrent miscarriage (n = 53) during weeks 5-6 and 7-8 of pregnancy, and the concentrations were correlated with subsequent pregnancy outcome. RESULTS Concentrations of leptin ranged from 1.4-62.8 ng/ml, but there was a strong correlation (r = 0.825, P < 0.001) between leptin values at weeks 5-6 and 7-8 in the same woman. Women who subsequently miscarried had significantly lower plasma leptin concentrations on both weeks 5-6 (13.34 +/- 2.1 ng/ml) (P < 0.05) and 7-8 (13.71 +/- 2.4 ng/ml) (P < 0.01) of pregnancy, than women who subsequently had a term birth (22.04 +/- 2.43 ng/ml week 5-6, 24.76 +/- 3.66 ng/ml week 7-8). LBA values ranged from 1-8.5% but there was no significant difference in LBA in blood obtained from women who subsequently miscarried or had a live birth. CONCLUSIONS The significantly lower concentrations of leptin in women who subsequently miscarried suggest that leptin may play a role in preventing miscarriage. However, as there was a considerable overlap between the values of leptin in women who subsequently miscarried, and those that had a live birth, these measurements are of limited use in the prediction of pregnancy outcome in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Laird
- Division of Biomedical Sciences/Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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7
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Quinton ND, Lee AJ, Ross RJ, Eastell R, Blakemore AI. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the leptin receptor is associated with BMI, fat mass and leptin levels in postmenopausal Caucasian women. Hum Genet 2001; 108:233-6. [PMID: 11354636 DOI: 10.1007/s004390100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The human leptin (obese) receptor gene contains a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, including GLN223ARG, which changes an amino acid on the extracellular region common to all isoforms of the receptor. Here, we demonstrate that, in postmenopausal Caucasian women, genotypes at that locus are associated with differences in body mass index (BMI), fat mass and serum leptin levels. Measurement of serum leptin-binding activity indicates that this may reflect changed receptor function associated with genotype. These observations indicate that functional variations in the leptin receptor gene are important factors in the regulation of adiposity and BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Quinton
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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8
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Quinton ND, Laird SM, Okon MA, Li TC, Smith RF, Ross RJ, Blakemore AI. Serum leptin levels during the menstrual cycle of healthy fertile women. Br J Biomed Sci 1999; 56:16-9. [PMID: 10492910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a protein, produced by adipose tissue, which has cytokine and hormonal properties. Serum leptin levels can be considered as a measure of body fat mass, and are involved in regulation of body weight. Previous studies suggest that leptin may have an additional role in reproduction, and there is also evidence for involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. In this study, we investigate the possible changes in serum leptin concentration throughout the menstrual cycle. Samples were collected from apparently healthy, fertile women at different stages in their menstrual cycle, timed precisely according to the luteinising hormone (LH) surge. Mean serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the luteal phase (median 11.4 ng/mL) than in the follicular phase (median 10.0 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). In addition, mean serum leptin levels correlated with body mass index (r = 0.54, P < 0.05), but showed no correlation with luteal-phase progesterone levels. Results showed that levels of serum leptin vary during the menstrual cycle, and add to the mounting evidence that leptin has a role in reproduction. These fluctuations should be taken into account whenever studies are performed using female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Quinton
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
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9
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Quinton ND, Smith RF, Clayton PE, Gill MS, Shalet S, Justice SK, Simon SA, Walters S, Postel-Vinay MC, Blakemore AI, Ross RJ. Leptin binding activity changes with age: the link between leptin and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999. [PMID: 10404799 DOI: 10.1210/jc.84.7.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The timing of the physical transition from child to adult is determined by a biological clock that switches off the pituitary gonadal axis during infancy until puberty. Body composition (and in particular, fat mass), through leptin, are critical signals to this clock. However, no direct relationship between leptin and puberty has been demonstrated. Leptin is bound in the circulation by a high-affinity binding protein, which has been identified as a soluble leptin receptor. We found circulating levels of leptin binding activity (LBA) to be low at birth, to be high in the prepubertal years, to fall through puberty, and then to remain stable during adult life. LBA correlated with pubertal status in both boys and girls. We postulate that the fall in LBA, associated with increasing age and puberty, reflects a reduction in expression of truncated leptin receptors, and leptin is then available to the full-length receptor, which transmits the biological signal for leptin. The high levels of LBA occur during the years when the pituitary gonadal axis is quiescent. Thus, the change in LBA could explain how leptin regulates puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Quinton
