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Burke DW, Dasari RR, Sangwan VK, Oanta AK, Hirani Z, Pelkowski CE, Tang Y, Li R, Ralph DC, Hersam MC, Barlow S, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Synthesis, Hole Doping, and Electrical Properties of a Semiconducting Azatriangulene-Based Covalent Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37216443 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) containing heterotriangulenes have been theoretically identified as semiconductors with tunable, Dirac-cone-like band structures, which are expected to afford high charge-carrier mobilities ideal for next-generation flexible electronics. However, few bulk syntheses of these materials have been reported, and existing synthetic methods provide limited control of network purity and morphology. Here, we report transimination reactions between benzophenone-imine-protected azatriangulenes (OTPA) and benzodithiophene dialdehydes (BDT), which afforded a new semiconducting COF network, OTPA-BDT. The COFs were prepared as both polycrystalline powders and thin films with controlled crystallite orientation. The azatriangulene nodes are readily oxidized to stable radical cations upon exposure to an appropriate p-type dopant, tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate, after which the network's crystallinity and orientation are maintained. Oriented, hole-doped OTPA-BDT COF films exhibit electrical conductivities of up to 1.2 × 10-1 S cm-1, which are among the highest reported for imine-linked 2D COFs to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raghunath R Dasari
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vinod K Sangwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chloe E Pelkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ruofan Li
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel C Ralph
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Departments of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Oanta AK, Collins KA, Evans AM, Pratik SM, Hall LA, Strauss MJ, Marder SR, D'Alessandro DM, Rajh T, Freedman DE, Li H, Brédas JL, Sun L, Dichtel WR. Electronic Spin Qubit Candidates Arrayed within Layered Two-Dimensional Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:689-696. [PMID: 36574726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular electronic spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum information science applications because they can be reliably produced and engineered via chemical design. Embedding electronic spin qubits within two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) offers the possibility to systematically engineer inter-qubit interactions while maintaining long coherence times, both of which are prerequisites to their technological utility. Here, we introduce electronic spin qubits into a diamagnetic 2DP by n-doping naphthalene diimide subunits with varying amounts of CoCp2 and analyze their spin densities by quantitative electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Low spin densities (e.g., 6.0 × 1012 spins mm-3) enable lengthy spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin relaxation (T2) times across a range of temperatures, ranging from T1 values of 164 ms at 10 K to 30.2 μs at 296 K and T2 values of 2.36 μs at 10 K to 0.49 μs at 296 K for the lowest spin density sample examined. Higher spin densities and temperatures were both found to diminish T1 times, which we attribute to detrimental cross-relaxation from spin-spin dipolar interactions and spin-phonon coupling, respectively. Higher spin densities decreased T2 times and modulated the T2 temperature dependence. We attribute these differences to the competition between hyperfine and dipolar interactions for electron spin decoherence, with the dominant interaction transitioning from the former to the latter as spin density and temperature increase. Overall, this investigation demonstrates that dispersing electronic spin qubits within layered 2DPs enables chemical control of their inter-qubit interactions and spin decoherence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Kelsey A Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Lyndon A Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States.,Department of Chemistry, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80303, United States
| | | | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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Evans AM, Collins KA, Xun S, Allen TG, Jhulki S, Castano I, Smith HL, Strauss MJ, Oanta AK, Liu L, Sun L, Reid OG, Sini G, Puggioni D, Rondinelli JM, Rajh T, Gianneschi NC, Kahn A, Freedman DE, Li H, Barlow S, Rumbles G, Brédas JL, Marder SR, Dichtel WR. Controlled n-Doping of Naphthalene-Diimide-Based 2D Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101932. [PMID: 34850459 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D polymers (2DPs) are promising as structurally well-defined, permanently porous, organic semiconductors. However, 2DPs are nearly always isolated as closed shell organic species with limited charge carriers, which leads to low bulk conductivities. Here, the bulk conductivity of two naphthalene diimide (NDI)-containing 2DP semiconductors is enhanced by controllably n-doping the NDI units using cobaltocene (CoCp2 ). Optical and transient microwave spectroscopy reveal that both as-prepared NDI-containing 2DPs are semiconducting with sub-2 eV optical bandgaps and photoexcited charge-carrier lifetimes of tens of nanoseconds. Following reduction with CoCp2 , both 2DPs largely retain their periodic structures and exhibit optical and electron-spin resonance spectroscopic features consistent with the presence of NDI-radical anions. While the native NDI-based 2DPs are electronically insulating, maximum bulk conductivities of >10-4 S cm-1 are achieved by substoichiometric levels of n-doping. Density functional theory calculations show that the strongest electronic couplings in these 2DPs exist in the out-of-plane (π-stacking) crystallographic directions, which indicates that cross-plane electronic transport through NDI stacks is primarily responsible for the observed electronic conductivity. Taken together, the controlled molecular doping is a useful approach to access structurally well-defined, paramagnetic, 2DP n-type semiconductors with measurable bulk electronic conductivities of interest for electronic or spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kelsey A Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Sangni Xun
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Taylor G Allen
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Samik Jhulki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ioannina Castano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hannah L Smith
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexander K Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gjergji Sini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- CY Cergy Paris Université, Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, EA 2528, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, 95031, France
| | - Danilo Puggioni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson Querrey Institute, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Danna E Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Center for Chemistry and Nanoscience, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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5
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Lohrey TD, Cortes EA, Fostvedt JI, Oanta AK, Jain A, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Diverse Reactivity of a Rhenium(V) Oxo Imido Complex: [2 + 2] Cycloadditions, Chalcogen Metathesis, Oxygen Atom Transfer, and Protic and Hydridic 1,2-Additions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11096-11107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D. Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Cortes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jade I. Fostvedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander K. Oanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anukta Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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