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Augenstein II, Nail AN, Ferragut Cardoso AP, States JC, Banerjee M. Chronic arsenic exposure suppresses proteasomal and autophagic protein degradation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 107:104398. [PMID: 38403142 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitin Proteasomal System (UPS) and autophagy dysregulation initiate cancer. These pathways are regulated by zinc finger proteins. Trivalent inorganic arsenic (iAs) displaces zinc from zinc finger proteins disrupting functions of important cellular proteins. The effect of chronic environmental iAs exposure (100 nM) on UPS has not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that environmental iAs exposure suppresses UPS, activating autophagy as a compensatory mechanism. We exposed skin (HaCaT and Ker-CT; independent quadruplicates) and lung (BEAS-2B; independent triplicates) cell cultures to 0 or 100 nM iAs for 7 or 8 weeks. We quantified ER stress (XBP1 splicing employing Reverse Transcriptase -Polymerase Chain Reaction), proteasomal degradation (immunoblots), and initiation and completion of autophagy (immunoblots). We demonstrate that chronic iAs exposure suppresses UPS, initiates autophagy, but suppresses autophagic protein degradation in skin and lung cell lines. Our data suggest that chronic iAs exposure inhibits autophagy which subsequently suppresses UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell I Augenstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Integrative Environmental Health Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Ferragut Cardoso AP, Nail AN, Banerjee M, Wise SS, States JC. miR-186 induces tetraploidy in arsenic exposed human keratinocytes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 256:114823. [PMID: 36989553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure in drinking water is a global issue affecting >225 million people. Skin is a major target organ for iAs. miRNA dysregulation and chromosomal instability (CIN) are proposed mechanisms of iAs-induced carcinogenesis. CIN is a cancer hallmark and tetraploid cells can better tolerate increase in chromosome number and aberration, contributing to the evolution of CIN. miR-186 is overexpressed in iAs-induced squamous cell carcinoma relative to iAs-induced hyperkeratosis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that miR-186 targets mRNAs of important cell cycle regulators including mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B (BUB1) and cell division cycle 27 (CDC27). We hypothesized that miR-186 overexpression contributes to iAs-induced transformation of keratinocytes by targeting mitotic regulators leading to induction of CIN. Ker-CT cells, a near diploid human keratinocyte cell line, were transduced with miR-186 overexpressing or scrambled control lentivirus. Stable clones were isolated after puromycin selection. Clones transduced with lentivirus expressing either a scrambled control miRNA or miR-186 were maintained with 0 or 100 nM iAs for 4 weeks. Unexposed scrambled control clones were considered as passage matched controls. Chronic iAs exposure increased miR-186 expression in miR-186 clones. miR-186 overexpression significantly reduced CDC27 levels irrespective of iAs exposure. The percentage of tetraploid or aneuploid cells was increased in iAs exposed miR-186 clones. Aneuploidy can arise from a tetraploid intermediate. Suppression of CDC27 by miR-186 may lead to impairment of mitotic checkpoint complex formation and its ability to maintain cell cycle arrest leading to chromosome misalignment. As a result, cells overexpressing miR-186 and chronically exposed to iAs may have incorrect chromosome segregation and CIN. These data suggest that dysregulation of miRNA by iAs mediates tetraploidy, aneuploidy and chromosomal instability contributing to iAs-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Schweer D, Anand N, Anderson A, McCorkle J, Neupane K, Nail AN, Harvey B, Hill KS, Ueland F, Richards C, Kolesar J. Human macrophage-engineered vesicles for utilization in ovarian cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1042730. [PMID: 36713536 PMCID: PMC9875020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1042730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is a deadly female malignancy with a high rate of recurrent and chemotherapy-resistant disease. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a significant component of the tumor microenvironment and include high levels of M2-protumor macrophages that promote chemoresistance and metastatic spread. M2 macrophages can be converted to M1 anti-tumor macrophages, representing a novel therapeutic approach. Vesicles engineered from M1 macrophages (MEVs) are a novel method for converting M2 macrophages to M1 phenotype-like macrophages. Methods Macrophages were isolated and cultured from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Macrophages were stimulated to M1 or M2 phenotypes utilizing LPS/IFN-γ and IL-4/IL-13, respectively. M1 MEVs were generated with nitrogen cavitation and ultracentrifugation. Co-culture of ovarian cancer cells with macrophages and M1 MEVs was followed by cytokine, PCR, and cell viability analysis. Murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells were cultured and used to generate M1 MEVs for use in ovarian cancer xenograft models. Results M1 MEVs can effectively convert M2 macrophages to an M1-like state both in isolation and when co-cultured with ovarian cancer cells in vitro, resulting in a reduced ovarian cancer cell viability. Additionally, RAW264.7 M1 MEVs can localize to ovarian cancer tumor xenografts in mice. Conclusion Human M1 MEVs can repolarize M2 macrophages to a M1 state and have anti-cancer activity against ovarian cancer cell lines. RAW264.7 M1 MEVs localize to tumor xenografts in vivo murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schweer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Namrata Anand
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Abigail Anderson
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - J. Robert McCorkle
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Khaga Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Alexandra N. Nail
- Department of Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Brock Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kristen S. Hill
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Frederick Ueland
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christopher Richards
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jill Kolesar
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Jill Kolesar,
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Abstract
Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis is a worldwide health problem. Identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction of arsenic-induced cancers is important for developing treatment strategies. MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is known to affect development and progression of human cancer. Several studies have identified an association between altered miRNA expression in cancers from individuals chronically exposed to arsenic and in cell models for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. This chapter provides a comprehensive review for miRNA dysregulation in arsenic-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lakyn K Montero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Integrative Environmental Health Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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Nail AN, McCaffrey LM, Banerjee M, Ferragut Cardoso AP, States JC. Chronic arsenic exposure suppresses ATM pathway activation in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ferragut Cardoso AP, Banerjee M, Nail AN, Lykoudi A, States JC. miRNA dysregulation is an emerging modulator of genomic instability. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:120-131. [PMID: 33979676 PMCID: PMC8576067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability consists of a range of genetic alterations within the genome that contributes to tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. It is a well-established characteristic of most cancer cells. Genome instability induction results from defects in DNA damage surveillance mechanisms, mitotic checkpoints and DNA repair machinery. Accumulation of genetic alterations ultimately sets cells towards malignant transformation. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are key players in mediating genome instability. miRNAs are a class of small RNAs expressed in most somatic tissues and are part of the epigenome. Importantly, in many cancers, miRNA expression is dysregulated. Consequently, this review examines the role of miRNA dysregulation as a causal step for induction of genome instability and subsequent carcinogenesis. We focus specifically on mechanistic studies assessing miRNA(s) and specific subtypes of genome instability or known modes of genome instability. In addition, we provide insight on the existing knowledge gaps within the field and possible ways to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Angeliki Lykoudi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Nail AN, Spear BT, Peterson ML. Highly homologous mouse Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5 genes are differentially expressed in the liver and both express long non-coding antisense RNAs. Gene 2020; 767:145162. [PMID: 32987105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Cytochrome P450 (Cyp) gene superfamily encodes enzymes involved in numerous metabolic pathways and are frequently expressed in the liver. Despite the remarkably high sequence similarity of Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5 genes and their surrounding genomic regions, they exhibit differences in expression in the adult mouse liver. For example, Cyp2a4 is highly female-biased whereas Cyp2a5 is only moderately female-biased and Cyp2a4, but not Cyp2a5, is activated in liver cancer. We hypothesized that the limited sequence differences may help us identify the basis for this differential expression. An antisense expressed sequence tag had been uniquely annotated to the Cyp2a4 gene which led us to investigate this transcript as a possible regulator of this gene. We characterized the full-length antisense transcript and also discovered a similar transcript in the Cyp2a5 gene. These transcripts are nuclear long noncoding RNAs that are expressed similarly to their sense mRNA counterparts. This includes the sex-biased and liver tumor differences seen between the Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5 genes, but we also find that these two genes and their antisense transcripts are expressed within different zones of the liver structure. Interestingly, while the differences in sex-biased expression of the mRNAs are established 1-2 months after birth, the antisense transcripts exhibit these expression differences earlier, at 3-4 weeks after birth. By analyzing published genomic data, we have identified candidate transcription factor binding sites that could account for differences in Cyp2a4/Cyp2a5 expression. Taken together, these studies characterize the first antisense RNAs within the Cyp supergene family and identify potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms governing different Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5 expression patterns in mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, USA
| | - Brett T Spear
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Martha L Peterson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Nail AN, Smith JJ, Peterson ML, Spear BT. Evolutionary Analysis of the Zinc Finger and Homeoboxes Family of Proteins Identifies Multiple Conserved Domains and a Common Early Chordate Ancestor. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:174-184. [PMID: 32125369 PMCID: PMC7144352 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zinc Fingers and Homeoboxes (Zhx) proteins, Zhx1, Zhx2, and Zhx3, comprise a small family of proteins containing two amino-terminal C2–H2 zinc fingers and four or five carboxy-terminal homeodomains. These multiple homeodomains make Zhx proteins unusual because the majority of homeodomain-containing proteins contain a single homeodomain. Studies in cultured cells and mice suggest that Zhx proteins can function as positive or negative transcriptional regulators. Zhx2 regulates numerous hepatic genes, and all three Zhx proteins have been implicated in different cancers. Because Zhx proteins contain multiple predicted homeodomains, are associated with interesting physiological traits, and seem to be only present in the vertebrate lineage, we investigated the evolutionary history of this small family by comparing Zhx homologs from a wide range of chordates. This analysis indicates that the zinc finger motifs and homeodomains are highly similar among all Zhx proteins and also identifies additional Zhx-specific conserved regions, including a 13 amino acid amino-terminal motif that is nearly identical among all gnathostome Zhx proteins. We found single Zhx proteins in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and in the nonvertebrate chordates sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) and lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae); these Zhx proteins are most similar to gnathostome Zhx3. Based on our analyses, we propose that a duplication of the primordial Zhx gene gave rise to Zhx3 and the precursor to Zhx1 and Zhx2. A subsequent tandem duplication of this precursor generated Zhx1 and Zhx2 found in gnathostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky
| | - Jeramiah J Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky
| | - Martha L Peterson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky
| | - Brett T Spear
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky
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