- The Division of Clinical Sciences, Sheffield University, Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
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10
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Quinton ND, Smith RF, Clayton PE, Gill MS, Shalet S, Justice SK, Simon SA, Walters S, Postel-Vinay MC, Blakemore AI, Ross RJ. Leptin binding activity changes with age: the link between leptin and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:2336-41. [PMID: 10404799 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.7.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The timing of the physical transition from child to adult is determined by a biological clock that switches off the pituitary gonadal axis during infancy until puberty. Body composition (and in particular, fat mass), through leptin, are critical signals to this clock. However, no direct relationship between leptin and puberty has been demonstrated. Leptin is bound in the circulation by a high-affinity binding protein, which has been identified as a soluble leptin receptor. We found circulating levels of leptin binding activity (LBA) to be low at birth, to be high in the prepubertal years, to fall through puberty, and then to remain stable during adult life. LBA correlated with pubertal status in both boys and girls. We postulate that the fall in LBA, associated with increasing age and puberty, reflects a reduction in expression of truncated leptin receptors, and leptin is then available to the full-length receptor, which transmits the biological signal for leptin. The high levels of LBA occur during the years when the pituitary gonadal axis is quiescent. Thus, the change in LBA could explain how leptin regulates puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Quinton
- The Division of Clinical Sciences, Sheffield University, Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
PROBLEM Menstrual cycle-associated variability in the circulating levels of several cytokines can be a confounding factor in measurements of in vivo cytokine levels in clinical studies. Since pregnancy-associated increases in interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels are well documented, we have investigated the variability in serum levels of IL-10 in healthy women at different stages of the menstrual cycle to ascertain whether this is a problem in comparative studies of circulating IL-10 levels. METHOD OF STUDY We obtained fifty-four successive serum samples at points in the menstrual cycles of 12 healthy fertile women, precisely timed by measurement of the luteinizing hormone surge, and measured the interleukin-10 levels. RESULTS Levels of IL-10 in successive serum samples from each woman taken on days LH - 7 (that is seven days prior to LH surge), LH - 4, LH + 1, LH + 7, and LH + 10 showed that IL-10 does not vary in a systematic way during the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION These results validate the sampling of women in studies of IL-10 levels in various clinical situations and establish that these levels are not dependent on menstrual cycle dates. They also suggest that menstrual cycle-related changes in IL-1 are not mediated by IL-10. The rise in progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is not mirrored by a rise in the circulating IL-10 level, which implies either that the pregnancy-associated rise is not related to progesterone or that it is only observed at the higher progesterone levels in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Maskill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
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12
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Tarlow JK, Cork MJ, Clay FE, Schmitt-Egenolf M, Crane AM, Stierle C, Boehncke WH, Eiermann TH, Blakemore AI, Bleehen SS, Sterry W, Duff GV. Association between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene polymorphism and early and late-onset psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136:147-8. [PMID: 9039327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb08779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Blakemore AI, Cox A, Gonzalez AM, Maskil JK, Hughes ME, Wilson RM, Ward JD, Duff GW. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele (IL1RN*2) associated with nephropathy in diabetes mellitus. Hum Genet 1996; 97:369-74. [PMID: 8786086 DOI: 10.1007/bf02185776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found association between an allele of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) and several inflammatory diseases, where IL-1 has been implicated in the inflammatory mechanism. We have now, therefore, tested the association of this specific allele (IL1RN*2) with complications of diabetes which have an inflammatory tissue component. We have tested the allele frequency of IL1RN*2 in 128 patients with insulin-dependent and 125 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). There was a significant association between carriage of IL1RN*2 and diabetic nephropathy (P<0.001, Pcorrected<0.0012). The association was significant in both types of diabetes, but the observed increase was highest in NIDDM, rising to double the control levels. It appears that IL1RN*2 is a novel genetic marker of severity of inflammatory complications of diseases rather than a marker of disease susceptibility. If the DNA polymorphism is associated with altered gene function, new therapeutic interventions may be possible.
