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O'Connor B, Troja E, Ryan G, Beniamini P, van Eerten H, Granot J, Dichiara S, Ricci R, Lipunov V, Gillanders JH, Gill R, Moss M, Anand S, Andreoni I, Becerra RL, Buckley DAH, Butler NR, Cenko SB, Chasovnikov A, Durbak J, Francile C, Hammerstein E, van der Horst AJ, Kasliwal MM, Kouveliotou C, Kutyrev AS, Lee WH, Srinivasaragavan GP, Topolev V, Watson AM, Yang Y, Zhirkov K. A structured jet explains the extreme GRB 221009A. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi1405. [PMID: 37285439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powerful cosmic explosions, signaling the death of massive stars. Among them, GRB 221009A is by far the brightest burst ever observed. Because of its enormous energy (Eiso ≈ 1055 erg) and proximity (z ≈ 0.15), GRB 221009A is an exceptionally rare event that pushes the limits of our theories. We present multiwavelength observations covering the first 3 months of its afterglow evolution. The x-ray brightness decays as a power law with slope ≈t-1.66, which is not consistent with standard predictions for jetted emission. We attribute this behavior to a shallow energy profile of the relativistic jet. A similar trend is observed in other energetic GRBs, suggesting that the most extreme explosions may be powered by structured jets launched by a common central engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O'Connor
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Astronomy, Physics and Statistics Institute of Sciences (APSIS), Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Eleonora Troja
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Geoffrey Ryan
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Paz Beniamini
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
- Astrophysics Research Center of the Open university (ARCO), P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
| | - Hendrik van Eerten
- Physics Department, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jonathan Granot
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
- Astrophysics Research Center of the Open university (ARCO), P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
| | - Simone Dichiara
- The Pennsylvania State University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Roberto Ricci
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, I-10135 Torino, Italy
- INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vladimir Lipunov
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr. 13, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - James H Gillanders
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ramandeep Gill
- Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera. a Pátzcuaro #8701, Ex-Hda. San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58089, México
| | - Michael Moss
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Shreya Anand
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Igor Andreoni
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rosa L Becerra
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - David A H Buckley
- Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Astronomical Observatory, PO Box 9, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel R Butler
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Stephen B Cenko
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aristarkh Chasovnikov
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr. 13, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Joseph Durbak
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Carlos Francile
- Observatorio Astronomico Felix Aguilar (OAFA), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales, San Juan National University, San Juan 5400, Argentina
| | - Erica Hammerstein
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
| | - Alexander J van der Horst
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Mansi M Kasliwal
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Alexander S Kutyrev
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - William H Lee
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Vladislav Topolev
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr. 13, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alan M Watson
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr. 13, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuhan Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Kirill Zhirkov
- Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr. 13, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Bloom JS, Giannios D, Metzger BD, Cenko SB, Perley DA, Butler NR, Tanvir NR, Levan AJ, O' Brien PT, Strubbe LE, De Colle F, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Lee WH, Nayakshin S, Quataert E, King AR, Cucchiara A, Guillochon J, Bower GC, Fruchter AS, Morgan AN, van der Horst AJ. A Possible Relativistic Jetted Outburst from a Massive Black Hole Fed by a Tidally Disrupted Star. Science 2011; 333:203-6. [PMID: 21680812 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Dimitrios Giannios
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brian D. Metzger
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - S. Bradley Cenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Daniel A. Perley
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Nathaniel R. Butler
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Nial R. Tanvir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew J. Levan
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paul T. O' Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Linda E. Strubbe
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fabio De Colle
- Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz
- Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - William H. Lee
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-264, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510
| | - Sergei Nayakshin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Eliot Quataert
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Theoretical Astrophysics Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew R. King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Antonino Cucchiara
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James Guillochon
- Astronomy and Astrophysics Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Geoffrey C. Bower
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
- Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Andrew S. Fruchter
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Adam N. Morgan
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
| | - Alexander J. van der Horst
- Universities Space Research Association, National Space Science and Technology Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
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