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Cork MJ, Tarlow JK, Clay FE, Crane A, Blakemore AI, McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG, Duff GW. An allele of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a genetic severity factor in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:15S-16S. [PMID: 7738374 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1995.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Cork
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 (IL-1), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. One of its natural inhibitors, IL-1 receptor antagonist, is a potent antiinflammatory agent. We have previously described genetic associations between an allele of the IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN*2) and several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we tested the association of this polymorphism with thyroid diseases. We genotyped 2 separate cohorts (total of 100 patients) with Graves' disease and 58 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and compared IL1RN*2 frequencies with those in 261 ethnically matched controls. There was a significant increase in IL1RN*2 frequency and carriage rate in Graves' disease, but this was not associated with thyroid antibody levels, T4 levels, thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, or outcome after antithyroid drug treatment. In contrast, there was no difference in the frequency of IL1RN*2 between patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and the control group. Whether the IL1RN polymorphism makes a direct functional contribution to the pathogenesis of Graves' disease or is acting as a marker for a linked gene is being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Blakemore
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, United Kingdom
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16
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Clay FE, Cork MJ, Tarlow JK, Blakemore AI, Harrington CI, Lewis F, Duff GW. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism association with lichen sclerosus. Hum Genet 1994; 94:407-10. [PMID: 7927338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00201602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines play key roles in immune responses, inflammation and fibrosis. The balance between levels of cytokines, their receptors and specific inhibitors controls inflammatory reactions in tissues. The pathogenesis of lichen sclerosus is unknown but probably involves cytokine mediators such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). The IL-1ra is a competitive inhibitor of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, and therefore is a powerful endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule. The gene encoding IL-1ra (designated IL-1RN) has a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in intron 2. There are five alleles of the gene corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 repeats of an 86-bp sequence. We have determined allele frequencies in a control population and a group of 78 patients with lichen sclerosus. The frequency of one of the alleles is related to increasing disease severity. Thus, IL-1RN may be a candidate gene or severity factor for lichen sclerosus or may possibly be a linked marker to another, as yet undefined, gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Clay
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Blakemore AI, Tarlow JK, Cork MJ, Gordon C, Emery P, Duff GW. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism as a disease severity factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37:1380-5. [PMID: 7945503 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously described associations between an allele of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) and several inflammatory diseases. In this study we tested the IL1RN gene as a possible marker in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Eighty-one SLE patients and 261 ethnically matched control subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS We found an increase in both frequency and carriage rate of IL1RN*2 in the SLE group. This association strengthened with extensive disease and particularly with the presence of photosensitivity and discoid skin lesions. CONCLUSION We describe a novel association between IL1RN*2 and SLE. Carriage of the allele seems to influence severity rather than susceptibility to SLE. We postulate that the association of this polymorphism with disease severity is a widespread feature of common inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Blakemore
- Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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18
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Tarlow JK, Clay FE, Cork MJ, Blakemore AI, McDonagh AJ, Messenger AG, Duff GW. Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103:387-90. [PMID: 8077705 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12395398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most potent pro-inflammatory mediators is the early-acting cytokine interleukin-1. Its actions are regulated by a structurally related anti-inflammatory cytokine known as the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. We have previously characterized a DNA polymorphism in this gene (IL-1rn) and have found associations between allele 2 and several chronic inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we tested the frequency of allele 2 of the IL-1rn gene in 90 patients with alopecia areata compared with 261 healthy controls. There was a significant association between allele 2 of the polymorphism and the severity of alopecia areata. The frequency of allele 2 increased from 24.1% in the control population to 25.9% in patchy alopecia areata, 36.1% in alopecia totalis, and 47.2% in alopecia universalis (p = 0.005). This severity association is similar to that found in other epithelial-related diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, lichen sclerosus, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Tarlow
- Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Sheffield, U.K
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19
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Cork MJ, Tarlow JK, Blakemore AI, Mee JB, Crane AM, Stierle C, Bleehen SS, Duff GW. Psoriasis and interleukin-1. A translation. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1993; 27:366. [PMID: 8289153 PMCID: PMC5396731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Cork
- University Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield
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20
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Wilson AG, di Giovine FS, Blakemore AI, Duff GW. Single base polymorphism in the human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene detectable by NcoI restriction of PCR product. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 1:353. [PMID: 1363876 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.5.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A G Wilson
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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21
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of infectious, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is, however, very little information on the cis-acting sequences involved in IL-1 alpha regulation or whether there is any variation in the structure of the gene. It is known that intron 6 of IL-1 alpha shows a 5 x 46 bp tandem repeat in the genomic sequence. We have studied this region of the gene. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction showed different sized products from different individuals, most being of higher molecular weight than the expected size of 620 bp. Sequencing demonstrated that the polymorphism was due to a variable number of repeats of the 46 bp sequence. This was confirmed by restriction fragment length analysis of genomic DNA. Altogether, 72 unrelated individuals were tested and 6 alleles ranging from 5 to 18 repeats were found, the most frequent allele (62%) containing 9 repeats. This polymorphism may be of interest in gene function, since each repeat contains three potential binding sites for transcriptional factors: an SP1 site, a viral enhancer element and a glucocorticoid-responsive element. The latter, at least, demonstrates site-specific protein binding by electromobility shift assay. The functional significance of the polymorphism and its allelic frequency in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bailly
- University of Sheffield, Department of Medicine, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, GB
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22
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Tarlow JK, Blakemore AI, Lennard A, Solari R, Hughes HN, Steinkasserer A, Duff GW. Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat. Hum Genet 1993; 91:403-4. [PMID: 8500797 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the polymorphism in intron 2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene and identified two new alleles of the system. We have shown that the polymorphism is caused by the variable copy number of an 86-bp sequence, by using the polymerase chain reaction and primers immediately flanking the repeat region, and by direct sequencing. The repeat region contains three potential protein-binding sites and therefore the variable copy number may have functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Tarlow
- Department of Medicine, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- F S di Giovine
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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24
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Gregersen N, Blakemore AI, Winter V, Andresen B, Kølvraa S, Bolund L, Curtis D, Engel PC. Specific diagnosis of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency in dried blood spots by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay detecting a point-mutation (G985) in the MCAD gene. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 203:23-34. [PMID: 1769118 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a point-mutation, adenine-to-guanine, at position 985 in the gene coding for MCAD (G985), gave the basis for an easy and specific polymerase chain reaction test. We tested the specificity of such a PCR based assay and detected correctly G985 and A985 in sequence verified cDNA clones. We showed that the G985 mutation is present in genomic DNA from 48 of 50 patients with confirmed MCAD deficiency, originating from various European countries, Australia and the USA. On the basis of this high frequency of the G985 mutation among patients, we improved and optimized the assay with respect to reliability and convenience for routine diagnostic and screening purposes. As little as 2 microliters blood from filter-paper blood-spots (Guthrie spots) is sufficient for the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gregersen
- University Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aarhus Kommunehospital, Denmark
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25
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Curtis D, Blakemore AI, Engel PC, Macgregor D, Besley G, Kolvraa S, Gregersen N. Heterogeneity for mutations in medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in the UK population. Clin Genet 1991; 40:283-6. [PMID: 1756601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1991.tb03097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MCAD is the commonest inherited disorder of fatty acid oxidation. We have sought for and studied 21 affected children from 18 families within the UK. In 14 families the children are homozygous for the G985 mutation. In three families the children are compound heterozygotes for G985 and thus carry another and unknown mutation. In one family the child does not carry the G985 mutation on either allele. The carrier incidence of the G985 mutation is 1 in 68, which suggests that the natural history of MCAD deficiency deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Curtis
- Sub-Department of Human Genetics, University of Sheffield, UK
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26
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Kølvraa S, Gregersen N, Blakemore AI, Schneidermann AK, Winter V, Andresen BS, Curtis D, Engel PC, Pricille D, Rhead W. The most common mutation causing medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is strongly associated with a particular haplotype in the region of the gene. Hum Genet 1991; 87:425-8. [PMID: 1679031 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RFLP haplotypes in the region containing the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) gene on chromosome 1 have been determined in patients with MCAD deficiency. The RFLPs were detected after digestion of patient DNA with the enzymes BanII. PstI and TaqI and with an MCAD cDNA-clone as a probe. Of 32 disease-causing alleles studied, 31 possessed the previously published A----G point-mutation at position 985 of the cDNA. This mutation has been shown to result in inactivity of the MCAD enzyme. In at least 30 of the 31 alleles carrying this G985 mutation a specific RFLP haplotype was present. In contrast, the same haplotype was present in only 23% of normal alleles (P less than or equal to 3.4 x 10(-18)). These findings are consistent with the existence of a pronounced founder effect, possibly combined with biological and/or sampling selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kølvraa
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Abstract
Six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the gene are described. Three of these are in linkage disequilibrium. Hybridisation with sub-probes allowed localisation of the RFLPs to different regions of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Blakemore
- Sub-Department of Human Genetics, University of Sheffield, UK
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28
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29
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Blakemore AI, Engel PC, Curtis D. BamHI and MspI RFLP's in strong linkage disequilibrium at the medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase locus (ACADM chromosome 1). Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:2838. [PMID: 1692618 PMCID: PMC330801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A I Blakemore
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK
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30
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Blakemore AI, Engel PC, Curtis D. PstI RFLP at the medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase locus (ACADM chromosome 1). Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:2838. [PMID: 1971104 PMCID: PMC330802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A I Blakemore
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK
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